8

CHAPTER
Introduction to
Trigonometry

NCERT Exercise

Exercise-I Base
cos A =
Hypotenuse
1. In DABC, right-angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm. AB 24
= =
Determine: AC 25
(i) sin A, cos A (ii) To find sin C, cos C
(ii) sin C, cos C AB 24
= sin=
C
Sol. In a given triangle ABC, ∠B = 90° AC 25
BC 7
Given: AB = 24 cm and BC = 7 cm cos=
C =
AC 25
C
2. In the given figure, find tan P – cot R
P
7

B A 12 cm 13 cm
24
By applying Pythagoras theorem, we get
Q R
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC2 = (24)2 + 72 Sol. Applying Pythagoras theorem for ΔPQR, we obtain
AC2 = (576+49) P
AC2 = 625cm2
AC = 625 = 25 cm
12 cm 13 cm
Therefore, AC = 25 cm
(i) To find sin A, cos A
Q R
Perpendicular
sin A =
Hypotenuse PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
BC 7 (13 cm)2 = (12 cm)2 + QR2
= =
AC 25 169 cm2 = 144 cm2 + QR2
25 cm2 = QR2
QR = 5 cm
 Side opposite to ∠P QR 5 Adjacent side AB 8
tan P = = = Therefore, cot=
A = =
Side adjacent to ∠P PQ 12 AB 8 Opposite side BC 15
= =
Side adjacent to ∠R QR 5 BC 15
cot R = = =
Side opposite to ∠R PQ 12 Let AB be 8k and BC will be 15k
5 5 Where, k is a positive real number.
tan P – cot R = – =0
12 12 According to the Pythagoras theorem, the squares
3. If sin A = 3/4, Calculate cos A and tan A. of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of the
Sol. Let ΔABC be a right-angled triangle, right-angled at squares of the other two sides of a right angle
point B. triangle and we get,
C AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Substitute the value of AB and BC
AC2 = (8k)2 + (15k)2
AC2 = 64k2 + 225k2
AC2 = 289k2
A B Therefore, AC = 17k

3 Now, we have to find the value of sin A and sec A

Given that, sin A = We know that,
4
BC 3 Opposite side
= sin A =
       AC 4 Hypotenuse
Let BC be 3k. Therefore, AC will be 4k, where k is Substitute the value of BC and AC and cancel the
a positive integer. constant k in both numerator and denominator, we get
Applying Pythagoras theorem in ΔABC, we obtain BC 15k 15
sin=
A = =
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 AC 17 k 17
(4k)2 = AB2 + (3k)2 15
16k2 − 9k2 = AB2 Therefore, sin A =
17
7k2 = AB2 Since secant or sec function is the reciprocal of the
AB = 7 k cos function which is equal to the ratio of the length
of the hypotenuse side to the adjacent side.
Side adjacent to ∠A AB 7k 7
cos=
A = = = Hypotenuse
Hypotenuse AC 4k 4 sec A =
Adjacent side
Side opposite to ∠A BC 3k 3
tan=
A = = = Substitute the value of BC and AB and cancel the
Side adjacent to ∠A AB 7k 7
constant k in both numerator and denominator, we
4. Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A. get,
Sol. Let us assume a right angled triangle ABC, right AC 17 k 17
= =
angled at B. AB 8k 8
Given: 15 cot A = 8 17
C Therefore, sec A =
8 8
So, cot A =
15 13
5. Given sec θ = Calculate all other trigonometric
We know that, cot function is 12
ratios
the equal to the ratio of length
of the adjacent side to the Sol. We know that sec function is the reciprocal of the
opposite side. cos function which is equal to the ratio of the length
A B of the hypotenuse side to the adjacent side
2 UDAAN Study Material Class-X PW
 Let us assume a right angled triangle ABC, right Since ∠A and ∠B are acute angles.
angled at B Then, ∠C = 90°
13 Hypotenuse AC cos A = cos B
sec θ
= = =
12 Adjacent side AB
AC BC
⇒ =
Let AC be 13k and AB will be 12k AB AB
Where, k is a positive real number.   AC = BC
According to the Pythagoras theorem, the square      ∠A = ∠B
of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of the  [Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
squares of the other two sides of a right angle
7. If cot θ = 7/8, evaluate:
triangle and we get,
(1 + sin θ)(1 − sin θ)
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (i)
(1 + cos θ)(1 − cos θ)
Substitute the value of AB and AC
(ii) cot2 θ
(13k)2 = (12k)2 + BC2
BC 7
169k2 = 144k2 + BC2 Sol. We have, cot=
θ =
AB 8
169k2 = 144k2 + BC2
Let BC = 7k and AB = 8k
BC2 = 169k2 – 144k2
According to the pythagoras theorem in DABC, we get.
BC2 = 25k2 A
Therefore, BC = 5k
Now, substitute the corresponding values in all other
trigonometric ratios
8
So,
Opposite side BC 5 θ
sin=
θ = = B C
Hypotenuse AC 13 7
Adjacent side AB 12 AC2 = AB2 + BC2
cos=
θ = =
Hypotenuse AC 13 AC2 = (8k)2 + (7k)2

Opposite side BC 5 AC2 = 64k2 + 49k2 = 113k2

tan=
θ = =
Adjacent side AB 12 AC = 113 k
AB 8k 8
Hypotenuse AC 13 sin=
θ = = and
cosec=
θ = = AC 113k 113
Opposite side BC 5
BC 7k 7
Adjacent side AB 12 cos=
θ = =
cot=
θ = = AC 113k 113
Opposite side BC 5

6. If ∠A and ∠B are acute angles such that cos A =

(1 + sin θ )(1 − sin θ ) = 1 − sin 2 θ
(i)
cos B, then show that ∠A = ∠B. (1 + cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) 1 − cos 2 θ
2
Sol.       B  8 
1−  
 113  49
= =
         2
 7  64
1−  
 113 
2 2
2  cos θ   7  49
A C (ii) cot= θ  =  = 
 sin θ   8  64

Introduction to Trigonometry 3
 8. If 3 cot A = 4, check whether Sol. Let ΔABC in which ∠B = 90°
2 BC 1
(1 − tan A)
= cos2 A – sin2 A or not. tan=A =
(1 + tan 2 A) AB 3
Sol. Let DABC in which ∠B = 90° Let BC = 1k and AB = 3 k,
We know that, cot function is the reciprocal of tan Where k is the positive real number of the problem
function and it is written as By Pythagoras theorem in ΔABC we get:
AB 4 AC2 = AB2 + BC2
cot=
A =
BC 3 AC2 = ( 3 k)2 + (k)2
Let AB = 4k an BC = 3k, where k is a positive real AC2 = 3k2 + k2
number. AC2 = 4k2
According to the Pythagorean theorem, AC = 2k
Now find the values of cos A, sin A
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
BC 1
AC2 = (4k)2 + (3k)2 sin=
A =
AC 2
AC2 = 16k2 + 9k2
AB 3
AC2 = 25k2 cos=
A =
AC 2
AC = 5k
Then find the values of cos C and sin C
Now, apply the values corresponding to the ratios
AB 3
sin=
C =
BC 3 AC 2
tan=
A =
AB 4
BC 1
cos=
C =
BC 3 AC 2
sin=
A =
AC 5 Now, substitute the values in the given problem
AB 4 (i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C
cos=
A =
AC 5 1 1 3 3 1 3
=  ×  + × = + =1
2 2 2 2 4 4
Now compare the left hand side(LHS) with right
(ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C
hand side(RHS)
 3 1 1  3
2 =  ×  − × = 0
3 9  2  2 2  2 
1−   1−
1 − tan 2 A 4
= 16 7
L.H.S.
= = = 10. In ∆ PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm
2
1 + tan A 3
2 9 25
1+   1+ and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of sin P,
4 16 cos P and tan P
2 2 Sol. In a given triangle PQR
 4 3
R.H.S. =cos 2 A − sin 2 A =  −   PQ = 5 cm
5 5
16 9 7 PR + QR = 25 cm
= − = R
25 25 25
⇒ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
1
9. In triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan A =
3
find the value of:
P Q
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C 5
(ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C
4 UDAAN Study Material Class-X PW
 Now let us assume, QR = x cos 45°
(iii)
PR = 25 – x sec 30° + cosec 30°
According to the Pythagorean Theorem, sin 30° + tan 45° − cosec 60°
(iv)
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 sec 30° + cos 60° + cot 45°
⇒ (25 – x)2 = 52 + x2 5cos 2 60° + 4sec 2 30° − tan 2 45°
(v)
252 + x2 – 50x = 25 + x2 sin 2 30° + cos 2 30°

–50x = –600 Sol. (i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°
 3 3 1 1 3 1
x = 12 = QR =  ×  +   ×   = + = 1
 2 2  2 2 4 4
Now the value of PR will be;
For [(ii), (iii), (iv), (v)].
PR = 25 – QR
Substitute the value of different trigonometric
PR = 25 – 12 = 13 ratio at their place.
Now, substitute the value to the given problem (ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60
QR 12 We know that, the values of the trigonometric
(i) sin=
P =
PR 13 ratios are:
PQ 5 sin 60° = 3 /2
(ii) cos=
P =
PR 13 cos 30° = 3 /2
QR 12 tan 45° = 1
(iii) tan=
P =
PQ 5 Substitute the values in the given problem
11. State whether the following are true or false. 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60
Justify your answer. = 2(1)2 + ( 3 /2)2 – ( 3 /2)2
(i) The value of tan A is always less than 1. 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60 = 2 + 0
(ii) sec A = 12/5 for some value of angle A. 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60 = 2
(iii) cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosecant (iii) We know that,
of angle A. cos 45° = 1/ 2
(iv) cot A is the product of cot and A. sec 30° = 2/ 3
(v) sin θ = 4/3 for some angle θ. cosec 30° = 2
Sol. (i) False, As value of tan 60° = 3 = 1.73 Substitute the values, we get
1 1
(ii) True, because value of sec A will always be
cos 45° 2 2
equal or greater than 1. = =
sec30° + cos ec 30° 2
(iii) False, because the abbreviation cos A is used +2 2+2 3
3 3
for cosine A. 1 3
= ×
(iv) False, cot M is not the product of cot and M. It 2 2+2 3

is the cotangent of ∠M.
1 3 3 3
(v) False, because sin θ will always less than 1. = × = =
2 2(1 + 3) 2 2(1 + 3) 2 2( 3 + 1)
Now, rationalize the terms we get,
Exercise-2 3 3 −1 3− 3 3− 3
= × = =
1. Evaluate the following: 2 2( 3 + 1) 3 − 1 2 3(3 − 1) 2 2(2)

(i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60° Now, multiply both the numerator and
(ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60° denominator by 2 , we get

Introduction to Trigonometry 5
 3− 3 2 3 2− 3 2 3 2− 6 sec 30° = 2/ 3
= × = =
2 2(2) 2 8 8 tan 45° = 1
cos 45° (3 2 − 6) sin 30° = 1/2
Therefore, =
(sec 30° + cosec 30°) 8 cos 30° = 3 /2
sin 30° + tan 45° − cosec 60° Now, substitute the values in the given problem,
(iv) we get
sec30° + cos 60° + cot 45°
We know that, (5cos 2 60° + 4sec 2 30° − tan 2 45°)
2 2
sin 30° = 1/2 (sin 30° + cos 30°)
tan 45° = 1 2 2
1  2 
cosec 60° = 2/ 3 5  + 4  − 12
2  3
=
sec 30° = 2/ 3 2 2
1  3
cos 60° = 1/2   + 
2  2 
cot 45° = 1
Substitute the values in the given problem, we get  5 16 
 + − 1
1 2 =4 3 
+1− 1 3
sin 30° + tan 45° − cosec 60° 2 3  + 
= 4 4
sec30° + cos 60° + cot 45° 2 1
+ +1
3 2 (15 + 64 − 12)
12 67
3+2 3−4 = =
4 12
= 2 3  
 4 
4+ 3+2 3
2. Choose the correct option and justify your choice:
2 3
2tan 30°
Now, cancel the term 2/ 3 in numerator and (i) =
denominator, we get 1 + tan 2 30°
(a) sin 60° (b) cos 60°
3+2 3−4 3 3−4
= = (c) tan 60° (d) sin 30°
4+ 3+2 3 3 3+4
1 − tan 2 45°
Now, rationalize the terms (ii) =
1 + tan 2 45°
3 3−4 3 3−4
= × (a) tan 90° (b) 1
3 3+4 3 3−4
(c) sin 45° (d) 0
27 − 12 3 − 12 3 + 16 27 − 24 3 + 16 (iii) sin 2A = 2 sin A is true when A =
= =
27 − 12 3 + 12 3 + 16 11 (a) 0° (b) 30°
43 − 24 3 (c) 45° (d) 60°
=
11 2tan 30°
(iv) =
Therefore, 1 − tan 2 30°
sin 30° + tan 45° − cosec 60° 43 − 24 3 (a) cos 60° (b) sin 60°
=
sec30° + cos 60° + cot 45° 11 (c) tan 60° (d) sin 30°
5cos 2 60° + 4sec 2 30° − tan 2 45° Sol. (i) (a) is correct.
(v)
sin 2 30° + cos 2 30° Substitute the of tan 30° in the given equation
We know that, tan 30° = 1/ 3
cos 60° = 1/2

6 UDAAN Study Material Class-X PW

  1   1 
2  2 
2 tan 30°  3 2 tan 30°  3
= =
1 + tan 2 30°  1 
2
1 − tan 2 30°  1 
2
1+   1−  
 3  3
 2   2   2   2 
       
3  3
= =
3  3 =  = = = 3 tan 60°
 1  4  1  2
1 +     1 −   
 3  3  3  3

The value of the given equation is equivalent to
6 3 tan 60°.
= = = sin 60°
4 3 2
3. If tan (A + B) = 3 and tan (A – B) = 1/ 3 ,
The obtained solution is equivalent to the 0° < A + B ≤ 90°; A > B, find A and B.
trigonometric ratio sin 60° Sol. tan (A + B) = 3
(ii) (d) is correct. ⇒ tan (A + B) = tan 60°
Substitute the of tan 45° in the given equation A + B = 60° …(i)
tan 45° = 1 tan (A – B) = 1/ 3
1 − tan 2 45° (1 − 12) 0 ⇒ tan (A – B) = tan 30°
= = = 0
1 + tan 2 45° (1 + 12) 2
A – B = 30° …(ii)
The solution of the above equation is 0. On adding the equation (i) and (ii), we get
A + B + A – B = 60° + 30°
(iii) (a) is correct.
2A = 90° ⇒ A = 45°
To find the value of A, substitute the degree
given in the options one by one Now, substitute the value of A in equation (i) to find
the value of B
sin 2A = 2 sin A is true when A = 0°
45° + B = 60° ⇒ B = 15°
As sin 2A = sin 0° = 0
Therefore A = 45° and B = 15°
2 sin A = 2 sin 0° = 2 × 0 = 0
4. State whether the following are true or false.
or, Justify your answer.
Apply the sin 2A formula, to find the degree (i) sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B.
value (ii) The value of sin θ increases as θ increases.
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A (iii) The value of cos θ increases as θ increases.

⇒ 2sin A cos A = 2 sin A (iv) sin θ = cos θ for all values of θ.

⇒ 2cos A = 2 ⇒ cos A = 1 (v) cot A is not defined for A = 0°.
Now, we have to check, to get the solution as Sol. (i) False.
1, which degree value has to be applied. Substituting the values of A and B in the given
When 0 degree is applied to cos value, i.e., formula, we get
cos 0 = 1 L.H.S = sin (A + B) = sin (30° +60°) = sin 90° = 1
Therefore, ⇒ A = 0° R.H.S = sin A + sin B = sin 30° + sin 60°
(iv) (c) is correct. 1 3 1+ 3
= + =
Substitute the of tan 30° in the given equation 2 2 2
1 Clearly L.H.S ≠ R.H.S
tan 30° =
⸫ Formula is wrong.
3
Thus sin (A + B) ≠ sin A + sin B

Introduction to Trigonometry 7
 (ii) True.
cot 2 A + 1 cot 2 A + 1
According to the values obtained as per the unit ⇒ sec
= A =
circle, the values of sin are: cot 2 A cot A
sin 0° = 0 1
(iii) tan A =
sin 30° = 1/2 cot A
sin 45° = 1/ 2
2. Write all the other trigonometric ratios of ∠A in
terms of sec A.
sin 60° = 3 /2
Sol. cos A function in terms of sec A:
sin 90° = 1
sec A = 1/cos A
Thus the value of sin θ increases as θ increases.
⇒ cos A = 1/sec A
(iii) False.
sec A function in terms of sec A:
According to the values obtained as per the unit cos2A + sin2A = 1
circle, the values of cos are:
Rearrange the terms
cos 0° = 1 sin2A = 1 – cos2A
cos 30° = 3 /2 sin2A = 1 – (1/sec2A)
cos 45° = 1/ 2 sin2A = (sec2A – 1)/sec2A
cos 60° = 1/2 (sec 2 A − 1)
sin A = ±
cos 90° = 0 sec A
Thus, the value of cos θ decreases as θ increases. cosec A function in terms of sec A:
(iv) False sin A = 1/cosec A
sin θ = cos θ, at θ = 45°. Therefore, the above ⇒ cosec A = 1/sin A
statement is false. sec A
cosec A = ±
(v) True. (sec 2 A − 1)
Since cot function is the reciprocal of the tan Now, tan A function in terms of sec A:
function, it is also written as: sec2A – tan2A = 1
cot A = cos A/sin A Rearrange the terms
Now substitute A = 0° ⇒ tan2A = sec2A – 1
cot 0° = cos 0°/sin 0° = 1/0 = undefined. tan A = √(sec2A – 1)
Hence, it is true cot A function in terms of sec A:
tan A = 1/cot A
Exercise-3 ⇒ cot A = 1/tan A
1
1. Express the trigonometric ratios sin A, sec A and cot A = ±
2
(sec A − 1)
tan A in terms of cot A.
Sol. (i) We know that cosec2 A – cot2 A = 1 3. Choose the correct option. Justify your choice.
1 1 (i) 9 sec2 A – 9 tan2 A =
⇒ 2
= 1 + cot 2 A ⇒ sin 2 A =2 (a) 1 (b) 9
sin A 1 + cot A
(c) 8 (d) 0
1 1
⇒ sin
= A = (ii) (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ – cosec θ) =
1 + cot 2 A 1 + cot 2 A (a) 0 (b) 1
(ii) sec2A = 1 + tan2A (c) 2 (d) – 1
1 cot 2 A + 1 (iii) (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A) =
2
⇒
sec A 1
= + = (a) sec A (b) sin A
cot 2 A cot 2 A
(c) cosec A (d) cos A

8 UDAAN Study Material Class-X PW

 1 + tan 2 A 1 + tan 2 A
(iv) =
1 + cot 2 A 1 + cot 2 A

(a) sec2 A (b) –1  1 
(c) cot2 A (d) tan2 A 1 + 2 
=  cot 2 A 
Sol. (i) (b) is correct 1 + cot A
9 sec2A – 9 tan2A = 9 (sec2A – tan2A)  cot 2 A + 1   1 
=  × 
= 9 × 1 = 9 ( sec2A – tan2A = 1)
2 2
 cot A   1 + cot A 
Therefore, 9 sec2A – 9 tan2A = 9 1
= = tan 2 A
(ii) (c) is correct
2
cot A
Justification: 1 + tan 2 A
(1 + tan θ + sec θ)(1 + cot θ – cosec θ) So, 2
= tan 2 A
1 + cot A
 1 sin θ 1  1 cos θ 1  4. Prove the following identities, where the
=  + +  + − 
 1 cos θ cos θ  1 sin θ sin θ  angles involved are acute angles for which the
 cos θ + sin θ + 1  sin θ + cos θ − 1  expressions are defined.
=   
 cos θ  sin θ  (1 − cos θ)
(i) (cosec θ – cot θ)2 =
( cos θ + sin θ ) + 1 ( cos θ + sin θ ) − 1 (1 + cos θ)
= cos A (1 + sin A)
cos θ sin θ (ii) + = 2 sec A
(1 + sin A) cos A
(cos θ + sin θ) 2 − (1) 2
= tan θ cot θ
cos θ sin θ (iii) + = 1 + sec θ cosec θ
 [Using, (a + b) (a – b] = a2 – b2 (1 − cot θ) (1 − tan θ)
[Hint: Write the expression in terms of sin θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ + 2cos θ sin θ − 1
= and cos θ]
cos θ sin θ
1 + sec A sin 2 A
1 + 2cos θ sin θ − 1 2cos θ sin θ (iv) =
= = = 2 sec A (1 − cos A)
cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ
[Hint: Simplify LHS and RHS separately]
(iii) (d) is correct.
(cos A − sin A + 1)
sec A = 1/cos A (v) = cosec A + cot A,
(cos A + sin A − 1)
tan A = sin A/cos A
using the identity cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A.
Now, substitute the above values in the given
problem, we get 1 + sin A
(vi) = sec A + tan A
(sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A) 1 − sin A
(sin θ − 2sin 3 θ)
 1 sin A  (vii) = tan θ
=  +  (1 – sin A) (2cos 3 θ − cos θ)
 cos A cos A 
 1 + sin A  (viii) (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2
=
 (1 – sin A) = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A
 cos A 
(1 − sin 2 A) cos 2 A (ix) (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A)
= = = cos A 1
cos A cos A =
(tan A + cot A)
Therefore, (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A) = cos A
[Hint : Simplify LHS and RHS separately]
(iv) (d) is correct.
2
tan2 A = 1/cot2 A (1 + tan 2 A)
 1 − tan A 
(x) 2
=  = tan2 A
Now, substitute this in the given problem, we get (1 + cot A)  1 − cot A 

Introduction to Trigonometry 9
Sol. (i) 
To prove this, first take the Left-Hand side 2
(L.H.S) of the given equation, to prove the
= = 2sec A = R.H.S.
cos A
Right Hand Side (R.H.S)
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
L.H.S. = (cosec θ – cot θ)2
The above equation is in the form of (a – b)2,  (cos A) (1 + sin A) 
 (1 + sin A) + cos A  = 2sec A
and expand it  
Since (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab Hence proved.
Here a = cosec θ and b = cot θ tan θ cot θ
(iii) LHS = +
= (cosec2θ + cot2θ – 2cosec θ cot θ) 1 − cot θ 1 − tan θ
Now, apply the corresponding inverse functions sin θ cos θ
and equivalent ratios to simplify = cos θ + sin θ
cos θ sin θ
 1 cos 2 θ 2cos θ  1− 1−
=  2 + −  sin θ cos θ
 sin θ sin 2 θ sin 2 θ  sin θ cos θ
(1 + cos 2 θ − 2cos θ) = cos θ + sin θ
= sin θ − cos θ cos θ − sin θ
(1 − cos 2 θ)
sin θ cos θ
(1 − cos θ) 2 2
sin θ cos 2 θ
= = +
(1 − cos θ)(1 + cos θ) cos θ ( sin θ − cos θ ) sin θ ( cos θ − sin θ )
(1 − cos θ) sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
=
= R.H.S. = −
(1 + cos θ) cos θ(sin θ − cos θ) sin θ(sin θ − cos θ)
Therefore, (cosec θ – cot θ)2 sin 3 θ − cos3 θ
=
(1 − cos θ) cos θ sin θ(sin θ − cos θ)
=
(1 + cos θ) (sin θ − cos θ)(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + sin θ cos θ)
=
Hence proved. cos θ sin θ(sin θ − cos θ)
 [⸪ a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)]
 cos A   (1 + sin A) 
(ii)  + =2sec A sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + sin θ cos θ
 (1 + sin A)   cos A  =
cos θ sin θ
Now, take the L.H.S of the given equation. sin θ cos θ + 1 1 1
= = 1+
 cos A   (1 + sin A)  cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ
L.H.S. =  + 
 (1 + sin A)   cos A  = 1 + sec θ cosec θ = R.H.S.
Hence proved
[cos 2 A + (1 + sin A) 2 ]
= cos A 1 + sec A
(1 + sin A) (iv) LHS =
sec A
(cos 2 A + sin 2 A + 1 + 2sin A) 1 cos A + 1
= cos A 1+
(1 + sin A ) = cos A = cos A = 1 + cos A
1 1
Since cos2 A + sin2 A = 1, we can write it as cos A cos A
(1 + 1 + 2sin A) Multiply both numerator and denominator by
= cos A
(1 + sin A ) (1 – cos A).

(1 + cos A) × (1 − cos A)
(2 + 2sin A) =
= cos A (1 − cos A)
(1 + sin A)
1 − cos 2 A sin 2 A
(1 + sin A) = = = RHS
=2 cos A 1 − cos A 1 − cos A
(1 + sin A ) Hence proved.

10 UDAAN Study Material Class-X PW

 cos A − sin A + 1 (ix) L.H.S. = (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A)
(v) LHS =
cos A + sin A − 1  1  1 
=  − sin A  − cos A 
Divide both numerator and denominator by sin A.  sin A  cos A 
cos A sin A 1 2 2
 1 − sin A  1 − cos A 
− + =   

= sin A sin A sin A  sin A  cos A 
cos A sin A 1
+ − [⸪ 1 – sin2 A = cos2 A and 1 – cos2 A = sin2 A]
sin A sin A sin A
cot A − 1 + cosec A cos 2 A sin 2 A
=
× = cos A sin A
= sin A cos A
cot A + 1 − cosec A
1 1
cosec A + cot A − (cosec 2 A − cot 2 A) RHS = =
= tan A + cot A sin A + cos A
(cot A − cosec A + 1) cos A sin A
[ cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A ⇒ cosec2 A – cot2 A = 1] 1 sin A cos A
= =
cosec A + cot A − (cosec A + cot A)(cos ecA − cot A) sin 2 A + cos 2 A sin 2 A + cos 2 A
=
(cot A − cosec A + 1) cos A sin A
 [⸪ a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)] sin A cos A
=
(cosec A + cot A)(1 − cos ec A + cot A) 1
=  LHS = RHS
(cot A − cos ec A + 1)
= cosec A + cot A = R.H.S. Hence proved.
Hence proved. 1 + tan 2 A
(x) LHS =
1 + sin A (1 + sin A)(1 + sin A) 1 + cot 2 A
(vi) LHS = = 1
1 − sin A (1 − sin A)(1 + sin A)
sec 2 A cos 2 2
A sin A = tan2 A
=
    = =
(1 + sin A) 2 (1 + sin A) 2 cosec 2 A 1 cos 2 A
=
=
1 − sin 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A
2
1 + sin A 1 sin A  1 − tan A 
=
= + RHS =  
cos A cos A cos A  1 − cot A 
= sec A + tan A = R.H.S sin A 
2

Hence proved.  1 − cos A 
   =  
(vii)
sin θ − 2sin 3 θ
=
sin θ (1 − 2sin 2 θ)  1 − cos A 
2cos3 θ − cos θ cos θ (2cos 2 θ − 1)  sin A 
2
sin θ (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − 2sin 2 θ)  cos A − sin A 
=  
cos θ (2cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ)  cos A 
   = 2
 [⸪ sin2θ + cos2θ = 1]  sin A − cos A 
 
sin θ (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ) sin θ  sin A 
= = = tan θ = RHS
cos θ (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ) cos θ (cos A − sin A) 2 × sin 2 A
   =
Hence, proved. (sin A − cos A) 2 × cos 2 A
(viii) LHS = (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 (sin A − cos A) 2 × sin 2 A
   =
= sin2 A + cosec2 A + 2 sin A cosec A + cos2 A (sin A − cos A) 2 × cos 2 A
 + sec2 A + 2 cos A sec A  ( a − b )2 =( b − a )2 
 [⸪ cos A sec A = 1 and sin A cosec A = 1]   
∴ ( cos A − sin A )2 = ( sin A − cos A )2 
= (sin2 A + cos2 A) + 2 + cosec2 A + sec2 A + 2  
= 1 + 4 + (1 + cot2 A) + (1 + tan2 A) sin 2 A
   = = tan2 A = L.H.S
= 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A = R.H.S. cos 2 A
Hence proved. Hence proved.

Introduction to Trigonometry 11