BEE2123 Electrical Machine

Title:
Assignment

Lecturer:
Dr. Ruhaizad

Group member:
Name ID number
Mohammad shafiq bin zainuri EA18082
Muhammad syahmi irham bin mohd saad EC18125
Mohammad Irfan bin Mohammad nasir 19052
BEE2123 ELECTRICAL MACHINES

PART 1

In the modern era, electricity and electrical equipments play a vital role. Without them, life is
difficult to picture. One such electrical tool that made a massive leap for mankind is the motor.
Among motors, the usage of AC motors is much prevalent than DC motors. Depending on the
specifications, AC motors are classified into different types. There are two main types of AC
motors which is induction motor and synchronous motor.

Synchronous motor is a motor which converts the AC electrical power into mechanical power
and is only operated at a synchronous speed. The key characteristics of the synchronous motor is
its speed which does not depend on the load. So, this make it’s a independent motor. The
synchronous motor is not a self-starting motor. The prime mover is used for rotating the motor at
their synchronous speed. This motor also operates both for leading and lagging power factor
besides it’s also can be started by using winding damper. Meanwhile, induction motor is a unit
that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy using electromagnetic induction
mechanism. It consists of two types, the single phase motor and the three phase motor. If the load
increased, the speed of the induction engine will decrease. It is always less than the synchronous
speed. This induction motor also only operating on lagging power factor different from
synchronous motor that’s operating on both. Its efficiency is lower than that of a synchronous
motor with the same output and voltage rating.

Advantages of synchronous motor is the ability to control the power factor. Moreover, its pace
remains even though the variety of load use and the air gap can be increased, leaving it more
stable.. On the other sides, its disadvantages is its required excitation from external force plus the
cost per kW output is higher. Meanwhile, induction motor provides us a simple in construction
machine and due to absence of Brush, induction motor can operates in hazardous condition
because there is no sparks in the motor. Disadvantages of this machien can be look from its
speed control of an induction motor is that very difficult to attain. This is because a 3 phase
induction motor is a constant speed motor and for the entire loading range, the change in speed
of the motor is very low. As stated on its features, induction motor also has some problem when
in light load conditon because its power factor of the motor drops to a very low value.
The three phase induction motor is a preferable type of motor. It is mostly used in industrial
drives because it is very reasonable and vigorous, economical and reliable. A three-phase

induction motor consists mainly of two parts called Stator and Rotor. The stator is built up of
high-grade alloy steel laminations to reduce eddy current losses and its consists of three parts
which is outer frame, stator core and stator windings.

The stator core is built of high-grade silicon steel stampings. Its main function is to carry the
alternating magnetic field which produces hysteresis and eddy current losses. The stampings are
fixed to the stator frame. Each stamping are insulated from the other with a thin varnish layer.
Typically, the thickness of the stamping varies from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. Slots are punched on the
inner side of the stampings. These stator core and stator windings both protected by the outer
frame. The rotor is also built of thin laminations of the same material as the stator. The laminated
cylindrical core is mounted directly on the shaft. These laminations are slotted on the outer side
to receive the conductors. There are two types of rotor which are the squirrel cage rotor and the
phase wound rotor.
A squirrel cage rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core. The circular slots at the outer
periphery are semi-closed. Each slot contains uninsulated bar conductor of aluminium or copper.
At the end of the rotor the conductors the short-circuited by a heavy ring of copper or aluminium.
The Phase wound rotor is also called as Slip Ring Rotor. It consists of a cylindrical core which is
laminated. The outer periphery of the rotor has a semi-closed slot which carries a 3 phase
insulated windings. The rotor windings are connected in star. This phase wound rotor is
preferrable because its has high starting torque and low starting current. Plus, its can used
external resistance for controlling the speed.

Same as the induction motor, the stator and the rotor are the two main parts of the synchronous
motor. The stator becomes stationary, and it carries the armature winding of the motor. The
armature winding is the main winding because of which the EMF induces in the motor. The
rotator carry the field windings. The main field flux induces in the rotor. Creating a synchronous
motor is very close to building an alternator. These are synchronous devices in which we use one
as a motor and one as a generator. The synchronous motor, like every other motor, also has a
stator and a rotor. The stator frame is the outer part of the machine and is made up of cast iron. It
protects the enter inner parts of the machine. The stator core is made up of thin silicon
laminations. It is insulated by a surface coating to minimize hysteresis and eddy current losses.
Its main purpose is to provide a path of low reluctance for the magnetic lines of force and
accommodate the stator windings. The stator core has cuts on the inner periphery to
accommodate the stator windings. The stator windings could be either three-phase windings or
single phase winding. Meanwhile, the rotor is the moving part of the machine. It has two types
which is salient pole type and cylindrical rotor type.
The salient pole type rotor consists of poles projecting out from the rotor surface. It is made up
of steel laminations to reduce eddy current losses. A salient pole machine has a non-uniform air
gap. The gap is maximum between the poles and is minimum at the pole centres. They are
generally used for medium and low-speed operations as they have a large number of poles. They
contain damper windings which are used for starting the motor.

The cylindrical rotor is made of high-grade nickel-chrome steel forgings made of high-grade
nickel-chrome molybdenum steel. The poles are created by the current that flows through the
windings. They are used for high-speed applications as they have fewer poles. They also create
less noise and lack of wind because they have a uniform air space. DC supply is made to the
rotor windings via slip-rings. Once the rotor windings are excited, they act like poles. Based on
this explanation we can conclude that both has its own advantages and disadvantages and varies
which its application but induction motor is the best. The major need in the industry is to run the
engine at varying loads and speeds, to operate mechanical loads, and this induction motor is the
right option.
PART 2

Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

A Squirrel cage induction motor is such a three-phase acknowledgment motor which limits
reliant on the standard of electromagnetism. It is known as a Squirrel cage induction motor
considering the way that the engine inside it – known as a Squirrel cage induction motor –
appears like a squirrel confine.

This engine is an office of steel overlays, with outstandingly conductive metal (usually
aluminum or copper) introduced into its surface. Exactly when a trading current is experienced
the stator windings, a turning alluring field is conveyed.

This affects a current in the rotor winding, which makes its own alluring field. The collaboration
of the alluring fields made by the stator and rotor windings conveys a power on the squirrel
confine enlistment engine.

One significant piece of breathing space of a Squirrel cage induction motor is the way viably you
can change its speed-power traits. This should be conceivable by simply modifying the condition
of the bars in the rotor. A major benefit of a squirrel cage engine is how quickly you can easily
adjust its speed-torque properties. Squirrel cage induction motors are used a lot in industry – as
they are reliable, self-starting, and easy to adjust.

Application of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

Squirrel cage induction motor are usually utilized in numerous mechanical applications.
They are especially appropriate for applications where the engine must keep up a consistent
speed, act naturally beginning, or there is a longing for low support.

These engines are regularly utilized in diffusive siphons which utilizes an IC416 3 stage
squirrel confine acceptance engines.

Centrifugal Pump
 Centrifugal pump are utilized to incite stream or raise a fluid from a low level to a
significant level. These pump chip away at an extremely straightforward component. A radiating
pump changes over rotational vitality, frequently from an engine, to vitality in a moving liquid.

The two primary parts that are answerable for the transformation of vitality are the impeller and
the packaging. The impeller is the pivoting some portion of the siphon and the packaging is the
impenetrable section which encompasses the impeller. In a radiating siphon, liquid goes into the
packaging, falls on the impeller cutting edges at the eye of the impeller, and is spun extraneously
and radially outward until it leaves the impeller into the diffuser piece of the packaging. While
going through the impeller, the liquid is increasing both speed and weight.

Applications of Centrifugal Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps are utilized over various businesses. Providing water, boosting
pressure, siphoning water for local necessities, helping fire security frameworks, heated water
flow, sewage waste and controlling heater water are among the most widely recognized
applications.

IC416 3 phase squirrel cage induction motors.

IC416 engine is hearty, productive and solid. They are worked to adapt to the hardest
conditions, and dependably guarantee the solid accessibility of your modern offices.

The engine is planned and created by IEC global norm. They are made of great cast iron or steel
plate with great appearance and execution.

Engine boundaries of IC411 and IC416 3 stage squirrel confine enlistment engines

 Power range: 160KW~1800KW

 Frame range: H315~H560
 Protection: IP44/IP54/IP55
 Cooling: IC411 & IC416
 Mounting: B3, B35,V1
 Duty: S1
 Power condition: ±5% voltage change rate, ±2% frequency change rate, ±5% total change
rate with voltage and frequency
 Motors can rotate bidirectional (except 2 pole motors).
 2 pole motors only can be drove with coupling.
 Full and terminal voltage start can’t lower than 85% stable start.

Working principal

At the point when a 3 stage gracefully is given to the stator winding it sets up a turning
attractive field in space. This pivoting attractive field has a speed which is known as the
coordinated speed.

This pivoting attractive field instigates the voltage in rotor bars and thus cut off beginning
streaming in the rotor bars. These rotor flows produce their self-attractive field which will
associate with the field of the stator. Presently the rotor field will attempt to restrict its
motivation, and consequently rotor begins following the pivoting attractive field.

The second rotor gets the turning attractive field the rotor current drops to zero as there is not
any more relative movement between the pivoting attractive field and rotor. Henceforth, at that
point the rotor encounters zero extraneous power subsequently the rotor decelerates for the
occasion.

After deceleration of the rotor, the relative movement between the rotor and the turning
attractive field restores consequently rotor current again being prompted. So once more, the
digressive power for pivot of the rotor is reestablished, and along these lines again the rotor
begins following turning attractive field, and thusly, the rotor keeps up a steady speed which is
only not exactly the speed of pivoting attractive field or simultaneous speed.

Motor control system (Maxim's MAX9641)

When worked from the 60Hz voltage, the acceptance engine works at a consistent speed.
Be that as it may, when power hardware and a chip based framework are utilized, the engine's
speed can be shifted. The variable-speed drive comprises of an inverter, signal conditioner, and
chip based control. The inverter utilizes three half-spans in which the top and the base switch are
controlled in a corresponding manner.

Exact estimation of three-stage engine current, rotor position, and rotor speed are
fundamental for effective shut circle control of an acceptance engine. Proverb's MAX9641 offers
some high-side and low-side current speakers, Hall-impact sensors, and concurrent examining
simple to-advanced converters (ADCs) to precisely gauge these boundaries in the harshest
conditions.

Current estimation utilizes either the low-side rule in which the sense resistor associates
in arrangement with the ground way, or the high-side rule in which the sense resistor interfaces
in arrangement with the hot wire. In low-side estimation, the circuit has a low-input basic mode
voltage and the yield voltage is ground referenced. The low-side resistor includes bothersome
unessential opposition in the ground way. In high-side estimation, the heap is grounded however
the high-side resistor must adapt to generally huge normal mode signals. High-side detecting
additionally permits discovery of shortcoming conditions, for example, the engine case or
winding that shorts to ground.

Operational safety regulations

So as to maintain a strategic distance from disastrous mishaps while working the engines, it is
essential to adhere to these principles:
 • Electric engine administrators ought to be acquainted with the operational wellbeing
guidelines in regards to electric gadgets and their activity, the engine can't regardless
be in activity without a practical earthing. The nature of earthing or balance ought to
be checked occasionally for the explanation that contacts may release or get eroded.
• Try not to play out any fixes while the engine is in activity;
• Maintenance, examinations or fixes of the engine can be performed uniquely on an
engine detached from the mains;
• The engine ought to be earthed or killed as per current guidelines in such manner. The
nature of earthing (balance) ought to be examined intermittently;
• the engine can't be worked without the front of the outer fan and without the front of
the coupling or the belt, fan or rigging transmission, with components driving current
uncovered,
• Each area where the electric movement happens ought to be furnished with a fire
quencher loaded up with non-leading dousing specialist.
• Safety gadgets keeping mishaps from happening ought to be available in the area of
the establishment, as per neighborhood wellbeing guidelines.

Preceding turning over the engine check the usefulness of control circuit on an emptied engine.
Check whether the difference in rotational speed happens and whether the engine is turning in
the right bearing. Engine can be begun by:

• Connecting to the mains straightforwardly,

• An backhanded 0-Y-Δ start.
• The greatest number of continuous beginnings is reliant on the level of beginning
trouble and restricted by the most extreme temperature increment for the given
warmth obstruction class of protection.
• While the engine is in activity, deliberately check the accuracy of such tasks as:
• The condition of engine warming up on its casing – in certain kinds of engines, the
temperature increment of the edge can reach as much as 70K;
• Correct working of course – which is showed by tranquil, in any event, murmuring,
• Whether there are no exorbitant vibrations of the engine,
• The state of the engine's coupling with the controlled machine,
 • current input shouldn't surpass the ostensible worth.

Ordinary, stable work can happen with current change not surpassing ±5% of the evaluated
current and ±2% of the appraised recurrence.

The engine ought to be killed promptly if there should be an occurrence of:

• Smoke or fire, and so forth coming out of the engine or the establishment;
• Excessive warming of the engine;
• Significant diminishing of rotational speed,
• Damaging of the outside fan;
• Damaging of the determined machine;
• When, in any way, shape or form, further work of the engine and the determined
machine is a danger to the environmental factors.

Turning on the engine and the machine again can happen after the sum total of what
imperfections have been evacuated.

REFERENCES :

1. B. G. Lamme, "The story of the induction motor," in Journal of the American Institute of
Electrical Engineers, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 203-223, March 1921, doi:
10.1109/JoAIEE.1921.6592844.
2. F. W. Merrill, "Permanent magnet excited synchronous motors," in Electrical
Engineering, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 143-143, Feb. 1955, doi: 10.1109/EE.1955.6439788.
3. M. R. Barusu, U. Sethurajan and M. Deivasigamani, "Non-invasive method for rotor bar
fault diagnosis in three-phase squirrel cage induction motor with advanced signal
processing technique," in The Journal of Engineering, vol. 2019, no. 17, pp. 4415-4419, 6
2019, doi: 10.1049/joe.2018.8242.
4. M. R. Barusu, U. Sethurajan and M. Deivasigamani, "Non-invasive method for rotor bar
fault diagnosis in three-phase squirrel cage induction motor with advanced signal
processing technique," in The Journal of Engineering, vol. 2019, no. 17, pp. 4415-4419, 6
2019, doi: 10.1049/joe.2018.8242.
5. X. He, W. Jiao, C. Wang and W. Cao, "Influence of Surface Roughness on the Pump
Performance Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp.
105331-105341, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2932021.
6. F. A. O. Aashoor and F. V. P. Robinson, "Maximum power point tracking of PV water
pumping system using artificial neural based control," 3rd Renewable Power Generation
Conference (RPG 2014), Naples, 2014, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1049/cp.2014.0923.