304 Fuid Mechanics

HIGHLIGHTS is analysed
of fluid flow, which
1. The study of flnid motion dynamics
withthe forces causing flowis called
by the Newton's second law of motion. equationstates
of motion. Bernoulli's
Bernoulli's equation by integrating tthe Euler's equation
is obtained of pressure energy,'
which consists
"For total energy
steady, ideal flow of an incompressible
a
fluid, the
Mathematically,
energy, atany point of the fluid Iis
kinetic energy and datum constant".

2g
+22
P8 P8 2g

where =pressure energy per unit weight =pressurehead

P8

2g
= energy
kinetic weight =per unit kinetic head

z =datum energy per unit weight = datum head.

Bernouli's equation for real fluids

The discharge,
=
where h, loss of energy
througha , P& 2g
between
P8

venturimeter
2g
+4+h.
sections1and 2.
or an orifice

x2gh
meter is givenby

where a, =area at the inlet of yenturimeter.

a, =area at the throat of venturimeter,

C= co-efficient of venturimeter,

h = difference of pressure head in terms of fluid head flowing through venturimeter.

The value of his given by differential U-tube manometer h =x1| S,

when differential manometer contains heavier

when differential manometer contains lighter liquid =|

for inclined venturimeter and differential manometer contains heavier

P&
iowtd
S,
9

forinclined venturimeterand manometer contains lighter liguid.

where x =difference in the readings of differential manometer.

S, =sp. gr. of heavjer liquid

S,=sp. gr. of fluid flowing through venturimeter

liquid.
S, sp.gr.oflighter
 Dynamics of Flúid Flow 305
is used tofind the
Pitot-tube
velocity of a
flowingfluid any po The velocity is
givenby the relation at point in a pipe or a channel.

V= C, 2gh
where Cy=c0-efficient of Pitot-tiube
h=rise of liquid in the tube
above free surface of liquid -for channels
-forpipes.

The momentum equation states that the net force acting on'a fluid
mass is equal to the change in momen
tum persecond in that direction. This is given as F=
(nV)
dt
The impulse-momentum equationis given by F
R
.dt
The force exerted by a fluid on a pipe bend in the
=dm).
directions ofx and y aregivenby
mass
F,=
sec
(Initial velocity in the direction of x-Final velocity in x-direction)

+Initial pressure force in x-direction +Final pressure force in x-direction

=pQ[Vix -V]+ (PA),+(PAz:
and
F,=pO[Vy -Vzyl+ (PA),+(PA)y
Resultant force,

and the direction of the resultant with horizontal is tan 0=

F
9.

The forceexerted by the nozzle on the water is given by F, pe1V2x-Vl =

and force exerted by the water on the nozzle is pOlVi- V2d. =-F=
10. Moment of momentum equation states that the resultant torque acting on a rotating fluid is equal to the
rate of change of moment of momentum. Mathematically, it is givenby T pe[V,r,- Vr]. =
11. Free liquid jet is the jetof water issuing from a nozzle in atmosphere.The path travelled by the free jet is
parabolic. The equation of the jet is given by

y=xtan 0 2y2
-sec²

where x, y =are co-ordinates of any point on jet w.r.t. to the nozzle

U= velocity of jet of water issuing from nozzle

from nozzle with horizontal.

1Z ) 0= inclination
Maximum height attained by jet
of jetissuing

=
U'sin²0

T=2U sin
(ü)Time of flight,

U sin
T* = 2
(üi) Time to reach highest point,

(iv) Horizontal range of the jet, x*=sin 20

0=45°
()Value fefor of maximum range,

(v)Maximum range, m =
maX: g.