and electric current, the following equa-

Current-Carrying Capacity of ACSR tion is valid

qc+qr =I2r+q. (1)
H. E. HOUSE P. D. TUTTLE or
MEMBER AIEE MEMBER AIEE
I-qc +qr-qs (1A)
r
Synopsis: Current-temperature charac- out at the Alcoa Research Laboratories at where q8 is convected-heat loss, q. is
teristics of stranded-aluminum conductor Massena, N. Y. Conductors were strung radiated-heat loss, I is the current in
steel reinforced, known throughout the under tension on a 120-ft (foot) test span.
industry as ACSR, have been investigated. amperes, r is the effective a-c resistance
The effects of surface conditions, wind Values of 60-cycle resistance were meas- in ohms/ft of conductor, and qs is the
velocity, altitude, and solar radiation are ured up to a conductor temperature of amount of heat received from solar and
illustrated for a widely used size of con- 200 C or 3,000 amperes/square inch if sky radiation. Each heat quantity in the
ductor; curves of current-carrying capacity 200 C temperature was not reached. equation is expressed in watts/lineal ft of
versus conductor outside diameter are
given for design conditions of 75 C (degrees The method which was used in these conductor.
centigrade) conductor temperature and tests is described by Tompkins, Jones,
25 C ambient temperature at 2-fps (feet and Tuttle.'0 CONVECTED-HBAT LOSS
per second) wind velocity. Necessary A co-operative research program be- The fundamental relationship for con-
formulas and tables to permit computation tween the Illinois Institute of Tech-
of current values for any set of operating vected-heat loss of single horizontal tubes
conditions are included. Computed values nology, Chicago, Ill., and Alcoa Research and wires is given by McAdams (see refer-
of current are in close agreement with test Laboratories has been completed.11,12 ence 13, p. 220). This is expressed by
data which have obtained by Aluminum The results of this work provide a means the dimensionless equation
Company of America (Alcoa) and other of accurate computations of reactance
investigators. hDk = 0.32+0.43 0
and resistance for ACSR of any combi- (2)
nation of aluminum and steel stranding.
SINCE first introduced by Alcoa in Because of the tremendous growth of where hDo/kf is the Nusselt number, and
1909, the use of ACSR for overhead the electrical utility industry, there re- DoGl,of is the Reynolds number for any
electric power transmission lines has main very few long transmission lines in set of conditions. This formula is recom-
grown steadily until it has almost re- the eastern part of the United States. mended for Reynolds numbers ranging
placed copper for such use. In most new Lines that were once long have been from 0.1 to 1,000 which include air veloci-
construction, aluminum instead of copper looped into newly constructed sub- ties up to 2 fps for conductors up to 1.3-
is being used for overhead distribution stations. The load on these short trans- inch diameter.
conductors. Because of the presence of mission lines is limited by the heating of The units used in electrical engineering
the steel core in ACSR and its consequent the conductors rather than by stability are watts, degrees centigrade, and feet.
effect on the electrical characteristics of and voltage regulation, as was the case Accordingly, h, the surface coefficient of
the conductor, considerable test work has as late as the 1930's. For this reason, an heat transfer, is expressed in watts/sq
been carried on throughout the years to accurate understanding of the thermal (square) ft/C; Do is conductor outside
evaluate effective resistance. This is capabilities of the conductors is more im- diameter in ft; kf is the thermal conduc-
needed to compute the current-carrying portant than ever before. tivity of air, (watts) (ft)/(sq ft) (C); G
capacity of the conductor. Early in- The formula developed by McAdams" is the mass velocity of air in lb (pounds)/
vestigations were carried out by Work for for convected-heat loss of single horizontal hr (hour) (sq ft) cross section, or
Alcoa at the Carnegie Institute of Tech- tubes and wires has been found to give the product of air density pf in lb/ft'
nology, Pittsburgh, Pa.l The well-known accurate convected-heat loss for stranded times the velocity V in ft/hr. The
publications of Luke2 and Schurig and conductors. This formula has been com- quantity uf is the absolute viscosity of
Frick' were followed periodically by bined with the results of emissivity tests9 air in lb-mass/ft-hr. Density, viscosity,
others,4-8 indicating a strong and con- and data on solar radiation,14"' and field- and thermal conductivity are at the
tinued interest in the subject. test data on absorption of solar and sky temperature of the air film given by the
radiation on outdoor test spans of relationship
Results of tests for the determination of stranded conductors, in order to evaluate
the emissivity of stranded-aluminum con- the current-carrying capacity of ACSR. tc+t.
ductors for surface conditions of both new With accurate values of a-c resistance for if 2
and weathered conductors were reported a variety of strandings, it is now possible
in 1956.' to compute the current a conductor will where tA is the conductor temperature and
Tests to determine the effective 60-cycle carry for any given set of conditions of ta is the temperature of surrounding air
resistance of a great variety of sizes and temperature, wind velocity, surface con- in C.
strandings of ACSR have been carried dition, and altitude above sea level, Then, for DopfV/&Af=0.1 to 1,000,
both with and without the effect of the
sun. [ 0 .32+0.43(D fvy° I x
Paper 58-41, recommended by the AIEE Trans.
miion and Distribution Committee and approved
by the AIEE Technical Operations Department for Heat-Balance Equation of Electrical krDo (te -ta) (3)
presentation at the AIEE Winter General Meeting,
Conductors Do
New York, N. Y., February 2-7, 1958. Manu-
script submitted October 16, 1957; made available By simplifying and expressing conduc-
for printing November 6, 1957.
H. E. HoUsE and P. D. TUTTLE are with Alcoa
Under steady-state conditions of wind tor diameter D in inches, the following
Research Laboratories, Massena, N. Y. velocity, temperature, solar radiation, equation is obtained
FIEBRUARY 1959 FHouse, Tuttle-Current-Carrying Capacity of A CSR 1169

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 Table 1. Viscosity, Density at Sea Level to 15,000 Ft, and Thermal Conductivity of Air sphere are having the yearly peak loads
during July and August rather than
Temperature Absolute Density, pf Thermal December and January. The effect of
(_ 14 Viscosity, Conductivity,
F* C K \100 Af Sea Level 5,000 Ft 10,000 Ft 1S,000 Ft kI solar radiation on conductor tempera-
ture is more important than before be-
32 ... O.. .273 .... 55.55. ...0.0415 ..... 0.0807. ..0 .0671....0.0554 .... .0.0455 .... 0.00739 cause its maximum intensity now occurs
41.... 5... 278 .... 59.73...0.0421.....0.0793. ..0.0660....0.0545.... 0.0447 .... 0.00750
50.... 10... 283.... 64.14 . 0.0427 . 0.0779. .. .0.0648. .0.0535 ... 0.0439 . 0.00762 at the same time as the peak load.
59 ... 16. 288.... 68.80. .....00433 ..... .0765... .0.0636.... 0.0526.... .0.0431.....0.00773 The amount of heat received by a flat
68 .... 20... 293.... 73.70 ... 0.0439.....0.0752.... 0.0626 .... 0.0517. ...0.0424.... 0.00784
77 .... 25 .298 .... 78.86 ...0.0444.....0.0740.... 0.016. ..0.0508 .... 0.0417.....0.00795 surface perpendicular to the sun's rays and
86 ....
95 ....
30... 303 84.29 0.0450.....0.0728.... 0.0606.... 0.0500....0.0411 ..... 0.00807
....

35.... 308 .... 89.99 ... 0.0456 ..... 0.0716 .... 0.0596.... 0.0492.... 0.0404.....0.00818
located outside the earth's atmosphere is
104.... 40... .313 .... 95.98 ...O.0461.....0.0704 .... .0.0586.... .0.0484.... .0.0397.....0.00830 approximately 123 watts/sq ft of surface.
113 .... 45 .. 318 .... 102.26 ... 0.0467.....0.0693 .... 0.0577 ... 0.0476 .... 0.0391 ..... 0.00841
122 .... 50... .323....108.85 .....00473.....0.0683....0.0568.... 0.0469.... .0.0385.....0.00852 However, because of the earth's atmos-
131 .... 5.... 328....115.74 ....0.0478.....0.0672....0.0559 .... 0.0462 .... 0.0379 ..... 0.00864
140 .... 60... 333....122.96 ..0.0484 ..... 0.0661 .... .0.0550 .... .0.0454....0.0373 ..... 0.00875
phere, part of this energy is absorbed
149 .... 65... 338....130.52 ...0.0489 ..... 0.0652.... 0.0542.... .0.0448.... .0.0367 ..... 0.00886 before reaching the earth. Points of high
158 .... 70... 343.... 138.41l..0.0494.....0.0643... .0.0535... .0.0442 .... .0.0363 ..... 0.00898 altitude of, e.g., 10,000 ft, such as exist
167. ... 75... .348 ..146.66 .....00500 ..... 0.0634....0.0527 .... 0.0436.... 0.0358.....0.00909
176.... 80.. ..353 .... 155.27 . ....0505.....0.0627 .... 0.0522....0 0431... .0 0354.... 0.00921 in the Rocky Mountain area, receive
185 ... 85... 358.... 164.26 ...O.0510 ..... 0.0616 .0.0513 .... .0.0423.... .0.0347.....0.00932
194 .... 90.. ..363.... 173.63 ...O.0515.....0.0608 .....0.0506 .... .0.0418 .... .0.0343.....0.00943
about 25% more solar energy than sea-
203.... 95... 368.... 183.40 ...0.0521 ......0599 .... .0.0498....0.0412... .0.0338.....0.00952 level areas; see Table II. The amount
212.... 100....373. ... .19357..0.0526 ..... 0.0591....0.0492.... .0.0406 .... .0.0333 ..... O.00O66 of solar heat received by a conductor
* Degrees Fahrenheit. also depends on the altitude of the sun
fabsolute viscosity, lb/(hr) (ft), computed from formula in reference 17. above the horizon and the effective angle
pf -density. lb of air/fts, computed from data given in reference 18.
kf -thermal conductivity of air, watts/(sq ft)(C) at tf- (Sc+ia)/2, reference 13, Table XI. of incidence between the direct rays of the
tg- ambient temperature C. sun and the exposed surface. In addi-
le conductor temperature C.
-

tion to direct radiation, heat is radiated

from the sky to the object. This quantity
F I Dp1 V\o~~~.521 which expressed in electrical engineering also varies with the sun's altitude.
units is 0.5275 X 10-8 watts/sq ft/K4, Atmospheric contamination has a marked
watts/lineal ft of conductor (3A) where K is temperature in degrees effect on the solar heat received.
Kelvin or C+273.'6 The quantity e is Considerable work has been done in the
For Reynolds numbers from 1,000 to the thermal-emissivity constant which for field of solar-energy studies, in connection
50,000 the following empirical formula is new conductor is 0.23 and for flat-black with the heating of buildings, as a source
recommended by McAdams well-weathered conductor 0.91 or possi- of power, and relative to the solar-heat
gain required to be absorbed by air-
-a 0.24( °o 0) bly higher. The area of a circumscribing
cylinder A is expressed in sq ft. Convert- conditioning systems.","5
kf1 A
The amount of heat received from the
ing to conductor outside diameter in
Expressing this in a manner similar to inches with temperature in K gives sun and sky may be expressed as
equation 3(A) gives
0.5275X10 iKKDe qs=a(QD Sill 9+Qd)A' (6)
=0.24 (DPIf)V.' k,(-) qr 12
=-
~~(K 4 - Ka4) (SA)
where QD is direct solar radiation and
watts/ft of conductor (4) where KC is conductor temperature and Qd is sky radiation, both in watts/sq ft;
K. is air temperature in K. A' is the projected area of the conductor,
-0.1695( DpfV) kft-a) Simplifying gives and a is the solar-absorption coefficient.
Outdoor tests at Massena indicate this is
watts/ft of conductor (4A) 0.23 for new conductor and 0.97 for black
Values for pf, pf, and kf are given in Table q 138De[( 100 (100 conductor. For simplicity in computa-
I. watts/ft of conductor (SB)
For convected-heat loss in still air the Values of (K/100)4 are given in Table I.
following formula checks closely with test Table Ill. Total Heat Received by Surface
SOLAR-HEAT GAIN OF THE CONDUCTOR at Sea Level Normal to Sun's Rays
data obtained at Alcoa Research Labora-
tories in a room free from drafts. Because of the large amounts of power
used by air-conditioning equipment, many Q,, Watts/Sq Pt
qc - 0.072D°"( Solar
7(- ta)l " Altitude, Industrial
watts/ft of conductor (4B) power utilities in the Northern Hemi- He, Degrees
Clear
Atmosphere Atmosphere
where D is conductor diameter in inches,
5.... 21 ............. 12.6
tc conductor temperature in C, and la is the Table II. Heat-Transmision Factor for 10 . 4 0.2 ..... 22.3
temperature of the surrounding air in Altitudes Above Sea Level* 15
20
.54.2 .....
.64.4 ..
30.6
39.2
C. 25 .71.5 ..... 46.6
30 .77.0 ..... 553.0
Elevation Above Multiplier for 35 .81.5 ..... 57.5
RADITED-HiEAT Loss oF CONDUCTOR Sea Level, Ft Values la Table m 40 .84.8......f .61.5
The radiated-heat loss of a conductor 45 .87.4 ..... 64.6
50 .90.0 ..... 67.5
is given by the expression 0....1.00 60 .92.9 ..... 71.6
5,000 ... 1.15 70 .95.0 ......,......75.2
10,000 ... 1.25 80 .95.8 ..... 77.4
qr,-eA(Kc'-Ka') (5) 15,.000 ....1.30 90 . 96.4. 78.9
.....

where a is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, * Source, reference 15. * Source, reference 14.

1170 House, Tuttle-Current-Carrying Capacity of A CSR FEBRUARY 1959

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Table IV. Altitude and Azimuth in Degrees Computation of Current-Carrying
of Sun at Various Latitudes at Declination of Capacity
23.0 Degrees, Northem Hemisphere, June 1 +0/371 1.108X0.0683X7.200 O.5S](8)0.0473
10 and July 3* Combining the various components of 0.00852 X50 (8)
heat loss and heat gain, the following
Local Sun Time formula results qc =20.95 watts/ft (8A)
Degrees 10:00 A.M. 12 Noon 2:00 P.M.
North I= qr =0.138X 1.108X0.23(146.66-78.86)
Latitude Ho ZO Ho ZO He Zo =2.37 watts/ft (9)
20... .62 .... 78. ...87... 0. 62... 282
[1.01 +0.371( DPfV) V.]kf( t, - ) Assume the following: azimuth of line
25... .62 .... 88. 88 ... 180. 62. ...272 135 degrees, latitude 35 degrees north,
30... .62.... 98.. 83 .. 180. 62... .262
35... .61... 107 . 78...180. 61... 253 '/ 0.138D1 K_ (Ka4 clear atmosphere, 12 noon.
40....60... 115.. 73 .. 180 60 ."45 l [(~~100) 100) '
45... 57.... 122 . 68 .. 180. 57.. .238 H, = 78°
50... .54... .128. f3.. .180..54... 232 Zc 1800-
60... .47....137 .. 3. 80.47 .23
70... .40... 143. 43.. 180.40... 217
(7) Z,=1350
* Source, references 19 and 20. SAMPLE COMPUTATION Qs =95 +0.6=95.6 watts/ft2 (10)
In the sample computation the follow- 9=cos-1[cos 78Xcos (180 -1350)1
tion, Table III shows total heat received ing conditious apply: -cos-, 0.147=81.550 (11)
from both direct and sky radiation for Drake conductor, 795 MCM (thousand sin 81.55°=0.986
both clear and industrial atmosphere. circular mils), 26/7 ACSR, (new)
This introduces a small amount of error wind velocity=2 fps at sea level
air ternperature-25 C =I
q.=0.23X0.986X95.6X 1-
12
as sky radiation does not depend on the
angle of incidence. However, this error conductor temperature-=75 C=1, 2.01 watts/ft (12)
cannot be detected in the final value of
conductor outside diameter=1.108 inches
conductor a-c resistance=0.0265 ohm/ 120.95+2.37-2.01
conductor current. In the case of a 1,000 ft
round, horizontally placed conductor, the 0.0265 X 10 -'
angle 9 is given by K, =75±+273 =348° (13)
Ka =25°+273=2980
O=cos-1[cos He cos (Z,-Zl)] (6A) if=(75+25)/2 =50 Current-Carrying Capacity Curves
e =0.23
where H, is the altitude of the sun above pf=0.0683 (Table I) Curves have been computed (Fig. 1)
the horizon, Zc is the azimuth of the sun, yf=0.0473 (Table I) for the following design conditions: 25
and Z1 is the azimuth of the conductor kf=0.00852 (Table I)
V= 3,600 X2 =7,200 ft/hr C ambient temperature, 75 C conductor
(north-south line Z& = 1800). See Table temperature, and 2-fps wind velocity, for
IV for altitude and azimuth of sun at By substituting these values, the follow- ACSR for sizes from no. 6 ACSR 6/1 to
various latitudes. ing results: 3,364 MCM 108/37. A total of four
50

40
w NEW CONDUCTOR 10.000 F T. EL -SUN
0. NEW CONDUCTOR - SUN
cn NEW CONDUCTOR - NO SUN
w BLACK CONDUCTOR -SUN
-J
BLACK CONDUCTOR -NO SUN
30
w
z
-J 25-C AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
0 75C CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE
-j
2 20
0
z
I--

0.w
0
10

z COMPUTED VALUES

US2F EC I l_ _
0
600 800 1000 1200 1400 M0 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2600
CLURRENT AMPERES -60 cps

)UCTOR DIAMETER - INCHES Fig. I (left). Current-carrying capacity of ACSR with various surface
1 1 knd ambient conditions

-.s s o
N N C4 C4 coN
N
as was0
*s
40
#a
't
D

lpi
ll
0
° °
OC

on
N t
l

e-
1
la
"0
Is Is>:v
I
-: K Fig. 2 (above). Cuffent'carrying capacity of 795 MCM 26/7 ACSR
venus wind velocity
aj

1171 House, Tuttle-Current-Carrying Capacity of A CSR FEBRUARY 1959

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 0T a value based on considerable test data,'
has been consistently used throughout the
industry because it represents a safe
0.50 maximum.
W
L&i 0.30
Effect of Ambient Temperature on
0
Current-Carrying Capacity
0
0 0.20
tC .1oo*c New Drake conductor has been selected
a. tc - 75 C to illustrate the effect of changing ambient
co t=5000 temperature, with the sun effect neglected,
0 0.10 at a constant current -of 1,000 amperes.
0.07
This is shown in the following.
C.)
z
4
0.05 __ Conductor
Ambient
Temperature, Temperature, Temperature
I.-
C)
C C Rise, C
ra 0.03 __
0 . 57 . 67
0 25 83. 58
C) 0.02 __ .
40 . 101 . 61

It is evident that the effect of selecting

0.01 an ambient only slightly different from a
standard design value will have little
effect on the actual temperature rise as
0.005
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.42d2.6 illustrated by the foregoing example in
CONDUCTOR OUTSIDE DIAMETER -INCHES which a 40 C change in ambient only in-
creased the temperature rise 4 C. This
I1111 11 11 I I I1 increase is still less when sun effect is
to taken into account, because this tends to
0
cancel the effect of radiated-heat loss,
.,
to
I
leaving only convected-heat loss, which
D
la
varies approximately with temperature
I,,tQf
000C Co0
.t I I COe* 0 0 C0
rise, to balance to Pr loss.
eD~~~~4 Dnor0e
40
K
P%;C F.fr
)0
to
in
et O: 4
_,
X

Fig. 3. A-c resistance at 60 cps of ACSR at three conductor tempoeratures Test Data on 60-Cps A-C Resistance
of ACSR
curves gives performance for ACSR under Effect of Wind Velocity on To enable the engineer to compute the
the following conditions: Current-Carrying Capacity current-carrying capacity, recently ob-
tained test data on the 60-cps (cycle-per-
1. Black conductor, no sun, sea level.
Drake 795 MCM ACSR 26/7 has been second) a-c resistance (covering the com-
2, 3. Black conductor, sun; and new selected to illustrate the effect of increas- plete range of sizes of ACSR) are given in
conductor, no sun; sea level.
ing wind velocity, other conditions re- Fig. 3, in the forn of curves for 50 C, 75
4. New conductor, sun, sea level. maining constant. Ambient temperature C, and 100 C conductor temperature.
5. New conductor, elevation of 10,000 ft. was taken at 25 C and conductor tempera- These values were obtained in a draftless
In computing sun effect, a value of 85 ture 75 C. Curves are shown in Fig. 2 room on 120-ft spans under tension at an
watts/sq ft was used for total radiation for new and black conductor, both with ambient temperature of approximately
and e=750, giving an effective heat from and without the effect of sun, and new 20 C. The temperature of the conductor
conductor at 10,000-ft elevation. Note was determined by taking the average
the sun of 82 watts/sq ft.
It is significant that there is a definite that for black conductor with sun effect, temperature of a number of thermo-
discontinuity in the curves between the the increase in current capacity of 2-fps couples.
sizes 4/0 ACSR 6/1 and 226.8 MCM velocity over still air is 143%. The in- Two variables affect the a-c resistance
ACSR 26/7. This is explained by the crease from 2 fps to 5 miles per hour of ACSR. The effect of increase in con-
increased magnetizing effect on the steel is 13.0%. A design wind velocity of 2 fps, ductor temperature is to increase the
core; the current in the single layer of
aluminum strands gives rise to eddy-
current and hysteresis losses in the Table V. Current-Carrying Capacity at 60 Cps, Amperes
steel core which in turn cause a marked
increase in effective a-c resistance. In New Condition Black Condition
- From Chart in
-_____________
the case of more than one layer of alu- ACSR Sun No Sun Sun No Sun Reference I
minum strands with the spiraling in the

opposite direction in each successive layer, 1,590 MCM 54/19............1,430 . ...... 1,482 .. 1,564 .. 1.762 .......... .500
795 MCM 54/7 ........,,,,. 941 . 973 1,020 . 1,130 .. 960
the magnetizing effect is almost entirely No. 4 6/1 ................... 149 .......
..
151 ......... 155 ....... 165 ......... 148
cqncelled.
1172 House, Tuttl,-Current-Carrying Capacity of A CSR FIEBRUARY 1959

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resistance of the conductor with an in- ment with test data obtained by the Journal, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pa.,
vol. 23, no. 5, Nov. 1940, pp. 583-617.
crease in conductor temperature. An in- Alcoa Research Laboratories and those 25. HEAT TRANSMISSION AS INFLUENCED BY
crease in conductor temperature may be observed by other organizations. HRAT CAPACITY AND SOLAR RADIATION, P. C.
caused by either increased ambient tem- Houghton, J. L. Blackshaw, B. M. Pugh, P.
McDermott. Paper no. 923, Transactions, Ameri-
perature or increased current. Eddy- References can Society of Heating and Ventilating Engi-
current and hysteresis losses in the core neers, New York, N. Y., Jan. 1932.
1. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OP ACSR (a
increase the effective a-c resistance pamphlet). Aluminum Company of America. 26. A RATIONAL HE[AT GAIN METHOD FORITE
noticeably for single-aluminum-layer con- Pittsburgh, Pa., May 1946. DBTERaINATION OF ALa CONDITIONING COOLINGO
LOADS, F. H. Faust, L. Levine, F. 0. Urban.
ductors, as previously explained. The 2. CURRE3NT CARRYING CAPACITY OF WIRBS AND Journal, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning
magnetic loss component of a-c resistance CABLES, George E. Luke. Westinghouse Electric Section, Ibid., Aug. 1935.
Journal, Pittsburgh, Pa., Apr. 1923.
increases with an increase in current 3. HEATING AND CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY
until the point of magnetic saturation has oP BARB CONDUCTORS FOR OUTDOOR SERVICE,
0. R. Schurig, C. W. Frick. General Electric Re-
been reached, after which there is no fur- view, Schenectady, N. Y., vol. 33, Mar. 1930.
ther increase in this component. This 4. DBTBRMINING CURtBNT RATINGS OF OVER-
particular behavior of ACSR is dealt HEAD CONDUCTORS, PARTS I AND II, H. P. Seelye,
with fully by Lewis and Tuttle."
A. L. Malmstrom. Electric Light and Power,
Chicago, Ill., Dec. 1943. Discussion
5. SAFB RATINGS FOR OVERHEAD LINE CONDUC-
TORS, Leonard M. Olmsted. AIEE Transactions, W. A. Morgan (Washington Water Power
Comparison of Revised Current- vol. 62, 1943, pp. 845-53. Company, Spokane, Wash.): The authors
Carryig Capacity with Previously 6. ELECTRICAL HEATING CRACTERISTICS OF
OVERHE:AD CONDUCTORS, PARTS I-IV, E. B.
are to be commended for the thoroughness
with which they have considered the factors
Published Temperature-Rise Data George. Electric Light and Power, Dec. 1944; which may affect the heat balance of a
Jan. 1945; Apr. 1945; Dec. 1945.
7. CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF OV3RHEAD
conductor that is carrying alternating elec-
The current-carrying capacity curves tric current with the usual prescribed limits
CONDUCTORS, H. A. Enos. Electrical World, New
published by Alcoa in 19461 are based on York, N. Y., May 15, 1943. of conductor temperature and ambient
an ambient temperature of 40 C and a 8. CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF ACSR temperature. Particularly, the effect of
wind velocity of 2 fps. Accordingly, CONDUCTORS, J. H. Waghorne, V. E. Ogorodnikov. sunshine is noted.
current-carrying capacity of three typical
AIEE Transactions, vol. 70, pt. II, 1951, pp.
1159-62.
However, the application and operating
engineer is in need of published data or
sizes of ACSR have been computed by 9. EISSIVITY AND ITS EFFECT ON TEB CURRENT- guides which should be forthcoming from
the method presented in this paper for CARRYING. CAPACITY OF STRANDED ALUMINUM manufacturers of ACSR and all-aluminum
CONDUCTORS, C. S. Taylor, H. E. House. Ibid., conductors as to the effects of loading above
both new and black conductor, with and vol. 75, pt. III, Oct. 1956, pp. 970-76.
without the effect of sun, assuming a 10. MEASUREMBNTS OF RESISTANCB AND REACT-
the currents which give the usual tempera-
ANCB OF EXPANDBD ACSR, Joel Tompkins, B. L. ture rises. Obviously there is a time-current
conductor temperature of 100 C or a 60 Jones, P. D. Tuttle. Ibid., vol. 74, pt. III, June relationship for such overloads, i.e., the
C rise, and 2-fps wind velocity; see Table 1955, pp. 368-75. shorter the time the greater is the amount of
V. 11. THE RBSISTANCEC AND REACTANCE OF ALUMI- current that may be allowed to flow above
NUM CONDUCTORS, STEBL REINFORCED, W. A. that which would just give the desired tem-
Previously published information, al- Lewis, P. D. Tuttle. Ibid., pp. 1189-1215 o perature rise. Specifically, there is prob-
though limited in scope, appears to be this issue.
ably a temperature somewhat above 75 C
conservative. In general, a conductor 12. TEE MAGNBTIC PROPBERTIBS OF ACSR CORE where continuous operation would cause
WIRE, T. W. Matech, W. A. Lewis. Ibid., pp.
weathers rather rapidly the first year of 1178-89 of thi issue. a reduction in the tensile strength, another
operation, so that it can be expected to 13. HBAT TRANSMISSION (book), W. H. McAdams. temperature where the tensile strength
operate at a lower temperature than McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, would be reduced 5% if operated at that
a new conductor. However, in certain
N. Y., second edition, 1942. temperature a specific time, etc. Or, are we
14. HBATING, VENTILATING AND AiR CONDITION- to assume that aluminum has not agreed
areas of the western part of the United INO GuIDE 1956. American Society of Heating and upon temperature limit and will lose some
Air Conditioning Engineers, New York, N. Y., percentage of its tensile strength if operated
States, high-voltage conductors have been 1956.
observed to stay bright for many years. 15. POWBR FROM SOLAR ENBRGY, J. r. Yollot.
continuously at even 75 C?
There are data available for determining
For this reason, thermal-radiation and Transactions, American Society of Mechanical how much a transformer may be overloaded
Engineers, New York, N. Y., vol. 79, no. 6, Aug.
solar-absorption characteristics may vary 1957, pp. 1349-57. under emergency conditions without jeop-
considerably in different geographical 16. A REVIBW Op TERMAL RADIATION CON- ardizing its life, or, in some cases a calculated
locations. The new data presented repre- STANTS, 1N. W. Snyder. Ibid., vol. 76, 1954, pp. loss-of-life expectancy may be calculated and
sent limiting conditions for new and
537-39. is acceptable. Similarly, it is desirable to
17. Tim VISCOaIrY, THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND know how much a conductor may be over-
weathered conductors. P&ANDTL NUMBER FOR ANR mm OTHER GSEs, loaded during an emergency and for how
J. Hilsenrath, Y. S. Touloukian. Ibid., pp. 967- long. For example, assume that one of
981.
two parallel circuits is out of service and
Conclusions 18. FAN ENGINEERING, Richard D. Mason, editor.
Buffalo Forge Company, Buffalo, N. Y., fifth it is desired to carry an overload current
edition, 1948. (say 25% above the rated value which
The necessary formulas, curves, and 19. THE AMERICAN NAUTICAL ALMANAC 1957. would give 75 C conductor temperature)
tables have been presented which will U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C., 1957. over the daily peak rather than to cut off
enable transmission engineers to select the 20. SIGHT REDUCTION TABLBS FOR AIR NAVIGA- customers.
size of ACSR most suitable for their re- TION, VOLS. II, III. Publication no. 249, U. S. Perhaps the steel reinforcing will provide
Navy Hydrographic Office, Washington, D. C., for most of the loss of margin of tensile
quirements. It is believed that the data 1957. strength in ACSR conductors. But, all-
given to illustrate the effect of the sun are 21. BARLow's TABLBS, L. J. Comrie, editor. aluminum conductor may be particularly
Chemical Publishing Company, New York, N. Y.,
of importance in light of the fact that fourth edition, 1944. vulnerable to overload currents, and, if it is,
many system peak loads are now occur- 22. THERMAL RADIATION TABLBS AND APPLIcA- perhaps we should know its critical conduc-
TIONS, R. V. Dunkle. Transactions, American tor temperatures or time-current overload
ring in the daytime during the summer Society of Mechanical Engineers, vol. 76, 1954, characteristics.
months, because of air-conditioning and pp. 549-52.
pumping-equipment loads. 23. GAs TABLECS (book), J. H. Keenan, J. Kaye.
Computed values of current-carrying John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1948. E. E. George (Ebasco Servces Inc.,
24. PROPOsED STANDARD SOLAR RADIATION Little Rock, Ark.): The authors have
capacity at sea level are im close agree- CURtVS FOR ENOINEBRING USE, Parry Moon. done an excellent job in utilizing pre-
FEBRUARY 1959 House, Tuttle-Current-Carrying Capacity of A CSR 1173

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