CHAPTER 3

PERIODIC TABLE
3.1: Classification of
Elements
Periodic Table
3.2: Periodicity

1
 CHAPTER 3.1
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, student should be able to :

(a) Describe period, group and block (s, p, d, f ). (C1

& C2)

(b) Deduce the position of elements in the periodic

table from its electronics configuration. (C4)

23.5.2022 2
 Who invented Periodic Table?
The scientists involved are : Antoine Lavoisier, Johann W. Dobereiner,
John Newlands, Lothar Meyer, Dimitri
Mendeleev and H.J. G. Moseley.
Lothar Meyer - properties of element were in
complied a periodic table of 56 elements based on
regular repeating pattern of physical properties.
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Dimitri Mendeleev - published the first

version of the periodic table in 1869.
Arranged elements according to
increasing atomic masses.

Henry Moseley - Rearrange the elements in the periodic

table by their atomic numbers.

26.6.2021 3
 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

Consists of

4 BLOCKS 107 elements

18 vertical columns
s,p,d & f 7 rows
American bomb

Called Called
4 PERIOD GROUP
 Period, Group & Block (s,p,d,f)
▪ The element in periodic table are arranged in order of
increasing proton number.
▪ The position of elements can be determined by using
electronic configuration.

5
 Period, Group & Block (s,p,d,f)
▪ A vertical column of elements is called a group.
▪ A horizontal row of elements is known as a period.

PERIOD

G
R
O
U
P

6
 Group
▪ Elements in the same group have the same number
of valence electrons, thus same chemical properties.

Group 1 -2
group no = number of valence electron

Group 13-18
group no = number of valence electron + 10

Group 3-12
group no = number of valence electron of ns2 (n-1)d1 to
ns2 (n-1)d10
7
 Group
group 1-2 group 13-18

group 3-12

8
 Group
Group 1 : alkali metals except H
Group 18 : noble gases
Group 2 : alkaline earth metals
Group 17 : halogens

Group 3-12 : transition metals

9
 Block
▪ Elements in the periodic table can be classified into four
blocks according to their valence electronic configuration.
▪ These blocks are block s & p (main block), d and f.
block s
block p

block d

block f 10
 Block
▪ The periodic table is divided into blocks
according to their valence electronic
configuration.

Block
s p d
Group 1&2 13 –18 3 – 12

ns2 np1 ns2 (n-1)d1

Valence
electronic ns1 to ns2 to to
configuration
ns2 np6 ns2 (n-1)d10

23.5.2022 11
 s-block
Group no = number of valence electron

Example 1 : The elements in Group 1

elements electronic configuration valence valence

electronic electrons
configuration
3Li 1s2 2s1 2s1 1
11Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3s1 1
19K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 4s1 1

*Note : valence electrons are electron in the outer shell

12
 s-block
Group no = number of valence electron

Example 2 : The elements in Group 2

elements electronic configuration valence valence

electronic electrons
configuration
4Be 1s2 2s2 2s2 2
12Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3s2 2

20Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4s2 2

13
 p-block
Group no = number of valence electron + 10

Example 3 : The elements in Group 13

elements electronic configuration valence valence

electronic electrons
configuration
5B 1s2 2s2 2p1 2s2 2p1 3
13Al 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 3s2 3p1 3
31Ga 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1 4s2 4p1 3

14
 p-block
Group no = number of valence electron + 10

Example 4 : The elements in Group 17

element electronic configuration valence valence

electronic electrons
configuration
9F 1s2 2s2 2p5 2s2 2p5 7
17Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 3s2 3p5 7
35Br 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 4s2 4p5 7

15
 d-block
Group no = number of valence electron of ns2 (n-1)d1 to
ns2 (n-1)d10

Example 5 :

electronic valence
elements configuration electronic
configuration

21Sc 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 4s2 3d1 3 3
23V 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3 4s2 3d3 5 5
30Zn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4s2 3d10 12 12
16
 d-block
Group no = number of valence electron of ns2 (n-1)d1
to ns2 (n-1)d10

Example 6 :

39Y : 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d1

valence electrons = 13
5s12 4d1
valence electronic configuration = ns
group = 13

17
 Exercise 1
Classify the following elements into its appropriate
group and block.

P : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Q : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5

R : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

S : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d34s2

T : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6

U : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5

18 18
Exercise 1: Answers

19
 Period
▪ All of the elements in a period have the same number of
highest principle quantum number, n.
▪ Are numbered from 1 to 7.
Example :

elements electronic configuration higher n period

3Li 1s2 2s1 2 2

18Ar 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3 3

19K
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 4 4
21Sc 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 4 4
* elements of the same period have the same number
of electron shells 20
 Exercise 2
Classify the following elements into its
appropriate period.

P : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Q : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5

R : 1s2 2s2

S : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d34s2

T : 1s2 2s2 2p6

U : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5

V : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s2

21
Exercise 2: Answers

22
 The position of metals, metalloids & non-metals

elements that are shiny, solid at room temperature

and good conductor of heat and electricity
elements that have properties
of both metals and nonmetals
elements that may be solids, liquid or
gases. bad conductor of heat and
electricity

23
 Exercise 3
The electronic configurations for elements M and N are
given as follows:
M 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
N 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

a) State the group and period for elements M and N.

b) What is the molecular formula for the chloride

compound formed by element M?

c) Write the molecular formula for the compound formed

when elements M and N react.

24
Exercise 3: Answers

25
 Exercise 4
The figure shows the location of elements Q, R, T, X and Y in the
periodic table.

(a) Choose an element that is a halogen.

(b) Which element is monoatomic?
(c) Write the spdf notation for the electron arrangement for an
atom of element Y.
(d) Suggest one possible set of quantum numbers for the valence 26

electron of atom of element T. 26

(e) Draw the orbital diagram for the atom of element Q. 26
Exercise 4: Answers

27
 CHAPTER 3.2 : OVERVIEW

Variation in atomic radii

Isoelectronic species

Variation ionic radii

across Period 2 and 3

PERIODICITY Ionisation Energy

Successive
Ionisation Energy

Electronegativity

Acid base Character of Oxides

28
 3.2 PERIODICITY
Learning Outcomes
The end of the lesson the students should be able to :
(a) Describe the variation in atomic radii: (C1 & C2)
(i) across a period
(ii) across the first row of transition elements.
(iii) down a group.
(b) Analyse the variation in atomic radii: (C4)
(i) across a period
(ii) across the first row of transition elements.
(iii) down a group. 29
 PERIODICITY
Periodicity is the periodic trend in properties of elements.

Atomic radii
Radius, r = half of the distance between the
nuclei of two adjacent identical atoms.

Radius, r = a/2 (Å)

a a = distance between two nuclei adjacent atoms

30
 Variation in Atomic Radii
The atomic radius of an element is determined
by two factors

Effective nuclear Shielding/Screening

charge, Zeff effect

31
 Effective Nuclear Charge, Zeff

is the net positive charge experienced by

valence electrons.

Z = number of proton
Zeff = Z – σ σ = number of electrons
filled at the inner shell

✔ When effective nuclear charge, Zeff increases, the nucleus

attraction towards electrons become stronger.
✔ The nucleus pulls the outer electrons closer.

✔ The atomic radius becomes smaller.

32
 Effective Nuclear Charge, Zeff
Example :
17Cl :1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Mg :
2 2 6 2 5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
12

Zeff : 17-10 = +7 Zeff : 12-10 = +2

The atomic radius of Cl is The atomic radius of Mg is bigger
smaller because the nucleus than Cl because the nucleus can
pulls the outer electrons only pull the outer electrons
closer with a charge of +7 closer with a charge of +2

e : outer electrons e : inner electrons 33

 Effective Nuclear Charge, Zeff
How to calculate the effective nuclear charge, Zeff?
Example:

Elements F (Fluorine) Al (Aluminium) K (Potassium)

Electronic 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p11s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
configuration
Proton number, Z 9 13 19

Number of electrons 2 10 18
at the inner orbital, σ
Zeff +7 +3 +1

26.6.2022 34
 Shielding Effect
✔ Also known as the screening effect.
✔ Is caused by the mutual repulsion between
electrons of inner shell and the electrons occupying
valence shell.
✔ It also occurs between electrons in the same shell
but is less effective compared to that of electrons in
the different shells.

35
 Exercise 5

Rank each set of main group elements

in order of decreasing atomic size.
Briefly explain your answer

(a) K, Ga, Ca (b) Br, Rb, Kr

26.6.2022 36
Exercise 5: Answers

37
 ANSWER : EXPLANATION

(a) K > Ca > Ga Elements are of the same period.

19K = [Ar] 4s1
Across the period from K to Ga,
20Ca = [Ar] 4s2 proton no. increase, ∴ Zeff increase,
31Ga = [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 hence atomic size is reduced.

(b) Rb > Br > Kr Br & Kr are element of the same period.

Br has less proton no. than Kr, ∴ Br has
35Br = [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
lower Zeff compared to Kr. Hence, larger
36Kr = [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 in size.
37Rb = [Kr] 5s1 Rb has a higher energy level (period 5).
Inner shell increase, ∴ shielding effect
increase. Atomic size bigger.
38
 Shielding Effect
repulsion

outer electron

positively charged nucleus

inner electrons

⮚ Inner electron shield outer electron more effectively

⮚ Outer electron felt less attraction from nucleus 39
Down group 1, ✔ No. of inner shells increases

✔ shielding effect increase

Li 1s2 2s1
✔ Weaker attractive force
between proton in the
Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 nucleus and the valence ê

✔ Valence ê are
K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 loosely held
✔ Size of atoms
increase
Rb 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1

40
 ANALOGY:
Atomic Size is like the Spots on a Giraffe's Neck

The increasing atomic size as you go down a group in

the periodic table is similar to the pattern of
increasing size shown by the spots on a giraffe's neck
as you go from its head down to the body.

41
 Variation in Atomic Radii
Across a period :
- proton number increases
- effective nuclear charge, Zeff
increases
- attraction between valence
electrons and nucleus stronger
- atomic size smaller
Down a group :
- no of shell, n increases
- shielding effect
increases
- attraction between
valence electrons and
nucleus weaker.
- atomic size increases
42
Variation in Atomic Radii

43
 Variation in Atomic Radii
Across The First Row of Transition Elements

The atomic radius of transition elements

is almost constant across the period.

Why … ???

44

44
 Variation in Atomic Radii
Atomic Radius/Radii of Transition Elements

• The atomic sizes do not change significantly across

the period.
• This is because the electrons are added to the inner
d-orbitals.
• The 3d electrons shield the outer 4s electrons from
the attractive force of the nucleus
• Thus, the increase of nuclear charge (no. of proton) is
cancelled by the increase of shielding effect (caused
by additional inner electrons)
• Therefore, the size remains relatively constant.
45
 3.2 PERIODICITY
Learning Outcomes
The end of the lesson the students should be able to :
(c) Compare the atomic radius of an element and its
corresponding ionic radius. (C2 & C4)
(d) Define the term isoelectronic. (C1)

(e) Compare the radius of isoelectronic species. (C2 & C4)

(f) Analyse the variation in the ionic radii across
Period 2 & 3. (C4)

46
 Comparison Atomic Radii & Its Ionic Radii
Observe the graphs …
Radius (pm)

Radius (pm)

Proton number Proton number

atomic radius > cation atomic radius < anion
47
WHY?? WHY??
 Comparison Atomic Radii & Its Cation
Example…

Neutral atom Cation (+ve ion)

Na Na+

Number of protons : 11 Number of proton : 11

Number of electrons : 11 Number of electron : 10 48

48
 Comparison Atomic Radii & Its Cation

Na 2 2 6
11Na : 1s 2s 2p 3s
1 Na+ 11Na + : 1s2 2s2 2p6

▪ Cation is formed when an atom loses its valence

electron.
▪ Neutral atom (Na) & cation (Na+) have same no. of
proton, but Na+ ion contains less electrons/no of
shell than its neutral atom.
▪ Therefore, for Na+ ion the attractive forces between
nucleus and remaining electrons is greater than in
the neutral atom.
▪ Thus, the size of cation is smaller than its neutral
atom.
49
 Comparison Atomic Radii & Its Anion
Example…

Neutral atom Anion (-ve ion)

Cl Cl -

Number of proton : 17
Number of electrons : 17 Number of proton : 17
Number of electrons : 18 50

50
 Comparison Atomic Radii & Its Anion

Cl 2 2 6 2
17Cl : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
5 Cl- 17 Cl- : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

▪ Anion is formed when an atom accept electron.

▪ Neutral atom (Cl) & anion (Cl-) have same no. of
proton, but Cl- ion contains more electrons than its
neutral atom.
▪ Therefore, for Cl- ion the mutual repulsion between the
electrons increases.
▪ The repulsion caused the electron cloud spread out
and the outer orbital expand.
▪ Thus, the size of anion is larger than its neutral atom.
51
Comparison Atomic Radii & Its Ionic Radii

cations (+ve ions) anions (-ve ions)

formed when a neutral atom formed when a neutral atom
loses electron(s) gains electron(s)
less electrons repulsion : greater electrons repulsion :
~ electrons are removed from ~ electrons are added to the
the valence shell valence shell
remaining electrons are pulled electrons are spread out
closer to the nucleus
stronger attraction between weaker attraction between
nucleus & electrons nucleus & electrons

electron cloud shrink electron cloud expand

size cation < neutral atom size anion > neutral atom
52
 Visualising Concept

1 2 3
5342
 Isoelectronic
⮚ Isoelectronic species is a group of atoms or ions
having the same electronic configuration.
⮚ Example...
Ions Electronic Configuration
Na+ 1s2 2s2 2p6
Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6
Al3+ 1s2 2s2 2p6
N3- 1s2 2s2 2p6
O2- 1s2 2s2 2p6
F- 1s2 2s2 2p6

⮚ Na+, Mg2+, Al3+ and N3-, O2-, and F- are isoelectronic

ions with the electronic configuration as 1s2 2s2 2p6 54
WHY? Isoelectronic
Within isoelectronic series,
⮚The more positive the charge, the smaller the species.
Period 3 Na+ Mg2+ Al3+

95 pm 65 pm 50 pm
1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6
⮚The more negative the charge, the larger the species.
N3
Period 2
species F- O 2- -

136 pm 140 pm 171 pm

1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6
55
Figure show ionic radii of isoeletronic species (period 2 & 3)
Reason...... Isoelectronic
Ions Electronic Proton Zeff ✔ When proton number
Configuration number increase, the effective nuclear
Al3+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 13 +11 charge also increase.
Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 12 +10
✔ The attraction between
Na+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 11 +9 nucleus and remaining
F- 1s2 2s2 2p6 9 +7 electron stronger.
O2- 1s2 2s2 2p6 8 +6
✔ Thus,the ionic radii decrease.
N3- 1s2 2s2 2p6 7 +5

Therefore the ionic radius N3- > O2- > F-> Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+

N3- O2- F- Na+ Mg2+ Al3+

Figure show the ionic decreases as the effective nuclear charge increases. 56
Variation in the Ionic Radii Across Period 2 & 3
Period Period
2 3 P3-
S2
- Cl-
ionic radius (nm)

N3-
O2- -
F
Na+
Li+ Mg2+

Be2+ B3+ Al3+

proton no

for isoelectronic species radii decrease from:

• Li+ to B3+ BECAUSE
• N to F
3- -
proton number increases
• Na to Al
+ 3+
effective nuclear charge increases
• P to Cl
3- -
Nucleus electron attraction stronger 57
 Variation in the Ionic Radii Across Period 2

N3-
Across the period 2,
O2-
Ionic radii (nm)

- ionic radii of cations decrease from

Li+
F- Li+ to B3+
- ionic radii of anions decrease from
N3- to F-
Be2+
- But the ionic radii increase
B3+ drastically from B3+ to N3-

Proton number WHY??!!

58
 Variation in the Ionic Radii Across Period 2

1. Ionic radii decrease from Li+ to B3+ because number of

electrons is the same (isoelectronic species).
• the effective nuclear charge increases,
• the greater attraction between nucleus and the outer
electrons,
• the size decreases.
Li+ > Be2+ > B3+
2. There is a large increase in ionic radii from B3+ to N3- ion:
• N3- has more shells (the higher value of n) and weaker
attraction between nucleus and the outer electrons.
• thus, size of N3- increases.
N3- > B3+

3. Ionic radii decrease from N3- to F- because number of

electrons is the same, 10 electrons (isoelectronic species).
• the effective nuclear charge increases,
• the greater attraction between nucleus and the outer
electrons,
• the size decreases. 3-
N > O2- > F-
60
60
 Application of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Consumer & Transportation

Electronic devices Li-
Ion

Energy
storage Advantage:
- Rechargable
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- light weight

Lithium-Ion Batteries & Ionic Size

Li+ ions are smaller than most

other cations (allows them to
migrate more readily than other
Porous solid ions can)
material that
allows the
passage of Li+ The ability of ion to move through
ions but not a solid increase as the ion
electron decreases and as the charge of
the ions decreases.
26.6.2022
61
Variation in the Ionic Radii Across Period 3

Ionic
Electronic Num
Ions Zeff Radii
Configuration of é
(pm)

11Na
+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 10 11 - 2 = +9 95
12Mg
2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 10 12 - 2 = +10 65
Al 3+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 10 13 - 2 = +11 50
13

Si 4+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 10 14 - 2 = +12 41

14

15P3- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 18 15 - 10 = +5 212

16S 2- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 18 16 - 10 = +6 184
17Cl - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 18 17 - 10 = +7 181
26.6.2022 62
 Variation in the Ionic Radii Across Period 3

P3-
S2- Across the period 3,
Ionic radii (nm)

- ionic radii of cations decrease from

C1-
Na+ Na+ to Si4+
- ionic radii of anions decrease from
Mg2+ P3- to Cl-
A13+
Si4+ - But the ionic radii increase
drastically from Si4+ to P3-

Proton number WHY??!!

63
Variation in the Ionic Radii Across Period 3

1. Ionic radii decrease from Na+ to Si4+ because number of

electrons is the same (isoelectronic species).
• the effective nuclear charge increases,
• the greater attraction between nucleus and the outer
electrons,
• the size decreases.
Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > Si4+
2. There is a large increase in ionic radii from Si4+ to P3- ion:
• P3- has more shells (the higher value of n) and weaker
attraction between nucleus and the outer electrons.
• thus, size of P3-increases.
P3- > Si4+

3. Ionic radii decrease from P3- to Cl- because number of

electrons is the same, 18 electrons (isoelectronic species).
• the effective nuclear charge increases,
• the greater attraction between nucleus and the outer
electrons,
• the size decreases. P3- > S2- > Cl-

65
65
 Exercise 6
Choose the larger particle in each pair:

(a) Al or Al3+
(b) S or S2–

66
Exercise 6: Answers

67
 Exercise 7
Write the electronic configurations of these ions, and
indicate which are isoelectronic.

(a) Ca2+

(b) K+

(c) O2−

68
Exercise 7: Answers

69
 3.2 PERIODICITY
Learning Outcomes
The end of the lesson the students should be able to :

(g) Define the first and second ionisation energies.

(C1)

(h) Analyse the variation in the first ionisation energy

across a period and down a group. (C4)

26.6.2022 70
 Ionisation Energy
Ionisation energy is the minimum energy required to remove
an electron from a gaseous atom or ion in its ground state.
✔ The First Ionisation Energy
• Is the minimum energy (in kJ/mol) required to
remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its
ground state.
Example :
Mg(g) → Mg+(g) + e- ΔH1 = +736 kJ/mol
✔ The Second Ionisation Energy
• Is the minimum energy required to remove an
electron from positive gaseous ion in its
ground state
Example :
Mg+(g) → Mg2+(g) + e- ΔH2 = +1450 kJ/mol
71
 Ionisation Energy
Factors Affecting
the Ionization Energy, IE

Atomic radius Effective nuclear Shielding effect

charge, Zeff
✔ atomic radius ✔ effective nuclear ✔ shielding effect
increases, charge increases, the increases, the
attraction between attraction between
✔ Ionization valence electrons valence electrons
Energy and the nucleus and the nucleus
decreases becomes stronger becomes weaker

✔ Ionization Energy ✔ Ionization Energy

increases decreases
26.6.2022
72
 Ionisation Energy
Across a period :
- proton number increases
- effective nuclear charge, Zeff increases
- attraction between valence electrons
and nucleus become stronger
- ionisation energy increases
Down a group :
- no of shell, n increases
- shielding effect increases.
- attraction between valence
electrons and nucleus
become weaker.
- ionisation energy decreases
26.6.2022 73
73
 Example 1
Arrange the followings increasing order of ionization energy.
4Be, 12Mg and 20Ca

Element Electronic Configuration Valence Group

electronic
configuration
Be 1s2 2s2 2s2 2 The
elements
Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3s2 2 belong to
the same
Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3s2 2 group

Answer:
Increasing order of IE: Ca < Mg < Be
-The first ionization energy decreases on going down a group as the
atomic radius increase in the order Be < Mg < Ca.
-Shielding effect increases, the attraction between valence electrons and
the nucleus becomes weaker. 74
 Ionisation Energy
Anomalous Cases for the First Ionisation Energy
Across Period 2 and 3
kJ/mol
Period 2
Period 3
Ne
2000 Ar

150 N F
Cl
0 P
O
100 Be C Mg S
0 S
B
500 i
Li Na Al

Proton number 75
 Ionisation Energy
Anomalous Cases for the 1st IE Across Period 2

▪ The increase of IE in proton

number is not uniform.

▪ In Period 2, there are 2 cases:

i. Group 2 and 13 : Be and B
ii. Group 15 and 16 : N and O

76
 Ionisation Energy
Anomalous Cases for Be and B (Period 2)
✔ Between Be (Group 2) and B (Group 13),
Electronic configuration: Be : 1s2 2s2
B : 1s2 2s2 2p1
▪ 2p orbital of B is well shielded by the inner and the
2s electron.
▪ attraction between the nucleus and 2p electron is weak.

▪ less energy is needed to remove the electron in 2p orbital.

✔ Therefore, ionization energy of Be > B.

26.6.2022 77
 Ionisation Energy
Anomalous Cases for N and O (Period 2)
✔ Between N (Group 15) and O (Group 16),
Electronic configuration:
N : 1s2 2s2 2p3 (half-filled 2p orbital)
O : 1s2 2s2 2p4 (partially-filled 2p orbital)
▪ Half filled 2p orbital of N is more stable than partially
filled orbital of O
▪ More energy is needed to remove the electrons at the
more stable orbital
✔ Therefore, ionization energy of N > O

26.6.2022 78
 Ionisation Energy
Anomalous Cases for the 1st IE Across Period 3

▪ The increase of IE in proton

number is not uniform.
▪ In Period 3, there are 2 cases:
i. Group 2 and 13 : Mg and Al
ii. Group 15 and 16 : P and S

26.6.2022 79
 Ionisation Energy
Anomalous Cases for Mg and Al (Period 3)
✔ Between Mg (Group 2) and Al (Group 13),
Electronic configuration: Mg : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Al : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
▪ 3p orbital of Al is well shielded by the inner and the 3s
electrons
▪ attraction between the nucleus and 3p electron is weak.
▪ less energy is needed to remove the electron in 3p
orbital.

✔ Therefore, ionization energy of Mg > Al.

26.6.2022 80
 Ionisation Energy
Anomalous Cases for P and S (Period 3)
✔ Between P (Group 15) and S (Group 16),
Electronic configuration:

P : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 (half-filled 3p orbital)

S : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 (partially-filled 3p orbital)

▪ Half filled 3p orbital of P is more stable than partially

filled 3p orbital of S
▪ More energy is needed to remove the electrons at
the more stable orbital
✔ Therefore, ionization energy of P > S.

26.6.2022 81
 3.2 PERIODICITY
Learning Outcomes
The end of the lesson the students should be able to :

i) Explain the increase in the successive ionization

energies of an element. (C2 & C3)

j) Deduce the electronic configuration of an element

and its position in the periodic table based on
successive ionisation energy data. (C4)

26.6.2022 82
 Successive Ionisation Energy
Successive ionisation energies (IE1, IE2, and so on) of
a given element increase because each electron is
pulled away from an ion with a progressively higher
positive charge Silberberg, Pg.331

IE1 < IE2 < IE3 < IE4 < IE5 ………..

83
 Successive Ionisation Energy
Example of Be atom

Be(g) → Be+(g) + e- IE1= 900 kJ/mol

1ste- removed from 2s 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s1

Be+(g) → Be2+(g) + e- IE2= 1757 kJ/mol

2nde- removed from 2s 1s2 2s1 1s2

Be2+(g) → Be3+(g) + e- IE3= 14840 kJ/mol

3rd e- removed from 1s 1s2 1s1

Be3+(g) → Be4+(g) + e- IE4= 21000 kJ/mol

4th e- removed from 1s 1s1
84
 Successive Ionisation Energy Graph
SUBSEQUENT IONIZATION ENERGY OF Al 7th e-
5th e- 6th e-
4th e-
Successive ionization energy,

2nd e- 3rd e-
1st e-
kJ/mol

Number of electrons removed 85

Deduce the Electronic
Configuration of an Element
and its Position in the
Periodic Table Based on
Successive Ionisation
Energy Data

26.6.2022 86
 Successive Ionisation Energy
From the data of successive ionisation energy, we can deduce:

✔ Number of valence electron

✔ Group number of the element

✔ Electronic configuration

26.6.2022 87
 Successive Ionisation Energy
By analysing the data of successive ionisation energy,

⮚ enable to figure out the position of element in the

Periodic Table by looking for the highest ratio @
sudden increase.

Electronic
Element First Second Third Fourth Fifth
configuration

Li 1s2 2s1 520 7297 11810 - -

Be 1s2 2s2 900 1760 14850 21910 -
B 1s2 2s2 2p1 800 2430 3659 25020 32810

88
 Successive Ionisation Energy
A very large increase in IE indicates the removal of a
particular electron involves an electron from an inner shell,
which has a stable noble gas electron configuration.

Example : Be (Z = 4) :1s2 2s2 3rd electron:

inner electron

2nd electron:
outer electron

1st electron:
outer electron

26.6.2022 89
 Electronic
Element First Second Third Fourth Sixth Seven
configuration

Li 1s2 2s1
520 7297 11810 - - -
Be 1s2 2s2 900 1760 14850 21910 - -
B 800 2430 3659 25020 32810 -
1s2 2s2 2p1

For Li : IE2 to IE1 have the highest ratio @ sudden increase is

between IE1 to IE2 because the second electron is removed
from 1s orbital (inner shell).
For Be : IE3 to IE2 have the highest ratio @ sudden increase
is between IE2 to IE3 because the third electron is removed
from 1s orbital (inner shell).
For B : IE4 to IE3 have the highest ratio @ sudden increase is
between IE3 to IE4 because the fourth electron is removed
from 1s orbital (inner shell). 90
 Successive Ionisation Energy
Therefore, we can determine the electronic
configuration of the valence electron for an element
using following methods:

Method 1:-
By determining the IE ratios.

Method 2:-
By determining the differences in IE.
 Successive Ionisation Energy
Based on the information given below, determine the group
of the element. Explain.

Electronic First Second Third Fourth

Element
configuration IE 1 IE 2 IE 3 IE 4

Be 1s2 2s2 900 1760 14850 21910 - -

Method 1:-
By determining the IE ratios:
IE2 = 1760 = 1.96
IE1 900
IE3 = 14850 = 8.44
IE2 1760
IE4 = 21910 = 1.48
IE3 14850
 Successive Ionisation Energy
The first and second electron are removed from the
same energy subshell (2s).

The third electron is removed from an inner shell that is

1s, hence it requires a higher IE3 (8.44 times) than IE2.

Since IE3 / IE2 have the highest ratio, 2 valence

electrons are present.

Electronic configuration: ns2

This element is in Group 2
Successive Ionisation Energy
Method 2:-

By determining the differences in IE:

IE2 - IE1 = 860 kJ mol-1

IE3 - IE2 = 13090 kJ mol-1

IE4 - IE3 = 7060 kJ mol-1

 Successive Ionisation Energy
• The first and second electron are removed from
the same energy subshell (2s).

• The third electron is removed from an inner shell

that is 1s, hence it requires a higher IE3 than IE2
(a difference of 13090 kJ mol-1).

• Since IE3 - IE2 have the highest difference, 2

valence electrons are present.

• Electronic configuration: ns2

• This element is in Group 2
 5the4the
EXAMPLE: 3rde 2nde
1ste
Si (Z = 14) nucleus 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2

786 kJ/mol IE1: 1st e- removed from 3p subshell

1580 kJ/mol IE2: 2nd e- removed from 3p subshell

3230 kJ/mol IE3: 3rd e- removed from 3s subshell

4360 kJ/mol IE4: 4th e- removed from 3s subshell

Highest ratio (IE5/IE4 = 3.7)/
sudden increase
16100 kJ/mol IE5: 5th e- removed from 2p subshell, inner
96
shell
 5the4the
EXAMPLE: 3rde
2nde
1ste
nucleus 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
Si (Z = 14)

⮚ IE5 to IE4 have the highest ratio (3.7) @ drastic

increase in ionisation energy from IE4 to IE5
⮚ The 5th electron is removed from the inner shell which
has a stable noble gas electron configuration and
closer to nucleus.
⮚ Much greater energy needed to remove the electron

⮚ Valence electrons = 4 Group = 14

⮚ Valence electron configuration = 3s23p2
97
 Example 1 :
Table shows all four successive ionisation energies of X.
Deduce the valence electrons, group no. & valence
electronic configuration from the data of successive
ionisation energies

IE 1 2 3 4
kJ mol-1 899 1757 14845 21000

ANSWER :

IE2 = 1757 = 1.95 IE4 = 21000 = 1.41

IE1 899 IE3 14845

IE3 = 14845 = 8.45

IE2 1757
98
 Example 1 :

ANSWER :

⮚ IE3 to IE2 have the highest ratio (8.45) @ drastic

increase in ionisation energy from IE2 to IE3

⮚ The 3rd electron is removed from the inner shell

which has a stable noble gas electron configuration
and closer to nucleus.
⮚ Much greater energy needed to remove the
electron
⮚ Valence electrons = 2 Group = 2
⮚ Valence electron configuration = ns2
99
 Example 2 :
Five successive ionization energies (kJ mol-1) for atom M is
shown below. Determine valence electrons, group no. &
valence electronic configuration from the data of successive
ionisation energies
IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5
800 1580 3230 4360 16000
Determine :
(i) electronic configuration of the valence electron for M.
(ii) group number of M in the periodic table.

IE2 = 1580 = 1.98 IE4 = 4360 = 1.35

IE1 800 IE3 3230

IE3 = 3230 = 2.04 IE5 = 16000 = 3.67

IE2 1580 IE4 4360
26.6.2022 100
 Example 2 :
Five successive ionization energies (kJ mol-1) for atom M is
shown below. Determine valence electrons, group no. &
valence electronic configuration from the data of successive
ionisation energies
IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5
800 1580 3230 4360 16000
IE5
• Ratio IE is the highest,
4
• there are 4 valence electrons,
• The fifth electron is removed from an inner shell.

(i) Electronic configuration of valence electron for M is ns2 np2

(ii) M is in Group 14 at the periodic table

101
 Example 3:

Deduce the group number of the element with the following

ionisation energies (in kJ/mol) and write its valence electronic
configuration.

IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6

1012 1903 2910 4956 6278 22,230

26.6.2022 102
 Example 3 :
Deduce the valence electrons, group no. & valence electronic
configuration from the successive ionisation energies graph

▪ From the plot of successive IE, there

is a sudden increase from IE3 to IE4.
▪ It means that more energy is
required to remove the fourth
drastic electron.

▪ Since the fourth electron is difficult

to be removed, the fourth electron
is removed from an inner shell.

▪ Thus, there are 3 valence electrons

No electron removed ▪ Therefore, valence electronic
configuration is ns2 np1 and located
in Group 13.
103
 Keep In Mind
The successive ionisation energies for an element
is only applicable for main group elements

(block s & block p).

104
 Electronegativity
Learning Outcomes
The end of the lesson the students should be able to :

k) Define electronegativity. (C1)

l) Explain the variation in electronegativity of
elements. (C2 & C3)

26.6.2022 105
 Electronegativity
DEFINITION

Electronegativity is a relative tendency of an atom to

attract electrons to itself when chemically combined with
another atom.
H H ●
●
H ●● F

H2 HF
Non polar Polar
26.6.2022 covalent bond covalent bond 106
 Decreasing electronegativity

107
 Electronegativity

Down a group Across a period

- no of shell, n increases - proton number increases
- shielding effect increases - effective nuclear charge, Zeff
- attraction between valence increases
electrons and nucleus - attraction between valence
weaker electrons and nucleus
- atomic size increases stronger
- atomic size decreases
- ability of an atom to attract
the shared electrons - ability of an atom to attract
decreases the shared electrons
increases
- electronegativity - electronegativity
decreases increases 108
 3.2 PERIODICITY
Learning Outcomes

The end of the lesson the students should be able to :

m) Explain the acid-base character of oxides of

elements in Period 3. (C2 & C3)

26.6.2022 109
 Oxides of Element Period 3

Element Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7

type of oxide acidic
basic amphoteric
Type of
ionic molecular
compound

26.6.2022 110
Acid-Base Character of Oxides of Element in Period 3

Elements react with oxygen to produce

oxides

For elements in period 3:

✔ 4Na(s) + O2(g) ⎯→ 2Na2O(s)

✔ 2Mg(s) + O2(g) ⎯→ 2MgO(s)

✔ 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) ⎯→ 2Al2O3(s) 111

Acid-Base Character of Oxides of Element in Period 3

✔ Si(s) + O2(g) ⎯→ SiO2(s)

✔ P4(s) + 5O2(g) ⎯→ P4O10(s)

✔ S(s) + O2(g) ⎯→ SO2(g)

✔ 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⎯→ 2SO3(g)

✔ 2Cl2(g) + 7O2(g) ⎯→ 2Cl2O7(l)

112

26.6.2022
Acid-Base Character of Oxides of Element in Period 3

Basic Oxide

✔ Forms when Na or Mg reacts with oxygen.

✔ An ionic compounds.
✔ Na2O react with water to form base NaOH

Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)

✔ MgO is insoluble in water, however, it does react

with acids to produce salt and water.
MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

26.6.2022 113
Acid-Base Character of Oxides of Element in Period 3

Amphoteric Oxide

✔ Amphoteric : act as acid and base .

✔ Forms when Al reacts with oxygen.
✔ An ionic compounds.

✔ Al2O3 acts as acid :

Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) → 2NaAl(OH)4(aq)
✔ Al2O3 acts as base :
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)

26.6.2022 114
Acid-Base Character of Oxides of Element in Period 3

Acidic Oxide

✔ Forms when Si react with oxygen.

✔ An ionic compounds.

✔ SiO2 is insoluble in water, however, it does react with

bases to produce salt and water

SiO2 (s) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na2SiO3(aq) + H2O (l)

26.6.2022 115
Acid-Base Character of Oxides of Element in Period 3

Acidic Oxide

✔ Forms when P, S and Cl react with oxygen.

✔ A covalent compounds.
✔ Oxides react with water to produce acidic solution.

SO3 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO4(aq)

P4O10 (s) + 6H2O (l) → 4H3PO4(aq)
Cl2O7 (l) + H2O (l) → 2HClO4(aq)

26.6.2022 116
 Acid-Base Character of Oxides of Element in Period 3

Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O6 SO2 Cl2O7

or or
P4O10 SO3

adding soluble insoluble insoluble insoluble soluble soluble soluble

H2O

adding HCl soluble soluble soluble insoluble insoluble insoluble insoluble

adding insoluble insoluble soluble soluble soluble soluble soluble

NaOH

Character basic basic amphoteric acidic acidic acidic acidic

of oxides

117
Failure is success if we learn from it.
~ Malcolm Forbes

Edited By: Revised By:

ESMS,NAG,KA ZS

Approved By:
SAMN

118