CHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEM

Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this chapter, readers should be able to:
1. Define and state the rules of indices, surds and logarithms.
2. Perform the algebraic operations of indices, surds, logarithms and complex numbers.
3. Solve equations involving indices, surds, logarithms and complex numbers.

1.1 REVIEW THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

1.1.1 Classification of Numbers

Set is used when a collection of similar but distinct objects is to be treated as one whole.
Consider the set of single-digit numbers that consists of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The set
can be written using either one of the following:
Table 1.1
Roster Method The symbol 𝐴 denotes the set and the braces { } are
𝐴 = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} used to enclose the elements in the set.

This statement is read as:

Set-builder notation
“𝐴 is the set of all 𝑥, such that 𝑥 is a single-digit
𝐴 ={𝑥|𝑥 is a single-digit number}
number.”

It is useful for classifying the different types of numbers we deal with into sets.
Table 1.2
Notation Description Set Numbers
Natural numbers (counting numbers)
ℕ = {1,2,3,4, … }
ℕ - The numbers that are often used to
count things.

Whole numbers
𝕎 = {0,1,2,3,4, … }
𝕎 - Consist of the counting numbers
together with 0.

Integers ℤ = {… , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … }

- Consist of whole numbers and the
negative of natural numbers. Positive integers:
ℤ
ℤ+ = {1, 2, 3, … }
Negative integers:
ℤ− = {… , −3, −2, −1}

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FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS I

Notation Description Set Numbers

Rational Numbers
- numbers that can be expressed as a 𝑎
𝑎 ℚ = { , 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 0}
quotient, of two integers. 𝑏
𝑏
Examples of rational numbers:
- The integer 𝑎 is called the numerator
and the integer 𝑏, which cannot be 0
(𝑏 ≠ 0), is called the denominator. 𝑎 3 5 2 2
form − , , ,
𝑏 4 2 3 11
- Example of rational numbers: 2
3 5 2 2 Integer =2
− , , , . 1
ℚ 4 2 3 11
3
Terminating − = 0.75
- For any integer 𝑎, it can be written as 4
𝑎 2 decimal 5
, for example = 2. Thus, the set = 2.5
1 1 2
of integers is a subset of the set of
2
rational numbers. Repeating = 0.666 …
3
decimal 2
3 5 2 2 = 0.1818 ….
- Rational numbers − 4 , 2 , 3 , 11 may 11
be represented as decimals (either
terminating or repeating).

Irrational numbers Examples of irrational numbers:

- numbers that cannot be written in
𝑎 3
the form of , where 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0 are √2, √5, 𝜋
𝑏
̅
ℚ′ or ℚ integers.

- In other words, irrational numbers

may be represented by a decimal
that neither repeats nor terminates.

Note: The three dots (…), called an ellipsis, indicate that the pattern continues indefinitely.

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The rational and irrational numbers together form the set of real numbers, ℝ. The
relationships among the subsets can be illustrated using a Venn diagram, as shown in
Figure 1.1.

𝕎
ℤ 0
{… , −3, −2, −1}
ℚ
3 5 2 2
൜… , − , , , , … ൠ
4 2 3 11
̅
ℚ
3
൛… , − √7, √2, √3, 𝜋, … ൟ

Figure 1.1

Example 1

5
Identify the numbers in the set 𝐴 = {−√9, 8 , 0, 0.122121 … , − √7, 𝜋, 2. ̅̅
23̅̅, 𝑒, 5.45,15}
that are
a) Natural numbers b) Whole numbers
c) Integers d) Rational numbers
e) Irrational numbers f) Real numbers

Solution

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FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS I

Example 2

State whether each of the statements below is TRUE or FALSE.

a) Every decimal number is an irrational number.
b) All integers are rational numbers.
c) Every rational number is a real number.
d) ℕ ⊂ ℤ
e) ℚ ⊂ ℚ ̅

Solution

1.1.2 Real Number Line

Real numbers can be depicted graphically as points on a straight line known as a real number
line. A specific location, the origin, represents zero. Points to the right of the origin represent
positive numbers and points to the left represent negative numbers.

Origin
Negative direction Positive direction
Real number line
-2 -1 0 1 2

Each point on the line corresponds to one real number.

−𝜋 − √2 √3 𝑒

Real number line

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

1.1.3 Statements of Inequality and Their Graphs

• Intervals of Real Numbers

Given any two real numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏, the three possibilities are
a) 𝑎 is less than 𝑏 , written as 𝑎 < 𝑏.
b) 𝑎 is equal to 𝑏, written as 𝑎 = 𝑏.
c) 𝑎 is greater than 𝑏, written as 𝑎 > 𝑏.

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Tables 1.3 shows set of real numbers that can be represented as intervals, inequalities and
graphs.

Table 1.3
Name of Interval Interval Inequality Number Line
Notation Description Representation
Finite and closed
[𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏
𝑎 𝑏

A closed interval contains both its endpoints; a and b.

Finite and open
(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑎<𝑥<𝑏
𝑎 𝑏

An open interval does not include either endpoint; a and b.

Finite and half-open
[𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑎≤𝑥<𝑏
𝑎 𝑏

(𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑎<𝑥≤𝑏
𝑎 𝑏

A half-open interval contains only one of its endpoints;

a or b
Infinite and closed
(−∞, 𝑏] −∞ < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
𝑏

[𝑎, ∞) 𝑎≤𝑥<∞
𝑎

Infinite and open

(−∞, 𝑏) −∞ < 𝑥 < 𝑏
𝑏

(𝑎, ∞) 𝑎<𝑥<∞
𝑎

Infinite and open (−∞, ∞) −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞

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Example 3

Rewrite each of the following inequalities using interval notation and illustrate them on the
real number line.

a) −4 < 𝑥 < −1 b) −2 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 c) 𝑥 ≤ −3 d) 𝑥 > 5

Solution

Example 4

Write each of the following intervals as inequalities. Use 𝑥 as the variable.

a) (−6, ∞) b) (−∞, −1] c) [3,7] d) [−2, 4)

Solution

Exercise 1.1

1. Consider the numbers in the table below. Tick the right box to classify the number.
Numbers 0.43 2 5.3576… −√15 3 𝜋 −2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋
√64 4 − √8
5 4
ℕ
𝕎
ℤ
ℚ
̅
ℚ
ℝ

2. State whether each of the statement is true or false.

a) ℕ ⊂ ℚ
b) ℤ ⊂ ℚ ̅
c) ℚ ⊂ ℝ
d) −√4 is an irrational number.
e) All numbers are real numbers.
f) Every irrational number is an integer.

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1
3. Locate the numbers 2 4 , 0.34, − √3, 3. ̅̅
25̅̅, 𝑒 , −2.35 on a real number line.
2

4. Write the following statement in interval notation and represent it on a real number line.
a) The real numbers greater than 8.
b) The real numbers less than and equal to −4.
c) The real numbers between and including −3 and 3.
d) The real numbers greater than −10 but less than and equal to 5.
e) The real numbers between 2 and 11.

1.2 INDICES, SURDS AND LOGARITHMS

1.2.1 Indices

An index number is a number that is raised to a power. The power (also known as the index or
exponent) indicates how many times a specified number is to be multiplied by itself.

If 𝑎 is any real number, 𝑎 ∈ ℝ (𝑎 > 0) and 𝑛 is a positive integer, then

𝑎𝑛 = ᇣᇧ
𝑎 ×ᇧᇧ
𝑎ᇧᇤᇧ
× 𝑎ᇧ
…ᇧ×
ᇧᇥ𝑎
𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠

where 𝑎 is the base and the integer 𝑛 is called the index or exponent.

index
𝑛
base
𝑎
𝑎𝑛 is read as ‘𝑎 to the nth power’.

For examples:

26 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64

1 3 1 1 1 1
( ) = × × =
3 3 3 3 27

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FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS I

• Properties of Indices

For any 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ , (𝑎, 𝑏 > 0), and 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ, we have

Table 1.4
Properties of Indices Examples

𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 25 × 27 = 25+7 = 212

𝑎𝑚 𝑝9
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 3
= 𝑝9−3 = 𝑝6
𝑎𝑛 𝑝

(𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 (37 )5 = 37×5 = 335

(𝑎𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑚 (2 ∙ 3)3 = 23 ∙ 33 = 216

𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚 5 4 54 625
( ) = 𝑚 , 𝑏≠0 ( ) = 4=
𝑏 𝑏 3 3 81
1 1 1
𝑎−𝑛 = 2−4 = =
𝑎𝑛 24 16
𝑚 𝑛
5 5
𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 = √𝑎𝑚 = ( √𝑎)𝑚 𝑞 2 = √𝑞 5 = (√𝑞)

𝑎0 = 1 , 𝑎 ≠ 0 70 = 1

Example 5

Simplify:

1 5
𝑥𝑦 2
a) (𝑟 −7 3
) b) −2 3 5
(𝑝 𝑦 ) c) (√9𝑡) 4 d) (25)2 e) ( 3)
16 𝑥

Solution

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Example 6
Simplify the following.

a) (2𝑥 7 )(5𝑥 −9 ) b) (𝑥𝑦 3 )5 (𝑥 3 𝑦)2

1 3
𝑥5
c) ( −2 3 ) d) √16𝑥 √𝑥
𝑥 𝑦

Solution

Example 7

Simplify:

1 3 1 1 3
5 1
a) 81−4 b) 162 c) 5𝑏 4 ÷ 15𝑏 3 ∙ 𝑏 2 d) 3
√𝑥 ∙ √𝑥 2𝑛 ÷ (𝑥 −6 )2

Solution

1 17 50+6𝑛
Ans: a) b) 64 c) 𝑏 12 d) 𝑥 15
3
3

Example 8

Simplify:

a) 16−4𝑥 ∙ 8𝑥+7 ÷ 23−𝑥

b) 184𝑥+2 ∙ 66−2𝑥 ∙ 275𝑥−3
2
−4 3 1 3
c) √𝑢 3 𝑣 8 × (𝑢4 𝑣 2 )3 ÷ (𝑢2 𝑣 4 )

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Solution

3 𝑣
Ans: a) 2−12𝑥+18 b) 22𝑥+8 ∙ 321𝑥+1 c) √
𝑢5

• Exponential (Index) Equations

Exponential or index equations are those in which the variable index is involved. For
2
example, 3𝑥 = 92𝑥 and 2𝑥 − 43𝑥−4 = 0. When the index is unknown, the index
property of equality can be used to solve exponential equations.

Index Property of Equality

If 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 ; then 𝑥 = 𝑦, where 𝑎 ≠ 1 for all positive real numbers 𝑎.

Solving such equations requires expressing each term as a power of the same base.

Example 9
Solve the following equations:

a) (2𝑥 )5 = 1024 b) 76𝑥 = 343𝑥+1

2 28
c) 5𝑥 − 254−𝑥 = 0 d) 3𝑥 + 31−𝑥 =
3
Solution

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Example 10

Determine whether 3𝑛+1 + 3𝑛 − 3𝑛+2 is divisible by 5 if 𝑛 is a positive integer.

Solution

1.2.2 Surd

Surd is a number that contains one or more root sign; √⬚ (or radical sign) which cannot be
𝑎
simplified into a fraction of two integers; 𝑏 , 𝑏 ≠ 0. For example, √2 is a surd but √4 is not a
surd since √4 = 2. Thus, surd is an irrational number, and expressed in its simplest form.

Examples:

a) √3 b) 4√5 c) 2 − √7 d) √2 + 4
3 12 √4(3) 2√ 3
e) √3 + √5 f) √9 g) √8 = √4(2) = 2√2 h) √ = =
25 √25 5

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FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS I

• Properties of Surd

Properties of surd follow the properties of indices.

Let 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0 , 𝑚, 𝑛 𝜖 ℕ and 𝛽, 𝛾 ∈ ℝ, then

Table 1.5
Properties of Surd Examples

𝑛
𝑚 3
√𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑛 √33 = 32

𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 3 3 3 3
√𝑎 √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏 √5 √4 = √5(4) = √20

𝑚 5
√𝑎 𝑚 𝑎 √4 5 4
5
𝑚 = √ = √ = √2
√𝑏 𝑏 5
√2 2

𝑛 𝑚 3 2(3) 6
𝑚𝑛
√ √𝑎 = √𝑎 √√5 = √5 = √5

𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝛽 √𝑎 + 𝛾 √𝑎 = (𝛽 + 𝛾) √𝑎 √2 + 2√2 = 3√2

𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝛽 √𝑎 − 𝛾 √𝑎 = (𝛽 − 𝛾) √𝑎 √2 − 2√2 = −√2

CAUTION:
➢ √𝑎√𝑎 = 𝑎

➢ √4 ≠ ±2 but √4 = 2 and −√4 = −2

➢ √𝑎 ± 𝑏 ≠ √𝑎 ± √𝑏

➢ √𝑎 2 ± 𝑏 2 ≠ 𝑎 ± 𝑏

2
➢ (√𝑎 ± √𝑏) ≠ 𝑎 ± 𝑏

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Example 11

Identify which of the followings are surd.

3 3
a) √10 b) √27 c) √49 d) √120 e) √√729

Solution

Example 12

Simplify:
5 3
a) (2 √3) √216 b) 3√11 + 6√44 c) (3√40 + 2√5)(5√2 − 1)

Solution

Example 13

Simplify:

a) √16𝑥 5 𝑦 4 b) 3
√16𝑦√11𝑥 5 𝑦 2 c) √36𝑥 4 𝑦 4
√64𝑥10 𝑦 3

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FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS I

Solution

• Conjugate of Surd

Conjugate of surd is formed by changing the sign between terms of a surd expression.
Examples of pair of conjugates are as follows:

Table 1.6
Surd Conjugate Example (Pair of Conjugates)
√𝑎 ± √𝑏 √𝑎 ∓ √𝑏 √2 + √7 ↔ √2 − √7
√𝑎 ± 𝑏 √𝑎 ∓ 𝑏 √2 + 7 ↔ √2 − 7
𝑎 ± √𝑏 𝑎 ∓ √𝑏 2 + √7 ↔ 2 − √7

• Rationalizing Denominator

Rationalizing denominator is a process of eliminating surd in denominator so that the

denominator is a rational number. In order to rationalize the denominator (with one
term), multiply both numerator and denominator by the surd in the denominator. For
rationalizing denominator that consists of two terms, multiply both numerator and
denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.

Multiplication between conjugates will result in a rational number (no surd expression
exists):

(√𝑎 + √𝑏)(√𝑎 − √𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏

(√𝑎 + 𝑏)(√𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏 2
(𝑎 + √𝑏)(𝑎 − √𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏

Example 14

Rationalize the denominator and simplify the expressions where possible:

−10 2
2 3 − 2√7 7 + √21
a) b) ( ) c) +
√5𝑟 √2 − 2√3 √7 − √3 2

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Solution

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FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS I

Example 15

√3 1+√2
a) Rationalize the denominator and simplify + .
√4+5 √2−3

√𝑢−√𝑣 3√𝑣−2√𝑢
b) Given = and 𝑣 > 1, find the value of √𝑢 − √𝑣 .
√𝑣+2 𝑣−4

Solution

Ans: a) √3 − 4√2 − 5 b) 1
7

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• Surd Equation

The equation of surd may exist in three ways; equation consists of one surd, two surds
or three surds. It is important to check the validity of the answer with the original
equation.

1 SURD 2 SURDS 3 SURDS

1 surd at 1 surd at one

1 surd at
one side side, 2 surds at
each side
the other side

1. Square both sides and simplify.

2. Square both sides again (if there is a remaining surd)
3. Solve the equation.
4. Check the validity.

Figure 1.2

Example 16

Solve the following surd equations

a) √1 − 3𝑥 = 4 b) 3 + 2√𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥 c) √2 − 7𝑥 − 1 = √5 + 𝑥

Solution

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FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS I

Example 17

Find the value(s) of 𝑥 for √3𝑥 + 4 − √𝑥 − 3 = 3.

Solution

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Ans: 𝑥 = 4,7

1.2.3 Logarithm

A number which is in index form can be written in a logarithmic form. 𝑥 is the logarithm of 𝑏
to the base 𝑎 is written as 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑏 and it is equivalent to 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏.

𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏 ⇔ 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑏,
where 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑎 ≠ 1.

𝑏>0
log 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑥

𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

The following examples show how index and logarithm can be interchanged.

Table 1.7
Index Form Logarithmic Form
32 = 9 log 3 9 = 2
91 = 9 log 9 9 = 1
5𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧 − 1 log 5 (𝑧 − 1) = 𝑥𝑦
𝑥
√2 = 4 log √2 4 = 𝑥

Note:
➢ Logarithm with base 10 is called common logarithm and it can be written without the
base 10:
log10 𝑥 = log 𝑥

➢ Logarithm with base 𝑒 is called natural logarithm and it can be written as ln:
log 𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

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FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS I

• Properties of Logarithm

Let 𝑎, 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 and 𝑛 ∈ ℝ

Table 1.8
Properties of Logarithm Examples

log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 log 5 4𝑥 = log 5 4 + log 5 𝑥

𝑥 2
log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦 log = log 2 − log 3
𝑦 3
log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑥 log 7 𝑝3 = 3 log 7 𝑝

log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 ln 𝑒 = 1

log 𝑎 1 = 0 log 6 1 = 0

𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 10log 8 = 8

CAUTION:

log 𝑎 (𝑥 ± 𝑦) ≠ log 𝑎 𝑥 ± log 𝑎 𝑦

log 𝑎 (𝑥𝑦) ≠ log 𝑎 𝑥 × log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥
log 𝑎 ≠
𝑦 log 𝑎 𝑦
log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 ≠ (log 𝑎 𝑥)𝑛

Example 18

Without using calculator, evaluate the following using the properties of logarithm:

3 1 4 +2ln3)
a) log 4 16( √64) b) log 3 √27 + log 5 125 + log 1000 c) 𝑒 (ln 4−ln 2

Solution

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Example 19

Expand the following expressions by applying the properties of logarithm.

7𝑒 𝑦 8𝑥 3
a) log 5 25√𝑎(𝑏 − 𝑐) b) ln ( ) c) log√
𝑥 𝑦

Solution

Example 20

Combine the following expressions into a single logarithmic form.

𝑏
a) log 7 4 + log 7 (8𝑎) − log 7 (𝑎)
1
b) ln(6) + ln(3) − 2 ln(𝑥) + 4 ln(𝑦)
c) −1 + log(9𝑥) − log(𝑥 − 𝑦)

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FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS I

Solution

• Change of Base

Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0, then

log 𝑐 𝑏
log 𝑎 𝑏 =
log 𝑐 𝑎

1
Note: log 𝑎 𝑏 =
log𝑏 𝑎

Example 21

Evaluate log √3 35 by converting into ln. Leave the answer in four decimal places.

Solution

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• Logarithmic Equation

One of these methods can be used in solving logarithmic equation:

➢ Apply properties of logarithm
➢ Change the base of the logarithm
The answer needs to be verified with the initial equation since logarithmic expression
is undefined for negative number.

Index equation with different bases and cannot be converted into common base can
be solved by applying 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 or 𝐥𝐧 to both sides of the equation.

Example 22

Solve the following equations:

1
a) log 8 (35 − 𝑟 2 ) − log 8 (1 − 4𝑟) = 3 b) log 2 (𝑟 + 1) = 1 + 6 log (𝑟+1) 2

Solution

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FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS I

Example 23

Solve 22𝑥 − 2𝑥+2 = 12.

Solution

Example 24

Solve the equations below and leave the answers correct to three significant figures.
2 −3
a) (2𝑒)𝑥 = 𝑒9
b) log 4 (3 + 𝑥) = 2 + log 4 (𝑥 + 1)

Solution

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Ans: a) 𝑥 = −2.88 , 2.88 b) 𝑥 = −0.867

Exercise 1.2

1. Determine the value of each of the following:

1 2
a) 162 b) 729−3
1
c) 81 4 d) 360
( )
625

2. Simplify the following expressions:

𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
a) 24 4 × 96 2 ÷ 36 8 b) 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥
3 5𝑛+1 − 10(5𝑛−1 )
c) (4√4𝑎6 ) ( √𝑎6 𝑏 9 ) d)
3(5𝑛 )
𝑛
e) 243 4 × 32𝑛+1 ÷ (9𝑛 × 3𝑛−1 )

3. Solve the following equations:

1
a) 5−𝑥 = 25 b) 16𝑥 = 256 c) 3𝑥−1 =
81
5 1 3 36𝑚
d) 𝑝 −2 = e) 9 (𝑟 4 ) = 243 f) 2162𝑚 =
32 √6
g) 𝑥2 6+3𝑥 h) (272𝑥 )𝑥 =9 𝑥−1
× 81
5 − 125 =0

4. Solve the following equations:

a) 4𝑥+1 − 15(2𝑥 ) = 4 b) 5(22𝑥 ) − 15(2𝑥+1 ) + 40 = 0
c) 32𝑥+1 = 28(3𝑥 ) − 9 d) 52𝑥+1 − 6(5𝑥 ) + 1 = 0
1 1
5. Suppose 𝑝2 + 𝑝−2 = −2 , show that 𝑝 + 𝑝−1 = 2.
1 1 1
6. If 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 = 𝑏 2 , show that (𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 4𝑎𝑐.

7. Simplify the following:

2 √8
a) b) 2
√7+√5 (√3−√2)
√𝑥−4 √2+5 3 √7
c) d) − +
3 + √𝑥 √2−3 2−√5 1+√7

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FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS I

8. Solve the equations below:

a) √5𝑥 + 4 − 1 = 2𝑥 b) √3𝑥 2 − 2 = 2𝑥 − 1
c) √𝑦 + 5 − 1 = √𝑦 − 2 d) √2𝑦 + 1 − √4 − 𝑦 = √𝑦 + 5

9. Simplify into a single log expression.

1
a) log 𝑝 6 + log 𝑝 3 − 2 log 𝑝 𝑞 b) ln 3𝑣 − ln(𝑣 − 1) + 3 − ln 3
1
c) log 4 (6𝑥) + 2 − log 4 (𝑦𝑧) d) log 5 𝑎 + log 25 𝑏 − 3 log 5 (2𝑐)

10. Solve the following equations:

a) log√𝑎 − log √5 𝑎 = 2 b) 2 log 3 𝑏 = log 𝑏 9
c) ln(𝑐 + 3) + ln(4 − 𝑐) = ln(2 − 2𝑐) d) log 2 𝑑 + 21 log 𝑑 2 = 10

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