Introduction to Number Systems

• The traditional number system is known as positional number system.

• A number is signified as a sequence of digits.
• Every position of the digit has a weight associated with it.
• The value of any number = a weighted sum of the digits.
• For Example:
– Base-N Number System
• Base N
• N Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, N-1
N n 1  N 4 N 3 N 2 N 1 N 0
• Example: (1045)N
d n 1  d 4 d 3 d 2 d1 d 0
• Digit do is the Least Significant Digit (LSD).
• Digit dn-1 is the Most Significant Digit (MSD).

Features of Numbering Systems

• The digits are successive.
• The number of digits is equal to the size of the base.
• Always zero is the first digit.
• Base number is not a digit.

Decimal Number System

p 1
• Generally, all are familiar with the decimal number system. D  d 10
i  n
i
i

• Base 10
• There are ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. 10 n 1 10 410310 210110 0
• Example: 104510 d n 1  d 4 d 3 d 2 d1 d 0

425.97  4 *10 2  2 *101  5 *100  9 *10 1  7 *10 2

Decimal Number System Contd…

left of the decimal point Right of decimal point • Anot

her Example:
725.194 is represented –

7 * 10^2 + 2 * 10^1 + 5 * 10^0 + 1 * 10^-1 + 9 * 10^-2 + 4 * 10^-3

= 7 * 100 + 2 * 10 + 5 * 1 + 1 * 0.1 + 9 * 0.01 + 4 * 0.001

= 700 + 20 + 5 + 0.1 + 0.09 + 0.004

= 725.194

Binary Number System 2n 1  24 23 22 2120

p 1
B b 2 i
i

• Base 2 system bn 1  b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 i  n
• There are two digits: 0 and 1.
• The 0 represents the an off state.
• The 1 represents the an on state. Base
• Example: 100101.0011
• Binary Digits are called Bits
Binary Number Scale
• nybble = 4 bits
• byte = 8 bits
• (short) word = 2 bytes = 16 bits
• (double) word = 4 bytes = 32 bits
• (long) word = 8 bytes = 64 bits
• 1K (kilo) = 1,024 bits
• 1M (mega) = (1K)*(1K) = 1,048,576 bits
• 1G (giga) = (1K)*(1M) = 1,073,741,824 bits

Hexadecimal Number System

• Base 16 system.

• There are sixteen digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F.

• Example: EF5616

•
16n1 16416316 216116 0
Octal System
• Base 8 system.

• There are eight digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.

• Example: 34073

• After 7, the next placeholder to the right begins with a “1”

• 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13 ...

Number: 4
Octal Representation 2 1

Sixty- Eights Ones

Fours
Value: 64*2 8*4 1*1

Exponential 2 1 0
Expression: 8 *2 8 *4 8 *1

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) System

Number Systems Conversion: Why?

• Base conversion

– The people not only use base-10 number system, also use other bases For suitability (like, binary, octal, hexadecimal etc.)

– Therefore, need to know how to convert from one to another base system.

• A/D and D/A conversion

– In real world, the signals come in analog (continuous) format and good to know usually how they become 0’s and 1’s (visa
versa).

– The digital signal means discrete values.

 • Digital computers

– I/O is digital form

– ASCII, decimal, etc.

• Internal representation is binary

– Information of process in bits (binary form).

Decimal to Binary Conversion

• The Division Algorithm is used to convert a decimal number to its equivalent binary form.

• Here, a decimal number is repeatedly divided by 2 and stores the quotient and remainder.

• Remainder digits (a sequence of zeros and ones) form the binary equivalent in least significant to most significant digit sequence.

Example: 6710 = (?)2

Step 1: 67 / 2 = 33 R 1 Divide 67 by 2. Record quotient in next row

Step 2: 33 / 2 = 16 R 1 Again divide by 2; record quotient in next row

Step 3: 16 / 2 = 8 R 0 Repeat again

Step 4: 8 / 2 = 4 R 0 Repeat again

Step 5: 4 / 2 = 2 R 0 Repeat again

Step 6: 2 / 2 = 1 R 0 Repeat again

Step 7: 1 / 2 = 0 R 1 STOP when quotient equals 0

10000112

Decimal to Binary Conversion

• Example: convert (333)10 =(?)2.

Decimal to octal Conversion

• Example: (44978)10 = (?)8

Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

Convert 83010 to its hexadecimal equivalent:

830 / 16 = 51 R14 = E in Hex Example:

1 0 –1
51 / 16 = 3 R3 63.4 = 6×8 + 3×8 + 4×8 = 51.5
8 10
3 / 16 = 0 R3 33E 1 0
16
A1 = 10×16 + 1×16 = 161
16 10
Binary to Decimal conversion
• For that purpose use the Multiplication Algorithm

• In this method, multiply each digit by its weighted position, and add each weighted values.

• Examples: (1100 1010)2=(?)10

• 1*2^7 + 1*2^6 + 0*2^5 + 0*2^4 + 1*2^3 + 0*2^2 + 1*2^1 + 0*2^0

 = 1 * 128 + 1 * 64 + 0 * 32 + 0 * 16 + 1 * 8 + 0 * 4 + 1 * 2 + 0 * 1

=128 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0

=202

 1012= 1×22 + 0×21 + 1×20 = 510

• Find –

(1011011.0110)2 = (?)10

(00110.11001)2 =(?)10

Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

• The method for converting binary to hexadecimal is to use a substitution code.

• Each hex digit converts to 4 binary bits.

• Conversion from binary to octal/hex

– Binary: 10011110001

– Hex: 100 | 1111 | 0001=4F116 (Combine from LSB to MSB)

• 10 0101 1010 1111 . 1011 111 = 2 5 A F . B E
2 16

Binary to Octal Conversion

• The method for converting binary to octal is to use a substitution code.
• Each octal digit converts to 3 binary bits.
• Conversion from binary to octal/hex
– Binary: 10011110001
– Octal: 10 | 011 | 110 | 001=23618
• Find
(1 101 011 110 111)2 = (?)8

(11 011.101 1)2 = (?)8

Decimal to base-r Conversion: integer part

 Base-R to decimal conversion is a simple arithmetic in decimal.
 Though, decimal to base-R conversion using decimal arithmetic is harder.
 Here, repeatedly divide the number by base value R, taking remainder as result.
 Example: Convert 5710 to binary.
57 / 2 = 28 remainder 1 (LSB)
/2 = 14 remainder 0
/2 = 7 remainder 0
/2 = 3 remainder 1
/2 = 1 remainder 1
/2 = 0 remainder 1 (MSB)

Decimal to base-r Conversion: fractional part

• Successively multiply the digits by base R and store the integer part as result and chopping off integer part before the next iteration.
• Example: convert .310 to binary.
.3 * 2 = .6 integer part = 0 Convert?
.6 * 2 = 1.2 integer part = 1 (0.5)10 = (?)2
.2 * 2 = .4 integer part = 0 (73.426)10 = (?)2
.4 * 2 = .8 integer part = 0 (290.9)10 = (?)2
.8 * 2 = 1.6 integer part = 1
.6 * 2 = 1.2 integer part = 1, etc.