DBMSLAB 23010086

Practical No: 1
Title: ER Modeling and Normalization
Date of completion: 13th July 2024
Objectives: To develop Database programming skills.
Problem Statement:
Decide a case study related to real time application in group of 2-3 students and formulate a
problem statement for application to be developed. Propose a Conceptual Design using ER features
using tools like ERD plus, ER Win etc. (Identifying entities, relationships between entities,
attributes, keys, cardinalities, generalization, specialization etc.) Convert the ER diagram into
relational tables and normalize Relational data model.
Software and Hardware requirements:

• Software Tool: Oracle/SQL Plus, ERDPlus

• Processor: A dual-core or quad-core processor (Intel Core i3, i5, i7 or equivalent AMD
processor).
• Operating System: 64-bit Opensource Linux or its derivative.

Theory:
➢ ER Modeling
Decide a case study related to real time application in group of 2-3 students and formulate a
problem statement for application to be developed. Propose a Conceptual Design using ER
features using tools like ERD plus, ER Win etc. (Identifying entities, relationships between
entities, attributes, keys, cardinalities, generalisation, specialisation etc.)
Convert the ER diagram into relational tables and normalise Relational data model.

Understanding Your Data: A Look at ER Diagrams

An Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram is a powerful tool for visually representing the data structures
within a system. It helps database designers understand the relationships between different pieces of
information and how they interact. Here's a breakdown of the key components:

• Entities:

These are the fundamental building blocks of an ER diagram, representing real-world objects or
concepts that hold relevant data. Entities are typically depicted as rectangles in the diagram.
Examples in an SPPU website context include Students, Courses, and Exams.
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• Attributes:

Attributes define the properties or characteristics of an entity. They act like data points that provide
details about the entity. Attributes are shown as ovals connected to their corresponding entities by
lines. Examples include Student Name, Course Code, or Exam Date.

• Data Types:

Data types specify the kind of information an attribute can hold. This ensures consistency and
proper data manipulation within the database. Common data types include:

✓ Text: Stores alphabetical characters (e.g., Student Name)

✓ Numbers: Stores numerical values (e.g., Exam Marks)
✓ Dates: Stores calendar dates (e.g., Application Submission Date)
✓ Booleans: Represents true or false values (e.g., Admission Status)

• Relationships:

Relationships define the connections or associations between entities. They represent how entities
interact with each other. Relationships are depicted as diamonds connecting two entities with lines.
There are different types of relationships, including:

✓ One-to-One: A single instance of one entity relates to a single instance of another entity
(e.g., a Student can submit one Application form).
✓ One-to-Many: A single instance of one entity relates to multiple instances of another
entity (e.g., a Course can have many Exams).
✓ Many-to-Many: Multiple instances of one entity relate to multiple instances of another
entity (e.g., a Student can register for many Exams, and an Exam can have many
Students registered).

➢ Benefits of ER Diagrams:

ER diagrams offer several advantages:

• Visualization: They provide a clear visual representation of the data structure, making
it easier to understand.
• Communication: They facilitate communication between database designers,
developers, and other stakeholders.
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• Data Integrity: They help identify potential data inconsistencies or redundancies early
in the design phase.
• Efficient Data Management: They promote efficient data storage and retrieval
practices.

➢ Selected Application:
SPPU website services

Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU) leverages its website to provide a comprehensive online
portal for students. This case study examines how SPPU utilizes technology to streamline key
processes, including admissions, examinations, and result dissemination.
Savitribai Phule Pune University's website streamlines the student experience by offering online
applications with document upload and tracking, downloadable exam forms and resources, online
exam registration (if applicable), and easy access to results, empowering students to manage their
academic journey efficiently from start to finish.
Examination management is another key area enhanced by the website. Students can download exam
forms, access syllabus and study materials, and register for online examinations (if applicable). The
platform also provides a centralized repository for past papers and model questions, aiding exam
preparation. Following exams, results are published on the website, allowing students for easy and
timely access to their performance.

ER diagram for admission process:

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➢ Converting ER diagram into Table:

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Conclusion:

We successfully created an ER diagram for a University Course Enrollment System using the
ERDPlus tool, capturing key entities and relationships. This diagram was then converted into
normalized relational tables, ensuring data integrity and efficient database structure. The practical
exercise demonstrated the importance of ER diagrams in designing organized and effective database
schemas.