Abstract

Roboticsis a fascinating field of engineering that provides many opportunities for research. In addition,
the evolution of technology in recent years has led to intelligent mobile robots. They can be sent in hard
places instead of humans either because they are dangerous, either because they are difficult to access.
The control of these robots, however, is a difficult task that involves knowledge in different areassuch as
robotics, automation, programming, electronics, etc. This project strives to develop a robot capable of
performing operations like automatic ploughing, seed dispensing, fruit picking and pesticide spraying.
For manual control the robot uses the Bluetooth pairing app as control device and helps in the
navigation of the robot outside the field. Farmers today spend a lot of money on machines that help
them decrease labor and increase yield of crops but the profit and efficiency are very less. Hence
automation is the ideal solution to overcome all the shortcomings by creating machines that perform
one operations and automating it to increase yield on a large scale. Robotics is the branch of technology
that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural depositions, manufacture and application
of robots. Robotics brings together several very different engineering areas and skills. Robotics is related
to the science of electronics, Engineering, mechanics, mechatronics, and software.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

RPS LCD (16 *

SUPPLY 2)

BATTERY L298N
(12V) +
ARDUINO ROBOT

BLUETOO MOBILE
TH + APP TO
VOICE MONITOR
CONTROL

SOFTWARES:

1. ARDUINO IDE
2. EMBEDDED C
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

The BLUETOOTH CONTROLLED ROBOTIC CAR is controlled through voice commands given by the user
who is operating the system. These voice command needs to be given through an android app that is
installed on the user’s android mobile. Please note that users should have a good internet connection
in order to have a smooth operation of the android application. Speech recognition is done within the
android app and then a respective command is sent to the voice-controlled robot vehicle. The
microcontroller fitted to the Robot decodes these commands and gives an appropriate command to
the motors connected to the robot. In a Bluetooth voice-operated robot the robotic vehicle
movement is controlled via voice command. This is an Arduino Uno base project. In this project, we
use a Bluetooth device to receive commands from users. Users use the android application to give the
command to the Bluetooth device. The Bluetooth device receives a command from the application
and transmits the same to Atmel AVR AT mega 328 microcontrollers then the microcontroller controls
the robotic vehicle as per command. The microcontroller is the main unit of our project. It’s a central
processing unit (CPU) of the Robot. It receives various commands from the Bluetooth decoder and
gives the respective output motor driver ICs. This robotic vehicle operated on 5 commands forward,
reverse, left, right, and stop. In this project, we use Atmel AVR AT mega 328 microcontrollers after
receiving the above command microcontroller to move the motors as per command. The
communication between the android application and Bluetooth is serial communication. The robot is
controlled by an Android mobile phone that connects to a Bluetooth decoder attached to the robot.
Thus, we need 1 mobile & 1 Bluetooth decoder. A Bluetooth decoder is always connected to the Robot
and another mobile phone is used to control the movements of the Robot. It consists of a Bluetooth
decoder. It gives ASCII code output. This receiver enables wireless transmission & reception of serial
data. It has 10 meters range. DC motor used for robotic vehicle movement.

The main attraction of any

automated system is reducing human labor, effort and time. Home automation aims at automating
the human lives. Activating the home appliances without conventional switch but by using a smart
phone is known as home automation. Upcoming technology is natural language processing which
enables us to command and control things with our voice. In modern era more importance is put on
wireless technology. Due to wired networks are messy and complicated. These wireless technologies
 have great impact on human life in a positive manner and human development speed has increased.
The main technologies used in home automation are GSM, Internet and Bluetooth. Each technology
has its own merits and demerits. But Bluetooth based home automation systems have an upper hand.
Devices can be connected from a range of 10m to 100m and this range can be increased. Also the
frequency used for Bluetooth is 2.4GHz, which is available globally. The speed that can be fetched for
Bluetooth services is up to 3Mbps. So these advantages made way for high development in Bluetooth
based home automation. The primitive man realized that an effective way to communicate with one
another is through voice. With minimum effort, ideas could be narrated with relative ease. When the
first computers came around, achieving the level of sophistication so as to narrate commands using
voice to a machine was only realized in science fiction. However with tremendous breakthroughs in
the field, we are at the precipice of truly using voice to interface with devices. Using this effective yet
ingrained form of communication we would humanize technology to a great extent. Voice controlled
House Automation System deploys the use of voice to control devices. Voice controlled House
Automation System leverages the power of Arduino to provide a holistic voice controlled automation
system. Using Natural Language Processing and the available hardware in most smartphones, it
translates voice to be used for controlling electrical devices.

Automation is the most widely utilized approach today, from industrial to consumer applications. The
fast rise of industry and technological innovation has resulted in a reduction in human efforts, with
machines being the primary reason for this. Machines are becoming increasingly crucial in our lives.
DC motors are employed in numerous applications such as cooling fans, air conditioners, and AC
equipment. Most industries now employ direct current (DC) motors. As a result, regulating the speed
of DC motors is critical. As a result, our study focuses on monitoring and regulating the speed of a DC
motor utilizing an Android mobile application and Bluetooth technology. Because smart phones
include Bluetooth technology, an external Bluetooth module is used to communicate with the micro
controller unit (ARDUINO). The Bluetooth module gets commands from the Android application on the
mobile phone. The one of the implementation of a low-cost, robust, resilient, and secure Bluetooth-
based DC motor speed and direction control have been provided in this paper. Bluetooth technology
was used to offer communication access from a smart phone for the speed control. On the other side,
we have the ATMEGA328P platform, which allows us to rapidly prototype electrical devices. Android is
the most popular and adaptable platform, which is extremely useful in developing a wide range of
real-time apps that are useful in our daily lives. Bluetooth innovation is frequently utilized in wireless
communications. The method of controlling a direct current motor utilizing Bluetooth technology is
 discussed in this work. The signal is sent from the smart phone, which is linked to the Arduino Uno
board through Bluetooth module HC05. PWM techniques are commonly used to regulate the speed of
a direct current motor. The electric drive systems must to have some standard characteristics, such as
linear control, dependability, and stable operation. DC-driven devices benefit in several of these ways.
The effectiveness of the drive is significantly influenced by the DC motor's speed control techniques.
The major goal of a dc drive is to maintain a system with a stable speed regardless of load state,
whereas the main goal of a speed controller is to concentrate on how we may utilize a Bluetooth-
based device to regulate speed and direction of a DC motor at a desired speed. In this work, we
outline a recently created "Revving Up Efficiency: VoiceControlled Bluetooth DC Motor Speed
Control”a Bluetooth-enabled smart phone control experimental setup. Revving Up Efficiency: Voice-
Controlled Bluetooth DC Motor Speed Control is a project that aims to enhance the efficiency and
user-friendliness of DC motors. This project involves the integration of Bluetooth and voice control
technologies to control the speed of a DC motor wirelessly. The proposed system will enable users to
control the speed of a DC motor using voice commands, eliminating the need for manual intervention.
The system will also provide real-time feedback on the speed of the motor, enabling users to monitor
and adjust the speed as required. This project will contribute to the automation of various industries,
reducing labor costs and improving efficiency. This study discusses DC motor speed regulation. We are
regulating and monitoring the speed of a DC motor in this suggested system. This system is made up
of a micro controller, a DC motor, a potentiometer, a temperature sensor, an LCD display, and a
Bluetooth module. We're using a potentiometer to regulate the speed of the motor here.
Simultaneously, we may use a temperature sensor to detect the temperature of the DC motor. This
prevents overheating of the DC motor.

OBJECTIVE

 The main objective of the project is to control the robotic car in the desired position.  The project is
to control the robot by the voice or push button.  The project is designed to control a robotic vehicle
by voice and manual control or remote operation
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
[1] This research then proposed an integral state feedback design for tracking control in
DC motor, with Simulink Matlab simulation and the Arduino hardware implementation. The
results will be compared with the implementation of the PID controller. [2] An electronics
technique is called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used to achieve speed control, and this
technique generates high and low pulses, then these pulses vary the speed in the motor. In order
to control this PWM pulse, variable resistors are used and depend on it the speed of the DC
motor will increase or decrease. [3] Illustrates a solution to protect the motor from overheating.
There are many explanations for motor failure and one of them is overheating. Motor
overheating causes mechanical damage and reduces lifespan. A real-time monitoring and data
logging system have developed to reduce the percentage of damage and the rate of motor failure,
improving the reliability of motor operation. The system has been developed using Arduino
UNO and Lab VIEW software. [4] Servomotors are special direct current or alternating current
electric machines which have an adjustable rotational speed in a wide range, in both directions
and which aim at moving a mechanical system along a trajectory in a prescribed time. [5] The
research proposes hardware design and implementation of controlling the angular speed of the
DC motor in Arduino Uno as its embedded processor system, using a PID Controller. Some
examinations and analysis are done in the research, such as open- loop test, step-response, and
the effect of PID parameters and sample time to the system performance. [6] This work PID real
time controller has been realized in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and implemented
practically to the control speed dc motor using Data Acquirement card, and monitored of the
control system done by using LABVIEW. [7] The research proposes controlling DC motor
angular speed using the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller and hardware
implementation using a microcontroller. The microcontroller device is Arduino Uno as data
processing, the encoder sensor is to calculate the angular speed, and the motor driver is L298. [8]
This paper experiences the speed control of a direct current servomotor, type SM-S2309S, with
the help of the Arduino UNO platform, which is the simplest solution for the development of
electronic applications. The study experiences also speed and step control of a stepper motor,
type 28BYJ-48, with the Arduino UNO platform. [9] The display includes a screen showing the
commands and responses against each other. The motor can be rotated 0-360 degrees and can
even change its direction from left to right until stopped. Thus, this proposed control
methodology is applied to control speed and direction of DC motor wirelessly. [10] These days
many management theories are developed significantly; we have a tendency to do see the wide
fashionable use of proportional-integral (PI) and proportional integral- derivative (PID)
controller in speed and torque control, motor drives, control, and instrumentation.

Smart Home is a house that uses information technology to monitor the environment, control the
electric appliance and communicates with the outer world. Smart Home is a complex technology,
at the same time it is developing. A sample house environment monitors and control system that
is one branch of the Smart Home is addressed in this paper. The system is based on the
embedded system and can act as a security guard of the home. The system can monitor the
temperature, humidity, gas density, water immersion of the house.

The whole system is a cheaper one, but it provides the full-scale home device monitor and
control function. By using the embedded system technique, it is convenient to use and allows
simple installation in existing homes, it provide a safe, convenient home to us. The shortage of
the system is only can turn on/off the electric appliances and the lack of the wireless function.
With the Development of the smart electric appliances, the system must make much progress.

This Project is used to control the AC Machine controlled according to the temperature and it
also indicates the temperature. The system will get the temperature from the Temperature sensor
and fed it to microcontroller. When temperature exceeds normal level then it automatically
enables/Turn’s on AC Machine.
 3. INTRODUCTION ABOUT EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
3.1 INTRODUCTION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a dedicated

task. Some of the main devices used in embedded products are Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers.
Microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose processors as they simply
accept the inputs, process it and give the output. In contrast, a microcontroller not only accepts
the data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces the data with various devices, controls the
data and thus finally gives the result.

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps

additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A good example is
the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of them are used
every day, but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the
preparation of their lunch or dinner.

This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. It too is
comprised of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for
example). However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function rather; it
is able to do many different things. Many people use the term general-purpose computer to make
this distinction clear. As shipped, a general-purpose computer is a blank slate; the manufacturer
does not know what the customer will do wish it. One customer may use it for a network file
server another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it to write the next
great American novel.

Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For

example, modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system
controls the anti-lock brakes, other monitors and controls the vehicle's emissions, and a third
displays information on the dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are connected by
some sort of a communication network, but that is certainly not a requirement.

At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-purpose
computer is itself made up of numerous embedded systems. For example, my computer consists
of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of
which is an embedded system. Each of these devices contains a processor and software and is
designed to perform a specific function. For example, the modem is designed to send and receive
digital data over analog telephone line. That's it and all of the other devices can be summarized
in a single sentence as well.

3.2. OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central

Processing Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is
loaded. The software residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’.

The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop computer.

However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in
every embedded system. For small appliances such as remote control units, air conditioners, toys
etc., there is no need foran operating system and you can write only the software specific to that
application.

For applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating

system. In such a case, you need to integrate the application software with the operating system
and then transfer the entire software on to the memory chip. Once the software is transferred to
the memory chip, the software will continue to run for a long time you don’t need to reload new
software. Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an
embedded system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are:

a. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

b. Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)
c. Input Devices
d. Output devices
 e. Communication interfaces
f. Application-specific circuitry

Fig: 3.1 Building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system

 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following:
microcontroller, microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-
cost processor. Its main attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other
components such as memory, serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc.
So, for small applications, a micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external
components required will be very less. On the other hand, microprocessors are more powerful,
but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is used mainly for applications
in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video processing.
 MEMORY:
The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas
ROM retains the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the
ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is
executed.

 INPUT DEVICES:
 Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited
capability. There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded
system is no easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to
give a specific command. A keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded
systems used in process control do not have any input device for user interaction; they take
inputs from sensors or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other
systems.
 OUTPUT DEVICES:
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some
embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of
the system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may
also be used to display some important parameters.
 COMMUNICATION INTERFACES:
The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they
may have to transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided
with one or a few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus
(USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc.
 APPLICATION-SPECIFIC CIRCUITRY:
Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an
embedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to
carry out the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either through
the 230 volts main supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in such a way that
the power consumption is minimized.

4. DESIGN OF HARDWARE
 This chapter briefly explains about the hardware implementation of IoT based Parking
System. It discusses the circuit diagram of each module in detail. For implementing the Parking
system, there is a need of essential components that are suitable and manipulate Parking spaces.
The components use generally includes IR sensors, Arduino

4.1 Arduino Uno

The most common version of Arduino is the Arduino Uno. This board is what most
people are talking about when they refer to an Arduino. The Uno is one of the more popular
boards in the Arduino family and a great choice for beginners. There are different revisions of
Arduino Uno, below detail is the most recent revision (Rev3 or R3).
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
Microcontroller : ATmega328
Operating Voltage : 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) : 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) : 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins : 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins : 6
DC Current per I/O Pin : 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin : 50 mA
Flash Memory : 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader
SRAM : 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM : 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed : 16 MHz
Length : 68.6 mm
Width : 53.4 mm
 fig 3.1
ArduinoUno R3 Board

 USB Plug & External Power Supply Plug

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino Uno
can be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply that is
terminated in a barrel jack. The power source is selected automatically. The USB connection is
also how you will load code onto your Arduino board. Please on my other post on how to
program with Arduino can be found in Installing and Programming Arduino.
NOTE: The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V,
 however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable.If
using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts
.
 Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulator is not actually something you can (or should) interact with on the
Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is there and what it’s for. The voltage
regulator does exactly what it says – it controls the amount of voltage that is let into the Arduino
board. Think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that might harm the
circuit. Of course,it has its limits, so don’t hook up your Arduino to anything greater than 20
volts.

 Power Pins
Voltage In Pin – The input voltage to the Arduino board when it’s using an external
power source(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source).
You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.
5V Pin – This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 – 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the
VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator,
and can damage your board. It’s not recommended.3.3V Pin – A 3.3 volt supply generated by the
on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.

 Ground Pins
There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to ground your
circuit.

 IOREF Pin
This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and
select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for working with
the 5V or 3.3V.

 Input and Output Pins

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output. They operate at
5 volts. These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and
digital output (like powering an LED). Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA
and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-5k Ohms. In addition, some
pins have specialized functions.

 Serial Out (TX) & Serial In (RX)

Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the
corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

 External Interrupts
Pins 2 and 3 can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling
edge, or a change in value.
PWM – You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and
11). These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for something called Pulse-Width
Modulation (PWM). Think of these pins as being able to simulate analog output (like fading an
LED in and out).
SPI – Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). SPI stands for Serial Peripheral Interface.
These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
Analog Input Pins – Labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e.
1024 different values). These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like a temperature
sensor) and convert it into a digital value that we can read. By default they measure from ground
to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF
Pin (Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave this pin alone). Additionally,
some pins have specialized functionality:
TWI – Pins A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.
  Reset Pin
Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller.Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board.

 LED Indicators
Power LED Indicator – Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on your circuit
board, there’s a tiny LED next to the word ‘ON’. This LED should light up whenever you plug
your Arduino into a power source. If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something
is wrong. Time to re-check your circuit!
On-Board LED – There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it’s off. This useful to quickly check if the board has
no problem as some boards has a pre-loaded simple blinking LED program in it.
TX & RX LEDs – These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications whenever our Arduino
is receiving or transmitting data (like when we’re loading a new program ontotheboard).
Reset Button:Pushing the reset button temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart
any code that is loaded on the Arduino. This can be very useful if your code doesn’t repeat, but
you want to test it multiple times.

4.3. POWER SUPPLY:

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable
low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down
into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which
maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is
known as “Regulated D.C Power Supply”.
 Fig:4.7. Block Diagram of Power Supply

Fig:4.5. Schematic Diagram of Power Supply

4.3.1. TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one
Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.

When AC is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer it can either be
stepped down or up depending on the value of DC needed. In our circuit the transformer of
230v/12-0-12v is used to perform the step down operation where a 230V AC appears as 12V AC
across the secondary winding.
4.3.2. RECTIFIER:

A circuit which is used to convert a.c to dc is known as RECTIFIER. The process of

conversion a.c to d.c is called “rectification.
Bridge Rectifier:

Fig: 4.6 Bridge Rectifier

OPERATION:

During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward biased while
D1 and D4 are in reverse biased. During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and
D4 are in forward biased while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased.

4.3.3. FILTER:

A Filter is a device which removes the a.c component of rectifier output but allows the d.c
component to reach the load.We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave
rectifier is 121% or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high
percentages of ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be removed by one
of the following methods of filtering. A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by –pass
for the ripples voltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to
appears the load.

4.3.4. VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project,
power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels,7805 and 7812
voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers
05,12 represent the required output voltage.
4.4. COMMUNICATION NETWORK
In the IoT based parking System system, wireless network is used to forward measurement
through a gateway towards cloud. The main network used here is IoT. The meaning of IoT is
Internet of Things, simply called as Internet of everything. Different wireless communication
technologies can be used for
(i) Connecting the IoT device as local networks, and
(ii) Connecting these local networks (or individual IoT devices) to the Internet. The
connectivity technologies are NFC, Bluetooth, zigbee, cellular network etc. In this project, we
use cellular network connectivity because of it has widespread mobile networks like 3G and LTE
provide reliable high-speed connectivity to the Internet. However, they have a high power
consumption profile and they are not suitable for M2M or local network communication.

4.5

Alphanumeric LCD

Liquid Crystal Display also called as LCD is very helpful in providing user interface as well as
for debugging purpose. The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's
HD44780 controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. The most commonly used
LCDs found in the market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller
and support at most of 80 characters, whereas LCDs supporting more than 80 characters make
use of 2 HD44780 controllers.

Pin Description
Pin No. Name Description

1 VSS Power supply (GND)

2 VCC Power supply (+5V)

3 VEE Contrast adjust

0 = Instruction input
4 RS
1 = Data input

0 = Write to LCD module

5 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module

6 EN Enable signal

7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)

8 D1 Data bus line 1

9 D2 Data bus line 2

10 D3 Data bus line 3

11 D4 Data bus line 4

12 D5 Data bus line 5

13 D6 Data bus line 6

14 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)

 15 LED+ Back Light VCC

16 LED- Back Light GND

DDRAM - Display Data RAM

Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit character codes. Its
extended capacity is 80 X 8 bits, or 80 characters. The area in display data RAM (DDRAM) that
is not used for display can be used as general data RAM. So whatever you send on the DDRAM
is actually displayed on the LCD. For LCDs like 1x16, only 16 characters are visible, so
whatever you write after 16 chars is written in DDRAM but is not visible to the user.

CGROM - Character Generator ROM

Now you might be thinking that when you send an ASCII value to DDRAM, how the character
is displayed on LCD? So the answer is CGROM. The character generator ROM generates 5 x 8
dot or 5 x 10 dot character patterns from 8-bit character codes. It can generate 208 5 x 8 dot
character patterns and 32 5 x 10 dot character patterns.

CGRAM - Character Generator RAM

As clear from the name, CGRAM area is used to create custom characters in LCD. In the
character generator RAM, the user can rewrite character patterns by program. For 5 x 8 dots,
eight character patterns can be written, and for 5 x 10 dots, four character patterns can be written.

BF - Busy Flag

Busy Flag is a status indicator flag for LCD. When we send a command or data to the LCD for
processing, this flag is set (i.e. BF =1) and as soon as the instruction is executed successfully this
flag is cleared (BF = 0). This is helpful in producing and exact amount of delay for the LCD
processing.

To read Busy Flag, the condition RS = 0 and R/W = 1 must be met and The MSB of the LCD
data bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 means LCD is busy and will not accept next
command or data and BF = 0 means LCD is ready for the next command or data to process.

Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register (DR)

There are two 8-bit registers in HD44780 controller Instruction and Data register. Instruction
register corresponds to the register where you send commands to LCD e.g. LCD shift command,
LCD clear, LCD address etc. and Data register is used for storing data which is to be displayed
on LCD. When send the enable signal of the LCD is asserted, the data on the pins is latched in to
the data register and data is then moved automatically to the DDRAM and hence is displayed on
the LCD. Data Register is not only used for sending data to DDRAM but also for CGRAM, the
address where you want to send the data, is decided by the instruction you send to LCD.

Commands and Instruction set

Only the instruction register (IR) and the data register (DR) of the LCD can be controlled by the
MCU. Before starting the internal operation of the LCD, control information is temporarily
stored into these registers to allow interfacing with various MCUs, which operate at different
speeds, or various peripheral control devices. The internal operation of the LCD is determined by
signals sent from the MCU. These signals, which include register selection signal (RS),
read/write signal (R/W), and the data bus (DB0 to DB7), make up the LCD instructions (Table
3). There are four categories of instructions that:

 Designate LCD functions, such as display format, data length, etc.

 Set internal RAM addresses
 Perform data transfer with internal RAM
  Perform miscellaneous functions

Although looking at the table you can make your own commands and test them. Below is a brief
list of useful commands which are used frequently while working on the LCD.

No. Instruction Hex Decimal

1 Function Set: 8-bit, 1 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x30 48

2 Function Set: 8-bit, 2 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x38 56

3 Function Set: 4-bit, 1 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x20 32

4 Function Set: 4-bit, 2 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x28 40

5 Entry Mode 0x06 6

 Display off Cursor off
6 (clearing display without clearing DDRAM 0x08 8
content)

7 Display on Cursor on 0x0E 14

8 Display on Cursor off 0x0C 12

9 Display on Cursor blinking 0x0F 15

10 Shift entire display left 0x18 24

12 Shift entire display right 0x1C 30

13 Move cursor left by one character 0x10 16

14 Move cursor right by one character 0x14 20

15 Clear Display (also clear DDRAM content) 0x01 1

Set DDRAM address or cursor position on

16 0x80+add 128+add
display

Set CGRAM address or set pointer to CGRAM

17 0x40+add 64+add
location

Sending Commands to LCD

To send commands we simply need to select the command register. Everything is same as we
have done in the initialization routine. But we will summarize the common steps and put them in
a single subroutine. Following are the steps:

 move data to LCD port

 select command register
 select write operation
 send enable signal
 wait for LCD to process the command
Sending Data to LCD

To send data we simply need to select the data register. Everything is same as the command
routine. Following are the steps:

 move data to LCD port

 select data register
 select write operation
 send enable signal
 wait for LCD to process the data

BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data between fixed and mobile
devices over short distances using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the industrial, scientific
and medical radio bands, from 2.400 to 2.485 GHz, and building personal area networks (PANs).
It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables.

Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than
30,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and
consumer electronics. The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer
maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages
the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. [3] A manufacturer must meet Bluetooth
SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device. [4] A network of patents apply to the technology,
which are licensed to individual qualifying devices.

History

The development of the "short-link" radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in
1989 by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden and by Johan Ullman. The
purpose was to develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by Johan Ullman, SE
8902098-6, issued 1989-06-12 and SE 9202239, issued 1992-07-24. Nils Rydbeck tasked Tord
Wingren with specifying and Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson with developing. Both were
working for Ericsson in Lund.[5] Invented by Dutch electrical engineer Jaap Haartsen, working
for telecommunications company Ericsson in 1994.[6] The first consumer bluetooth launched in
1999.It was a hand free mobile headset which earned the technology the"Best of show
Technology Award" at COMDEX. The first Bluetooth mobile phone was the Sony Ericsson T36
but it was the revised T39 model which actually made it to store shelves in 2001.

Name and logo

Name

The name Bluetooth is an Anglicised version of the Scandinavian Blåtand/Blåtann (Old

Norse blátǫnn), the epithet of the tenth-century king Harald Bluetooth who united dissonant
Danish tribes into a single kingdom. The implication is that Bluetooth unites communication
protocols.[7]

The idea of this name was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach of Intel who developed a system
that would allow mobile phones to communicate with computers. [8] At the time of this proposal
he was reading Frans G. Bengtsson's historical novel The Long Ships about Vikings and King
Harald Bluetooth.[9][10]

Logo

The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Younger Futhark runes (ᚼ, Hagall) and
(ᛒ, Bjarkan), Harald's initials.

Implementation

Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2402 and 2480 MHz, or 2400 and 2483.5 MHz
including guard bands 2 MHz wide at the bottom end and 3.5 MHz wide at the top.[13] This is in
the globally unlicensed (but not unregulated) industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz
short-range radio frequency band. Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping
spread spectrum. Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet on
one of 79 designated Bluetooth channels. Each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. It usually
performs 1600 hops per second, with adaptive frequency-hopping (AFH) enabled.[13] Bluetooth
Low Energy uses 2 MHz spacing, which accommodates 40 channels.[14]

Originally, Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) modulation was the only modulation
scheme available. Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, π/4-DQPSK (differential
quadrature phase-shift keying) and 8-DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible
devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are said to be operating in basic rate (BR) mode where
an instantaneous bit rate of 1 Mbit/s is possible. The term Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) is used to
describe π/4-DPSK and 8-DPSK schemes, each giving 2 and 3 Mbit/s respectively. The
combination of these (BR and EDR) modes in Bluetooth radio technology is classified as
a BR/EDR radio.

Bluetooth is a packet-based protocol with a master/slave architecture. One master may

communicate with up to seven slaves in a piconet. All devices share the master's clock. Packet
exchange is based on the basic clock, defined by the master, which ticks at 312.5 µs intervals.
Two clock ticks make up a slot of 625 µs, and two slots make up a slot pair of 1250 µs. In the
simple case of single-slot packets, the master transmits in even slots and receives in odd slots.
The slave, conversely, receives in even slots and transmits in odd slots. Packets may be 1, 3 or 5
slots long, but in all cases the master's transmission begins in even slots and the slave's in odd
slots.

The above excludes Bluetooth Low Energy, introduced in the 4.0 specification, which uses the
same spectrum but somewhat differently.

Communication and connection

A master BR/EDR Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a
piconet (an ad-hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology), though not all devices reach
this maximum. The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master
(for example, a headset initiating a connection to a phone necessarily begins as master—as an
initiator of the connection—but may subsequently operate as the slave).

The Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection of two or more piconets to form
a scatternet, in which certain devices simultaneously play the master role in one piconet and the
slave role in another.

At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device (except for
the little-used broadcast mode). The master chooses which slave device to address; typically, it
switches rapidly from one device to another in a round-robin fashion. Since it is the master that
chooses which slave to address, whereas a slave is (in theory) supposed to listen in each receive
slot, being a master is a lighter burden than being a slave. Being a master of seven slaves is
possible; being a slave of more than one master is possible. The specification is vague as to
required behavior in scatternets.

Uses

Ranges of Bluetooth devices by class

Max. permitted power Typ. range[2]

Class
(mW) (dBm) (m)

1 100 20 ~100

1.5
10 10 ~20
(BT 5 Vol 6 Part A Sect 3)

2 2.5 4 ~10

3 1 0 ~1

4 0.5 −3 ~0.5

Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low

power consumption, with a short range based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device.
[16]
Because the devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in
visual line of sight of each other; however, a quasi optical wireless path must be viable. [17] Range
is power-class-dependent, but effective ranges vary in practice. See the table "Ranges of
Bluetooth devices by class".

Officially Class 3 radios have a range of up to 1 metre (3 ft), Class 2, most commonly found in
mobile devices, 10 metres (33 ft), and Class 1, primarily for industrial use cases,100 metres
(300 ft).[2] Bluetooth Marketing qualifies that Class 1 range is in most cases 20–30 metres (66–
98 ft), and Class 2 range 5–10 metres (16–33 ft).[1] The actual range achieved by a given link will
depend on the qualities of the devices at both ends of the link, as well as the air conditions in
between, and other factors.
The effective range varies depending on propagation conditions, material coverage, production
sample variations, antenna configurations and battery conditions. Most Bluetooth applications
are for indoor conditions, where attenuation of walls and signal fading due to signal reflections
make the range far lower than specified line-of-sight ranges of the Bluetooth products.

Most Bluetooth applications are battery-powered Class 2 devices, with little difference in range
whether the other end of the link is a Class 1 or Class 2 device as the lower-powered device
tends to set the range limit. In some cases the effective range of the data link can be extended
when a Class 2 device is connecting to a Class 1 transceiver with both higher sensitivity and
transmission power than a typical Class 2 device.[18] Mostly, however, the Class 1 devices have a
similar sensitivity to Class 2 devices. Connecting two Class 1 devices with both high sensitivity
and high power can allow ranges far in excess of the typical 100m, depending on the throughput
required by the application. Some such devices allow open field ranges of up to 1 km and beyond
between two similar devices without exceeding legal emission limits.[19][20][21]

The Bluetooth Core Specification mandates a range of not less than 10 metres (33 ft), but there is
no upper limit on actual range. Manufacturers' implementations can be tuned to provide the
range needed for each case.[2]

Bluetooth profile

To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth
profiles, which are definitions of possible applications and specify general behaviors that
Bluetooth-enabled devices use to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. These profiles
include settings to parameterize and to control the communication from the start. Adherence to
profiles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link
becomes effective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that describe many different
types of applications or use cases for devices.[22][23]
List of applications

A typical Bluetooth mobile phone headset

 Wireless control and communication between a mobile phone and a handsfree headset. This
was one of the earliest applications to become popular.[24]
 Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible
car stereo system.
 Wireless control of and communication with iOS and Android device phones, tablets and
portable wireless speakers.[25]
 Wireless Bluetooth headset and Intercom. Idiomatically, a headset is sometimes called "a
Bluetooth".
 Wireless streaming of audio to headphones with or without communication capabilities.
 Wireless streaming of data collected by Bluetooth-enabled fitness devices to phone or PC. [26]
 Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required.
[27]

 Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, the most common being
the mouse, keyboard and printer.
 Transfer of files, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices
with OBEX.
 Replacement of previous wired RS-232 serial communications in test equipment, GPS
receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices.
 For controls where infrared was often used.
 For low bandwidth applications where higher USB bandwidth is not required and cable-free
connection desired.
 Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth-enabled advertising hoardings to other,
discoverable, Bluetooth devices.[28]
 Wireless bridge between two Industrial Ethernet (e.g., PROFINET) networks.
 Seventh and eighth generation game consoles such as Nintendo's Wii,
[29]
and Sony's PlayStation 3 use Bluetooth for their respective wireless controllers.
 Dial-up internet access on personal computers or PDAs using a data-capable mobile phone
as a wireless modem.
 Short-range transmission of health sensor data from medical devices to mobile phone, set-top
box or dedicated telehealth devices.[30][31]
 Allowing a DECT phone to ring and answer calls on behalf of a nearby mobile phone.
 Real-time location systems (RTLS) are used to track and identify the location of objects in
real time using "Nodes" or "tags" attached to, or embedded in, the objects tracked, and
"Readers" that receive and process the wireless signals from these tags to determine their
locations.[32]
 Personal security application on mobile phones for prevention of theft or loss of items. The
protected item has a Bluetooth marker (e.g., a tag) that is in constant communication with the
phone. If the connection is broken (the marker is out of range of the phone) then an alarm is
raised. This can also be used as a man overboard alarm. A product using this technology has
been available since 2009.[33]
 Calgary, Alberta, Canada's Roads Traffic division uses data collected from travelers'
Bluetooth devices to predict travel times and road congestion for motorists.[34]
 Wireless transmission of audio (a more reliable alternative to FM transmitters)
 Live video streaming to the visual cortical implant device by Nabeel Fattah in Newcastle
university 2017.[35]
 Connection of motion controllers to a PC when using VR headsets

Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)[edit]

Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi is the brand name for products using IEEE 802.11 standards) have
some similar applications: setting up networks, printing, or transferring files. Wi-Fi is intended
as a replacement for high-speed cabling for general local area network access in work areas or
home. This category of applications is sometimes called wireless local area networks (WLAN).
Bluetooth was intended for portable equipment and its applications. The category of applications
is outlined as the wireless personal area network (WPAN). Bluetooth is a replacement for
cabling in a variety of personally carried applications in any setting, and also works for fixed
location applications such as smart energy functionality in the home (thermostats, etc.).

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are to some extent complementary in their applications and usage. Wi-Fi is
usually access point-centered, with an asymmetrical client-server connection with all traffic
routed through the access point, while Bluetooth is usually symmetrical, between two Bluetooth
devices. Bluetooth serves well in simple applications where two devices need to connect with a
minimal configuration like a button press, as in headsets and remote controls, while Wi-Fi suits
better in applications where some degree of client configuration is possible and high speeds are
required, especially for network access through an access node. However, Bluetooth access
points do exist, and ad-hoc connections are possible with Wi-Fi though not as simple as with
Bluetooth. Wi-Fi Direct was recently developed to add a more Bluetooth-like ad-hoc
functionality to Wi-Fi.[citation needed]

Devices[edit]

A Bluetooth USB dongle with a 100 m range.

Bluetooth exists in numerous products such as telephones, speakers, tablets, media players,
robotics systems, laptops, and console gaming equipment as well as some high
definition headsets, modems, hearing aids[36] and even watches.[37] Given the variety of devices
which use the Bluetooth, coupled with the contemporary deprecation of headphone jacks by
Apple, Google, and other companies, and the lack of regulation by the FCC, the technology is
prone to interference.[38] Nonetheless Bluetooth is useful when transferring information between
two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is
commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e., with a Bluetooth headset) or byte
data with hand-held computers (transferring files).

Bluetooth protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices. [39] Bluetooth
devices can advertise all of the services they provide. [40] This makes using services easier,
because more of the security, network address and permission configuration can be automated
than with many other network types.

Computer requirements

A typical Bluetooth USB dongle.

An internal notebook Bluetooth card (14×36×4 mm).

A personal computer that does not have embedded Bluetooth can use a Bluetooth adapter that
enables the PC to communicate with Bluetooth devices. While some desktop computers and
most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth radio, others require an external adapter,
typically in the form of a small USB "dongle."

Unlike its predecessor, IrDA, which requires a separate adapter for each device, Bluetooth lets
multiple devices communicate with a computer over a single adapter.[41]
Operating system implementation

For Microsoft platforms, Windows XP Service Pack 2 and SP3 releases work natively with
Bluetooth v1.1, v2.0 and v2.0+EDR.[42]Previous versions required users to install their Bluetooth
adapter's own drivers, which were not directly supported by Microsoft. [43]Microsoft's own
Bluetooth dongles (packaged with their Bluetooth computer devices) have no external drivers
and thus require at least Windows XP Service Pack 2. Windows Vista RTM/SP1 with the
Feature Pack for Wireless or Windows Vista SP2 work with Bluetooth v2.1+EDR. [42] Windows 7
works with Bluetooth v2.1+EDR and Extended Inquiry Response (EIR). [42] The Windows XP
and Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stacks support the following Bluetooth profiles
natively: PAN, SPP, DUN, HID, HCRP. The Windows XP stack can be replaced by a third party
stack that supports more profiles or newer Bluetooth versions. The Windows Vista/Windows 7
Bluetooth stack supports vendor-supplied additional profiles without requiring that the Microsoft
stack be replaced.[42] It is generally recommended to install the latest vendor driver and its
associated stack to be able to use the Bluetooth device at its fullest extent.

Apple products have worked with Bluetooth since Mac OS X v10.2, which was released in 2002.
[44]

Linux has two popular Bluetooth stacks, BlueZ and Affix. The BlueZ stack is included with most
Linux kernels and was originally developed by Qualcomm.[45] The Affix stack was developed
by Nokia.

FreeBSD features Bluetooth since its v5.0 release.

NetBSD features Bluetooth since its v4.0 release. Its Bluetooth stack was ported to OpenBSD as
well, however OpenBSD later removed it for security reasons.

Specifications and features

The specifications were formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) and formally
announced on the 20 of May 1998.[46] Today it has a membership of over 30,000 companies
worldwide.[47] It was established by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba, and later joined by
many other companies.

All versions of the Bluetooth standards support downward compatibility.[1] That lets the latest
standard cover all older versions.
The Bluetooth Core Specification Working Group (CSWG) produces mainly 4 kinds of
specifications:

 The Bluetooth Core Specification, release cycle is typically a few years in between
 Core Specification Addendum (CSA), release cycle can be as tight as a few times per year
 Core Specification Supplements (CSS), can be released very quickly
 Errata (Available with a user account: Errata login)

Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B

Versions 1.0 and 1.0B[citation needed] had many problems, and manufacturers had difficulty making
their products interoperable. Versions 1.0 and 1.0B also included mandatory Bluetooth hardware
device address (BD_ADDR) transmission in the Connecting process (rendering anonymity
impossible at the protocol level), which was a major setback for certain services planned for use
in Bluetooth environments.

Bluetooth 1.1[edit]

 Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2002[48]

 Many errors found in the v1.0B specifications were fixed.
 Added possibility of non-encrypted channels.
 Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).

Bluetooth 1.2[edit]

Major enhancements include:

 Faster Connection and Discovery

 Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH), which improves resistance to radio
frequency interference by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence.
 Higher transmission speeds in practice than in v1.1, up to 721 kbit/s.[49]
 Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improve voice quality of audio links by
allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionally increase audio latency to
provide better concurrent data transfer.
 Host Controller Interface (HCI) operation with three-wire UART.
 Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2005[50]
 Introduced Flow Control and Retransmission Modes for L2CAP.

Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR[edit]

This version of the Bluetooth Core Specification was released in 2004. The main difference is
the introduction of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster data transfer. The bit rate of EDR is
3 Mbit/s, although the maximum data transfer rate (allowing for inter-packet time and
acknowledgements) is 2.1 Mbit/s.[49] EDR uses a combination of GFSK and phase-shift
keying modulation (PSK) with two variants, π/4-DQPSK and 8-DPSK.[51] EDR can provide a
lower power consumption through a reduced duty cycle.

The specification is published as Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR, which implies that EDR is an optional
feature. Aside from EDR, the v2.0 specification contains other minor improvements, and
products may claim compliance to "Bluetooth v2.0" without supporting the higher data rate. At
least one commercial device states "Bluetooth v2.0 without EDR" on its data sheet. [52]

Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR

Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 + EDR was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 26 July
2007.[51]

The headline feature of v2.1 is secure simple pairing (SSP): this improves the pairing experience
for Bluetooth devices, while increasing the use and strength of security.[53]

Version 2.1 allows various other improvements, including extended inquiry response (EIR),
which provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices
before connection; and sniff subrating, which reduces the power consumption in low-power
mode.

Bluetooth 3.0 + HS

Version 3.0 + HS of the Bluetooth Core Specification[51] was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 21
April 2009. Bluetooth v3.0 + HS provides theoretical data transfer speeds of up to 24 Mbit/s,
though not over the Bluetooth link itself. Instead, the Bluetooth link is used for negotiation and
establishment, and the high data rate traffic is carried over a colocated 802.11 link.
The main new feature is AMP (Alternative MAC/PHY), the addition of 802.11 as a high-speed
transport. The high-speed part of the specification is not mandatory, and hence only devices that
display the "+HS" logo actually support Bluetooth over 802.11 high-speed data transfer. A
Bluetooth v3.0 device without the "+HS" suffix is only required to support features introduced in
Core Specification Version 3.0[54] or earlier Core Specification Addendum 1.[55]

L2CAP Enhanced modes

Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM) implements reliable L2CAP channel, while
Streaming Mode (SM) implements unreliable channel with no retransmission or flow control.
Introduced in Core Specification Addendum 1.
Alternative MAC/PHY
Enables the use of alternative MAC and PHYs for transporting Bluetooth profile data. The
Bluetooth radio is still used for device discovery, initial connection and profile configuration.
However, when large quantities of data must be sent, the high-speed alternative MAC PHY
802.11 (typically associated with Wi-Fi) transports the data. This means that Bluetooth uses
proven low power connection models when the system is idle, and the faster radio when it must
send large quantities of data. AMP links require enhanced L2CAP modes.
Unicast Connectionless Data
Permits sending service data without establishing an explicit L2CAP channel. It is
intended for use by applications that require low latency between user action and
reconnection/transmission of data. This is only appropriate for small amounts of data.
Enhanced Power Control
Updates the power control feature to remove the open loop power control, and also to
clarify ambiguities in power control introduced by the new modulation schemes added for EDR.
Enhanced power control removes the ambiguities by specifying the behaviour that is expected.
The feature also adds closed loop power control, meaning RSSI filtering can start as the response
is received. Additionally, a "go straight to maximum power" request has been introduced. This is
expected to deal with the headset link loss issue typically observed when a user puts their phone
into a pocket on the opposite side to the headset.
Ultra-wideband[edit]

The high-speed (AMP) feature of Bluetooth v3.0 was originally intended for UWB, but
the WiMedia Alliance, the body responsible for the flavor of UWB intended for Bluetooth,
announced in March 2009 that it was disbanding, and ultimately UWB was omitted from the
Core v3.0 specification.

On 16 March 2009, the WiMedia Alliance announced it was entering into technology
transfer agreements for the WiMedia Ultra-wideband (UWB) specifications. WiMedia has
transferred all current and future specifications, including work on future high-speed and power-
optimized implementations, to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), Wireless
USB Promoter Group and the USB Implementers Forum. After successful completion of the
technology transfer, marketing, and related administrative items, the WiMedia Alliance ceased
operations.

In October 2009 the Bluetooth Special Interest Group suspended development of UWB
as part of the alternative MAC/PHY, Bluetooth v3.0 + HS solution. A small, but significant,
number of former WiMedia members had not and would not sign up to the necessary agreements
for the IP transfer. The Bluetooth SIG is now in the process of evaluating other options for its
longer term roadmap.[62][63][64]

THEORY OF DC MOTOR

The speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the supply voltage, so if we reduce the
supply voltage from 12 Volts to 6 Volts, the motor will run at half the speed. How can this be
achieved when the battery is fixed at 12 Volts? The speed controller works by varying the
average voltage sent to the motor. It could do this by simply adjusting the voltage sent to the
motor, but this is quite inefficient to do. A better way is to switch the motor's supply on and off
very quickly. If the switching is fast enough, the motor doesn't notice it, it only notices the
average effect.
 When you watch a film in the cinema, or the television, what you are actually seeing is a
series of fixed pictures, which change rapidly enough that your eyes just see the average effect -
movement. Your brain fills in the gaps to give an average effect.

Now imagine a light bulb with a switch. When you close the switch, the bulb goes on and is
at full brightness, say 100 Watts. When you open the switch it goes off (0 Watts). Now if you
close the switch for a fraction of a second, then open it for the same amount of time, the filament
won't have time to cool down and heat up, and you will just get an average glow of 50 Watts.
This is how lamp dimmers work, and the same principle is used by speed controllers to drive a
motor. When the switch is closed, the motor sees 12 Volts, and when it is open it sees 0 Volts. If
the switch is open for the same amount of time as it is closed, the motor will see an average of 6
Volts, and will run more slowly accordingly. The graph below shows the speed of a motor that is
being turned on and off

H-BRIDGE:

An H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables DC electric motors to be run forwards or

backwards. These circuits are often used in robotics. H-bridges are available as integrated
circuits, or can be built from discrete components.
 The two basic states of a H-bridge.The term "H-bridge" is derived from the typical graphical
representation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or
mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4 (according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and
S3 are open) a positive voltage will be applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches
and closing S2 and S3 switches, this voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.

Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at the same
time, as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the
switches S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.

Operation

The H-Bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity of the motor, but can also be
used to 'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the motors terminals are
shorted, or to let the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is effectively disconnected from the
circuit. The following table summarizes operation.

S
S2 S3 S4 Result
1

Motor moves
1 0 0 1
right

Motor moves
0 1 1 0
left

0 0 0 0 Motor free runs

 0 1 0 1 Motor brakes

H-Bridge Driver:

The switching property of this H-Bridge can be replace by a Transistor or a Relay or a Mosfet or
even by an IC. Here we are replacing this with an IC named L293D as the driver whose
description is as given below.

Features:

 600mA OUTPUT CURRENT CAPABILITY

 PER CHANNEL
 1.2A PEAK OUTPUT CURRENT (non repetitive)
 PER CHANNEL
 ENABLE FACILITY
 OVERTEMPERATURE PROTECTION
 LOGICAL "0" INPUT VOLTAGE UP TO 1.5 V
 (HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY)
 INTERNAL CLAMP DIODES

DESCRIPTION

The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to
accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays solenoides,
DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To simplify use as two bridges each
pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is provided for the
logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device
is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is assembled
in a 16 lead plastic packaage which has 4 center pins connected together and used for heatsinking
The L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount which has 8 center pins connected
together and used for heatsinking.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

PIN CONNECTIONS
 5. DESIGN OF SOFTWARE

5.1. INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE:

This is free software (evaluation version) which solves many of the pain points for an
embedded system developer. This software is an Integrated Development Environment(IDE),
which integrated text editor to write program, a compiler and it will convert your source code
into HEX file. Here is simple guide to start working with Arduino IDE Vision which can be used
for:

 Writing programs in Arduino IDE

 Compiling and assembling programs
 Debugging programs
5.2. SOFTWARE STEPS:

Before you can start doing anything with the Arduino, you need to download and install
the Arduino IDE (integrated development environment).

After the opening IDE the settings are changed in order to connect to the Arduino.
Before you can start doing anything in the Arduino programmer, you must set the board-type and
serialport.

To set the board, go to the following:

Tools --> Boards

Select the version of board that you are using. Since I have an Arduino Uno plugged in, I
obviously selected "Arduino Uno."

To set the serial port, go to the following:

Tools --> Serial Port

Arduino programs are called sketches. The Arduino programmer comes with a ton of example
sketches preloaded. This is great because even if you have never programmed anything in your
life, you can load one of these sketches and get the Arduino to do something.
The serial monitor allows your computer to connect serially with the Arduino. This is important
because it takes data that your Arduino is receiving from sensors and other devices and displays
it in real-time on your computer. Having this ability is invaluable to debug your code and
understand what number values the chip is actually receiving.
For instance, connect center sweep (middle pin) of a potentiometer to A0, and the outer pins,
respectively, to 5v and ground. Next upload the sketch shown below:
File --> Examples --> 1.Basics --> Analog Read Serial
Click the button to engage the serial monitor which looks like a magnifying glass. You can now
see the numbers being read by the analog pin in the serial monitor. When you turn the knob the
numbers will increase and decrease.
The numbers will be between the range of 0 and 1023. The reason for this is that the analog pin
is converting a voltage between 0 and 5V to a discreet number.
 6. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This chapter deals with working and circuits of “ ”. It can be simply understood by its
block diagram &circuit diagram.

POWER SUPPLY LCD

ARDUINO

BLUETOOTH DRIVER MODULE

MOTORS

6.2. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 Arduino uno

6.3. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 Power supply
 Arduino
 BLUETOOTH
  Android Mobile
 lcd

6.4. WORKING:
DC motors play a vital part in a variety of industrial applications. This work developed a system that can
remotely guard, regulate, and monitor the speed of a DC motor using a Bluetooth module. The system
employs an ATMEGA328P microprocessor that is linked to a potentiometer and a temperature sensor.
The potentiometer controls the speed of the DC motor, which may be set to high, medium, or low. The
temperature sensor protects against thermal overloading. The temperature sensor detects heat
generated in the motor. The entire project's techniqueis built on a Bluetooth module-based embedded
system. For remote monitoring of the DC motor, the Bluetooth module is updated with the system's
observed parameters and data. Also, an LCD monitor shows it. The ATMEGA328P micro controller is
then loaded with the complete programming, which was completed in the Arduino IDE. The outcomes
will shield the motor from the aberrant or problematic circumstances. This method of speed control and
overheat prevention has an excellent functioning capacity to guard against damage and overheating
issues with the motor. The user can use this gadget more effectively because to its low power
consumption.
The operating of the robot-controlled car is very easy and freely available everywhere in the
world. To activate Motors and motor drivers here two 9 voltage power(18volts) is supplied. Bluetooth Rc
car app is installed in Smart phone which helps to controls the robot car, motors and motor drivers
which moves robot car in several places Bluetooth Rc car app has different common keys to move the
robot different directions with the help of Smartphone. Bluetooth Rc car app is used to send the signals
and to receive signals in between Smartphone and Arduino hardware. Here Arduino acts as main
controller of the device which receives signal or commands and sends these commands to motors and
motor drivers to perform a particular task. Robot controlled car made up of 2 motors and 1 motor driver
which move the car in 4 directions, So here Arduino controls whole system. These all components are
attached to robot chassis. To code the Arduino Ide (Arduino) software is used. Arduino is associated to
computer or laptop using data cable to upload the code and once coding is uploaded then I remove the
cable. These commands or instructions will transfer the data or information to the Arduino to
communicate with the remote (Smartphone).
 CONCLUSION
It has features that integrate all of the hardware components employed. Every module's
presence has been carefully thought out and arranged, adding to the unit's optimal performance.
Second, the project was effectively executed employing very advanced ICs and expanding technologies.
As a result, the paper's concept has been effectively created and tested. The article "Wireless DC Motor
Speed and Direction Control Using Bluetooth" was created to operate a DC motor using PWM and
control through Bluetooth module, with the system capable of monitoring motor speed on an LCD
display. The RPM of a DC motor is measured using an infrared sensor. We can control the DC motor with
a PWM signal. The suggested project approach would create a hardware model using the IOT
Technology to operate a dc motor. As a result, the speed and temperature of a dc motor may be
controlled and monitored via IOT. This paper discusses the real-time monitoring and control of a system
designed to protect a dc motor. For real- time monitoring, the system is coupled with IOT.
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[1]. Zhou, F., & Li, Q. (2014, November). Parking Guidance System Basedon ZigBee and
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[2]. V. P. Bilodeau, "Intelligent parking technology adoption," University of Southern

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[3]. ZhanlinJi; Ivan Ganchev; MáirtínO'Droma; Xueji Zhang, “A cloud-based intelligent car
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