“TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division | Programme 2080 Bhadra Ye: Subject: - Data Communication (CP 602) __ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Antempi All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, “Assume suitable data if necessary. KASS Define transmission performance parameters in. data communication system, Explain Egle communication system with appropriate generic block diagram, te) 2. Define causal system and a stable system with example , Evaluate power end energy of asignal given as x(0 = 6M, Susy whether itis energy signal or power signal {46} 3. Define LT! system. Convolve the following signals graphically. (+6) xx(0) t 4.2) Explain diferent ypes of plse moulaton techniques with necessary diagrams 6) 1) plain biefly about 8-QAM with constllaton diagram. @ S. a) Determine the CDMA encoded transmitting message for four beers using Walsh Petemaed codes, were usr A, B, Cand D are transmitting 10, silent | respectively 61 b) What is muitiplexing? Why statistical TDMis prefferred than synchronous ‘TDM? {243} 6 Define Hamming distance and Minimum hamming distance with an example, What ee ihe enor detection and etror correction capabilities of block codes? Explain. (244) 1. Obtain all code words for a (6,3) block code from the systematic generator matrix given below. {8} 10 01 121 G=]o t O11 0 600101 8. Using « suitable example, explain state, tree and telis diagrams for 44 code rate and 4 states. [10] 9. Write short notes on; (Any Two) {2x5} 4) Danagram packet switching ws Virtual civeut packet switching b) Eland Tl Hierarchies ©) Modes of operation of optical fiber . BeeTRIBEUVAN UNIVERSITY Exam. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING | Level BE Full Marks Examination Control Division | Programme BCT Pass Marks Time 2081 Baishakkh Subject: - Data Communication (CF 603) Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Aitempt AH questions. ‘The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. Assume suitable ata if necessary, ASKS + Explain the digital data communication system working in full duplex raode using a block iagram. Define the transmission performance, parameters in a’ dala communication system, 4] 2. Define energy and power signal iwith examples. Check whether the following system is linear, causal and time invariant or not, [4+6} y() = logx() + State the properties of Fourier Transform. Convolve the following signals graphically, [246] a(t) . ait) 4 4. a) Bxplain the importance of Scrambling inthe digital data encoditig protess, Encode the binary pattern 101000011101 using polar RZ, NRZ-1, AMI and Manchester line coding techniques. B+] b) Explain 16-QAM with constellation. diagram, rca) 5. Compress “Ghunme Mech Mathi Andho Manche” using Huffman coding to deiermine efficiency redundancy and compare it with entropy. [10] 6. Write down the applications of multiplexing. Describe FHSS and DSSS with necessary diagrams. [2e4+4} 7. Explain CRC-4 generator and decoder with example for both no-erzor and with-error cases, : (8) 8. With suitable example demonstrate how convolutional code corrects errors, 6] 9. Write short notes on: (Any Twwo) [2x5] 8) Difference between circuit switching and packet switching b) Code division Multiple Access (CDMA) ©) Shannon's channel capacity theorem,Examination Control Division [e "TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Full Marks 60 2080 Baishakh [Year /Part Candidates are required to give their answrers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. Assume suitable data if necessary. . Define data and signal, Elaborate the advantages of digital communication system as compared to analog communications system. Explain the basic causes of transmission impairments in communication systema. [24244] . a) Determine whether or not the following CT signal is periodic, If the signal is periodic, determine its fundamental period. x(@) = 3eos (4173). 'b) Test the linearity of the systems, y(6) =27(1) and y(t) = 3x(Q) +5 c) Test the systems static or dynamic, y(t) = 2x(t) and yi) = 2x(1) -3x(-3) . a) Find the output response of an LT! system when input x(t) = ¢* u(t) and impulse response h(t) =e u(t). b) Find magnitude and phase speotrum of x(t) = 4+ doos eedsin St. ©) Discuss any four properties of Fourier Transform, . Compare coaxial cable with optical fibre, Evaluate the maximum capacity of a channel through which a signal with power of 10 dBW is transmitted. (Assume that the noise power spectral density is given as $m W/Flz). . a) Consider AM signal as m(t) = 5[1+2cos (2m +10001)} cos(2n*10%). Determine modulation index, total power delivered, b) Define PCM technique used to convert analog signal into digital data, In a PCM system, a bandlimited signal with maximum frequency 4 kHz is sampled at the rate of Nyquist frequency. It is quantized into 256 levels and encoded, Calculate: @ Mininwum data rate avilable at the output of the encoder. (i) Bandwath of the channel required to transmit the data through a channel of 15 dB SNR. ¢) What are the basic factors to be considered while line coding? Encode the binary paitera 100000000100001 using B8ZS and HDB3 encoding. |. Explain the major bandwidth utilization techniques used in data communication. Explain Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA) technique using its transmitter and receiver blocks. . Differentiate between ciccuit switching and Packet switching used in computer networks with an example. . 8) Explain error detection and correction mechanism with trellis diagram, b) Differentiate convolutional code and block code. se (2 4 (4) i) inal 2] [44] io 24) [2+4} {4+6] (6) [10] R)Examination Control Division : Program v ¥ v v TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY i INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level 2079 Bhadra Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable Attempt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. Assuine suitable data if necessary. + Define Data and Signal with examples, Sketch a generic block diagram of digital data communication system for full duplex mode, 246] 2. Define a causal system and a stable system, Check whether a system y(t) = x(0) + xtt — 1) is (i linear (i) time-invariant (tii) causal (iv) memoryless system +6] 3. State properties of continuous time Fourier Transform. (4 4. Find convolution between two signals x1 (1) u(t) — u(t-3) and x2() = u(t + 4)- ut), 4 5. State and explain theorem for noisy and noisefess chamiel, Briefly diseuss about the measures that are used to characterize the performance of channel. [4] 6. a) Why weneed modulation? A modulating signal, m(t) = 10 cos(2n x 10°) is amplitude modulated with carrier signal, e(t) = 50 cos(2m * 10%), Find the modulation index, the carrier power and the power required for trausmnitting AM wave. +6] 'b) Encode the bit stream 101110001010 using NRZ-L, NRZ-L, Manchester, Bipolar AMI, {4x2} 7. a) Discuss briefly on Spread Spectrum communication with neat block diagram, [4] 'b} What are the two basic approaches commonly used to packet switching? i) ©) Compare all three types of multiplying technique with the pplication ease of cach. 18) 8, a) Apply the Huftinan coding procedure to determine Entropy, Average Code length, code efficiency and Redundancy for the following message ensemble, [x] = [xl x2, x3, x4, x5, x6] and [p] = [0.30, 0.25, 0.15, 0.12, 0.08,0.10]}, Take M=2 [8] b) For a (6, 3) code, the generator matrix is G=100101 010011 Oo1li9 Find () All comesponding code vectors (ii) Minisaum Hamming distance (iii) Verify that this code is a single error correcting code (iv) Parity check matrix (v) Determine transmitted codeword if received code is 100011, 13) teeExamination Control Division | ‘TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING 2079 Baishakh Candidates are required to giv their answers in their ow words as far as practicable Attempt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Assume suitable data if necessary. . What are the different types of data transmission technology? Mention advantage and disadvantage of analog and digital cormmunication system, [446] . a) A system's output is given as: y(t) = 2x(t) +3, where x(t) is its input. Determine whether the system is LTIornot. [5] b) Obtain the Fourier transform of a DC signal whose amplitude is unity at all time instants, and hence, plot its magnitude and phase spectrum. (3} ©) Mention any two applications of Fourier series. ot . The equation of amplitude modulated wave is given by s(t) = 40 [ 140.8c0s(2n *10%)} cos(4nx10°). Find the carrier power, the total sideband power and bandwidth of the signal. The value of resistor given is 30 ohm. [44442] |. What are the needs of line coding in data communication? Given the binary data sequence 1101110111 represent it in unipolar NRZ, polar RZ, Manchester and AMI waveform, [2+2+2+2] .. Define multiplexing and write its application system. Explain the operation of TDM and FDM clearly with diagram. [+444] : “What is Spread Spectrum? Explain frequency hopping spread spectrum and direet sequence spread spectrum with its block diagram. [446] . Define block codes. The systematic generator matrix for a (6,3) block code is given below. Obtain all code words, Hamming weights and minimum hamming distance from [2+4+2+2) . Calculate coding efficiency of "Khoji Rahechha Desh Le Yek Yug Nayak” using Huffman coding technique. [10] nex"rasHova cRVERSIY TAI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING | BE Full Marks | 80. | Examination Control Division ‘| Programme | BCT | Pass Marks, | 32. 2078 Kartik Year /Part | iit fT [Time | 3hrs. ~____ Subject: - Data Communication (CT 602) Candidates are required to give their enswers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt AML questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Assume suitable data if necessary. SAKK 2) Differentiate date and signal with two examples of each. (I b) Explain the procedure of converting an analog signal 1o digital. Also, briefly explain each steps involved. 6) Define periodic ahd non-periodic signals with examples. M4] a} Test the stability of the system h(t) = e".u(t) b) Test the given function y(t) = t.x(t) for causality, non causality and anti causality. 3. How Nyquist theorem applied for a noiseléss chennel? Calculate number of discrete signal content in the channel if a channel has a spectrum of 3 to 4 MHz witit signal to » noise ratio of 24 dB. [515] 4, Exptain the operation of CRC-4 with example of error detection. [io Define line coding. Explain polar RZ and bipolar AMI line coding scheme with example and compare them. : [41333] 6. a) How is source coding different from channel coding? 2) ») Under what conditions does « linear code become a oyclic code? Explain with the help of an example. ~ BI ©) Explain the concept of convolutional code with the help of a state-transition diagram. ~ {3} 7. Write dowa the Huffman Algorithm ‘clearly and find an efficient code word and efficiency that can be assign to the symbols using Huffinan Algorithm for “Kun Mandir Ma Jancbhau Yatui”, . [19] 8. a) Explain the mechenism of frequency Hopping spread spectrum (FHSS). Also, compare FDM and FHSS using suitable time-frequency graph. [443] b) Explain the “near-far problem” in CDMA. How can it be solved? 2H] wee‘TRBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division 2078 Bhadra Subject: - Data Communication (CT 602) ¥, Candidates are required to give their answers in their ow words as far as practicable. Y Attempt All questions. Y, The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Y Assume suitable data if necessary, 1, Differentiate botween energy and power signals with examples, Determine if the following system is stable LI. (5+5] ¥o=x(°) 2. List and describe all data communication parameters that describe the performance of the system. [8] 3. Explain how we plotline spectrums of « continious ime signal and illustrate an example. [8] 4, Encode 111000000000000011 using B8ZS and HDB3 encoders. (10) 5, Demonostrate how checksum is used to detect errors while seuding a data word of 12, 15, 15, 10, 5,2. £8] 6. 2) Explain the working principle 6f FHSS technique. 5] b) Explain how CDMA works with example. [5] 77. ‘What are linear block codes? Design a code word of a C(8, 4) block code with any suitable generation matrix. 13} 8. Encode “Jasta lai tastai dhido lai nistai” using weighted Hufiman encoder. Also demonstrate how it is decoded. {10] 9. Describe with short notes on: (Any Two) [2x4] 2) Doubie-tone AM 6) Hamming codes ¢) Packet switching versus message switching 4) X.25 protocol ae“TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division 2076 Cisaitra Data Communication (C7602) _ Subject: Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Aitempt All questions. ‘The figures in the margin indicate Full Dfarks. ‘Assume suitable data if necessary. AKAN L. Draw a generic block diagram of 2 digital communication system used in mobile telephony end explain each block. Compare azelog and digital ‘communication system with examples, [642] "Explain the properties of eausal, non-causal and anticausal systems with example, [10] 3, Expliin why we need Fourier Transform, Plot the Tine speatrums of X(t) = 12 + 6sin (140nt + 30°) - 9oos(8Ozt - 70°). [545] 4. Why we need Modulation? Ilustate ax example of a 4-bit PCM with AMI encodes, [246] Demonostrate how CRC-5 works to detect erore in data communication, Ist 6. What is nmultiplexing? Compare synchronous and statistical TDM. Describe Frequency hopring spread spectrum and direct sequence spread specirum with fs block diagram, +444] 7. Construct a (7, 4) Hamming code using 2 44 generation matrix for any arbritery message. 18) Encode “Pho! ko eankhama phoolai sansara” using Hufiman encoder and find the transmission efficiency. £20) 9, Write shortnotes on: (Any two) [49] a) STP versus UTP. by Frame relay ©) 16-Quadraiure amplitude modulation d) Multi mode optical fiver seewe“TRIBUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division | Proer: 2076 Ashwin Year Pi Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt All questions. ‘The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. Assume suitable data if necessary. v ¥ ¥ v 1, Enlist the advantages and disadvantages of digital communication system over analog ‘communication system, Discuss the tansmission impairments of data communication system with suitebfe diagrams and suggest the methods in overcoming attenuation. B+ 2, What te properties Fourier transform? Plot the magnitude and phase spectra of X(t) = 5+ sin(12t + 20°) — cos(16t — 60°) + cos(20t + 40°). (441 3, ‘Sketch the output of LTE system having impulse response h(t)=e u(t) @0) and h(t) =e*u(-t) @0). [10y 4° Lise different types of digital-to-avalog line encoding techniques. Give an example of QAM-32 in its constelletion diagram. [246] 5, Explain with example how CRC-S work to detect 3 burst errors. 10] 6: Define ‘Frequency division Multiploxing. Explain the FDM Multiplexing and demultiplexing process with neat diagrams. is] 7. Design a suitable genetation matrix for 8 convotution code using o(,1,3) architecture and ‘encode input data stream of (00110). (10) &, Design a Binary Shannon-Fano code with a six symbol source with probability acsignment as P()H0.04, PCSAO-L Plss)H0.4, P(Si-O4, Plss)-0.06, P(s5)70.3. Test its transmission efficiency. 5) 9, Write short notes on: (Any Two) [4x2] a) Analog versus digital mux hierarchy b) DSSSH versus FSSH ©) Optical fiber versus STP‘TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division | Programme | BCT 2075 Chaitra [Ye rt H/T ______ Subject: - Data Communication (CF 603) Candidates ore required to give their answers in thei own words as far as practicable. Attempt All questions, The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Assume suitable data if necessary. SAKK + Sketch a generic block diagram of digital data communication system for full duplex mode, [8] 2, Distinguish between power and energy signals with examples. (8] 3._ State the condition for the stability of LTI system, Test the stability of the system whose impulse response is h(t)=te"'u(t) [8] 4, List digital- to-digital line encoding techniques and explain in detail Bipolar 8-zero substitution and High Density 3-zero substitution techniques, [2444] 5. With suitable mathematical expression, explain double-tone AM technique. 18] 6, Demonstrate how CRC-4-works to trace two burst errors. [10] 7. Differentiate between digital and analog spread spectram techniques using examples. 18] 8. Define extropy in information theory. Find the eflicient code word and efficiency using Hoffman algorithm using probabilities p(x1)=0.6,. p(x2)=0.2, PK3)=0.1, p(x4)=0.05, P(xS)0.05, 13} 9. Explain why chaunel coding is required in data communication, Generate-a convolution code for a input bit streams of (111011) using a c(3,1,3) architecture. Br10] tee3$ TRIBIIUVAN UNIVERSTTY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division 2075 Ashwin ” Subject: - Data Communication (C7502) Candidates are requited to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attenspt AH questions. ‘The flgures in the margin indizate Full Marks, Assume suitable data if necessary. S448 5 Describe the transmission impairments of data communication system with suitable exemple. (6) 2, Define periodic and non-periodic signals with examples. Determine whether the following signals are periodic or not. a) X(t)=sinl5nt b) x(t} = sin2at [24343] 3, What are Recursive and Nonrecussive system? Test the stability of the CTT system whose impulse response is given as: b(t) =e ‘Sin(t)u() [315] 4, Stste and explain ‘Shenaon-Hartley channel ‘capacity theorem with example, Briefly Gigeuss about the measures tut are used to characterize the performance of a'channel. [44] 5, a) An cudio feequency signal 10 sinL000at is used for @ single tone amplitude modulation with a carrier of 50 sik? * 10°t. Caleulate : (@) Modulation index (i) Bandwidth requirement Gii)Fotal power delivered if load = 602 [3] 'b). Encode the bit steam 10010110001 using the following encoding schemes () Polar NRZ-L (i) Polar NRZ-1 GiiyDifferential Manchester 2x3] 6, 2) Explain, how spread spectrum techniques like FHSS and DSSS work? 16] b) Explain the opezation of packet switching system, (4) 7. Considering “ ste, d-state convolutional code, correct 3 bits exrors using the help of its trellis diagram, f10] 8, Explain QAM with its transmitter cirouit and draw eny one constellation diagram for 32- QAM. 622] 9, ‘The source of information symbois {A0, Al, A2, A3 and Ad} have conesponding probabilities {0.4, 03, 0.15, 0.1 and 0.5}. Enoode the source symbols using most efficient coding scheme and calculate the corresponding efficiency. [10] ae35 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING 2074 Chaitra Subject: - Data Communication (C1602) Candidates are requiréd to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable, Aittempt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. Assume suitable data if necessary, SA88 + Draw a generic block diagram of digital communication system for full duplex mode and briefly explain the funotion of each block. {8} 2. Derive an expression to find even and odd part of signal x(Q). Find even and odd part of a signal x(1)= 0.5(t+1) for -1 0 to the input. 18] Ofor t<0. xtt)= 1 for Osts1 Ofor ict 4: a) What are the advantages of optical fibers over coaxial cable and twisted pair able? (3] »b) State Nyquist's and Shannon's channel capacity formula. Find the Capacity of @ channel for a signal with a bandwidth of 3.1 KHz and Signal to Noise ratio of O dB and comment on it. (2+3+3] 5, Encode the bit stream 1010011001 using NRZ-L, NRZ-I, RZ, Manchester, Bipolar AMI encoding technique. 255] 6. a) Define multiplexing with example. Compare synchronous and asynchronous TDM, [3+] b) Generate a CRC-3 transmission code and analyze its error detection performance with example. 7. Explain the rate of switching end compair circuit switching with packet switching, 245} 8, Consider a five symbol source with probability assignment es P(X,) = 0.2,P(X,)=035 PCX,)=0.PK,)$0.2,P(K,)#0.15. By using Huffman algorithm, find the source code for these symbols and determine efficiency of the code. [10 9. Describe with short notes: (any two) [25] i) HD3S Packet ing i) Designing codeword of of 3) Rlock code with any aitable generation marin ° " 7 * gh er ad Now45 TRIBAUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING —_[ Tevel BE 80 Examination Control Division | Programme | BCT Pass Marks | 32 | . 2073 Chaitra [Year /Part_ Ti/i Time The] _Subject: - Data Communication (C7602) _ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable, Attempt All questions. ‘The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Assume suitable data if necessary. . Define analog and digital signal with example, Explain digital communication system with general block diagram for full-duplex mode. (26) . Explain deterministic and random signal with example. Justify whether unit step signal is energy signal or power signal. [+4] |. Define LT! system. Find convolution between x(t) = u(t) and h(t) = u(t) and comment on the result. [24s+1] |. Why we necd Fourier transform even we have Fourier series? State and explain brieily about the properties of Fourier transform, [246] 5.” Generate a codeword of a c(6,3} block code with any suitable generation matrix, (6) . An audio signal of 10sin1000nt is used for AM with a carrier of SOsin200000xt, [2424242] Caloulate: 3) Modulation index Required bandwidth iii) Total power using load resistance of 800 ohm. iv) Efficiency of AM For a binary data sequence 1111000111 sketch (a) NRZ-I waveform, (b) AMI waveform, (©) RZ waveform and (d) Manchester waveform. (2424242) . What is spread spectrum? Explain Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum with its block diagram. (246) . A message source generates 8 symbols with the following probabilities P(«l) =1/2, ‘P(2) = 1/4, P(x3) = 1/8, P(x4) = 1/16,P(x5) = 1/32, P(x6) = 1/64, P(x7) =1/128, P(x8)= 1/128. Encode the message with variable length binary codes using Shannon-Fano procedure. Find the transmission efficiency. Is] |. Write short notes on: (any two) [5x2] i) UTP versus STP ii) E-Hicrarchy versus T-Hierarchy iii) Convolutional codes.46 ‘TRIBUUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division | 2073 Sbrawan “Subject: - Data Communication (CT602)_ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable, Attempt All questions. v ¥ Y The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, ¥ Assume suitable data if necessary. 1. Draw generic block diagram of digital communication duplex system and fis each block. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of digital communication over ‘analog communication system. [543] 2. Define LTI system. Compute convolution between two signals x(t) = ¢"*.u(t) (a> 0) and b(t) =e u(-t)(a > 0) and plot the resulting signal. Be6rl] 3. Check linearity, causality, stability and time invariance characteristics of system y(t) = 2x(t+1) [6] 4, “Identify and discuss different data transmission channels. How synchronous transmission differs from asynchronous transmission? (44) 3. What is Frequency modulation (FM)? Explain with suitable equations and waveforms. [24] 6. Define multiplexing. Compare the merits and demerits of synchronous TDM and statistical TDM method, +6) 7, What is Data Switching? Clarify the differences between datagram switching and virtual packet switching. (2+6] 8. Where convolution codes arc used? Describe a convolution codes with % rate. [2+6] 9. What do you mean by entropy? Describe linear block coding method with a suitable ‘example for detection of an error. [246] 10, Explain the general working principle of Binary Huffinan Coding Algorithm. Design a Binary Huflman code with a six symbol source with probability assignment as; P(S1=0.0P(S,)=0.1,P(s;)=0.1,P(s,) = 0.4, ME,)=006an PE) =O ge aes eaeExamination Control Division Sonam | A INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING : BE FollMarks | 80 zx Programme | BCT | Pass Marks | 32 Year /Part [iT Time Shs 2072 Chaitra Subject: - Dats Communication (C760) Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Assume suitable data ifnecessary. |. Describe the Transmission Impairments of Data Communication system with suitable examples. (eh Define stable and unstable systems. Test the stability of the LTI systems whose impulse responses are given as (i) h(t) =e*"u(t) (ii) h(t) =e"*uct) [24343] Distinguish between energy and power signal with an example. Justify whether & signal x(t) =¢"*".u(t)(a > 0)is energy or power signal. [4+4] + State and explain Shannon-Hartley channel capacity theorem. Briefly discuss about the ‘measures that are used to characterize the performance of achamnel. Fe] }° En¢ode the Bit Stream 10116001110 using the following scheme. fo} ay RZ b) NRZI 26) NZL @) AMI ®) Manchester >. What do you mean by multiplexing? Explain about working mechanism of FDM and TDM. (24343) Differentiate between circuit switching and packet switching with suitable diagram. fl + What are block codes? The generator matrix for a (6,3) block code is shown below. Obtain all code words, (248) too:ridt Glo 10:110 OoOL:1roO1 . What are Hamming codes? Write the properties of Hamming codes. Visualize a 3-bit code words as code vector, ' [at4+4] ‘A message source generates 8 symbols with the following probabilities: « [6) P(X) S1/2 , POR) =1/4, POX) =1/8, P(X,) = 1/16, PX) =1/32, PO) =1/64 P(X,) =1/128and P(X,) = 1/128 Encode the message using Hufliman code. nae4s tunivar university = INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING (Hew BE Marks [80 Examination Control Division _Pesgramme | [act [ee Maia 3 is ay 1 5 Time” Candidates are tequired to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Assume suitable data if necessary: SAKA 1. Differentiate between causal and aiticausel signals with examples. Determine thi power and energy for a continuous time signal of x(t) se“ u(t\t2 0) [6+4] 2. Define periodic and non-periodie signals. Determine if the following systems are linear, ‘time-invariant, stable and memoryless. [23343] sa) y(t)=[f-e“"][U()] where U(0 is the continuous-time unit step function b) yik}=sin(xfk-4), .3, Define LTTsystem and impulse resporise. For the: siven signal x(t) =e“u(t)(a > 0), find "and plot the magnitude and phase spectra. [24246] 4. Briefly discuss about the measures used to characterize the performance of a channel Staté Nyquist's and Shannon's channel capacity formula. 5, . Define Throughput and Latency. Explain about different types of propagation. Design (@) RZ (b) NRZ-L (c} NRZ-I (@) AMI waveforms for the’ data sequences of {2+2] B+5] 111100011 100110. [10] 7. Define mulkiplexing and list out its applications. Drew block diagram of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum transmitter and receiver and explain briefly. [446] 8, Differentiate between datagram switching and virtual cizouit switching technique, Discuss - packet switching taking example of X25 protocol in detail. [545] 9. Show the application of hamming distance with suitable example. [4] 10, Write short notes on: i) Linear block coding ii) Huffiman loading «ba« 45 Y Candidates are reqyi Attempt AN questions.» The figures in the margin indicate’ Full : Y Assume suitable data if necessary . Eo 490" caleulate the: thermal noise power ‘density in: Watts/flz. ata temperature of 17°C, the Hegtamann’s constant is 1.3810" VK. What is delay disiortion end how ave hos conrected? ‘Why is digital transmission preferted over analog transmission? is [44249] 2 Define energy and power signal. Check the-signal'x() = w(t) and x = 8) is Energy of Power type. ° a [hay 3. Define Linear, Stable, Time Invariant and Causal system with suitable ‘examples, (4) 4, Find the Fourier series representation of the half-wave rectified ‘Sine wave. . : [4] ' 5. Find the Fousertransform’of the sigal x() = e* where (Q 2 £2) i§ real-valued and fi) _lenotes the absolute value of (0). Define the tecms lineae tie invari TI) systems end impulse résponse. . VSS ey 6... Compate. the transmission, characteristics and. performance .( Icney “range, “bandwidth: “security, flexibility, interference, connectivig) of ‘Optical ~ transmistion, Se es 7. Given a chaniel with an intended capiii MHlz,: What ‘signal-to-noise ratio is required it onder to ‘achieve this capacit number of bits/sample if channel becomes noiseless, oe 8. Explain the working of Pulse Code Modulation (ECM). Draw AMI and Menchester ‘forthe sequence (0 11010001]: 4 Sey 4s spread spectruin utilized in CDMA? What are the ° {2#2+24242) working principle of the Huffinan coding algorithm. [isiet3] © 12, Define Dataword ‘and Codewerd with suitable example. List the error detection’ and correction coding techniques with their application case. 244] 13. Discuss the concept of redundancy in error detection and corzection. Define Hamming distance? Differentiate between linear block coiles and cyclic codes, [143] ate46 TRIBEUVAN UNIVERSITY eee TD) INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division 2071 Shawan Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Astempt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Assume suitable data if necessary. KARAS Explai: digital communication system with general block diagram. Explain the advantages of digital communication syste1 over analog communication system, [642] 2. Explain the basic properties of systems with examples. (8) Define unit impulse and unit step function. Obtain the Fourier transform of a single sided exponential function e“. u(t). Also draw the spectrum. [24543] 4. Compare guided and unguided transmission media. Calculate the channel capacity having bandwidth and SNR of 6 kHz and 6 db respectively. [543] 2:5. Define modulation, Why is it necessary? Eucode the bitstream 1010411000011 using, 2 NRZ, RZ, AMI and Manchester coding. [444] 6. Explain Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) with transmitter and receiver block Giogram. 8) . What are the differences between multiplexing and multiple access? Define Time Division multiplexing (TDM) and explain it brie. [+5] . Define switching, Compare circuit and pocket switching. Draw the X.25 layers and data formats. 7 9. Define Information, Entropy and Minimum Hamming Distance with examples. [24242] 10, Define cyclic code. Explain the procedure for determining code vector for linear block code. BHO) see45 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division 2070 Chaitra ¥ Candidajes are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable, Y Attempt All questions. Y, The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks v Assume suitable data if necessary. Differentiate between digital and analog data communication systems with the help of functional block diagrams, Define transmission impairments. 43] 2. Define casuality and stability properties of systems. What are energy:and power signals. Explain with example, (B+5] 3. Define LT system. Find the convolution between x(1)=e"™u(t),(a>O)and h(t)=u(t) [345] 4. Define bandwidth, throughput, latency, jitter and bit enor rate. Differentiate between coascial cable and optical fiber. £543] Differentiate ‘AM and'FM ‘based/om modulation index sind bandwidth.’ An audio frequency signal 20sin27.500t is used for AM witha catriet of -6Qsin2x.10%. Calculate: (a) modulation index (b) Sideband frequencies, (¢) Bandwidth requirements, (d) Total power delivered with a load of 75 Ohm. 4] 6. Explain polar,-unipofar, bipolar and. Manchester coding with example: Encode the stream 101000111011 using all coding mentioned above, 16+4] 7. What is block code? Design. the code word of a (6,3) block.code with any suitable generation matrix, [246] 8. Describe FDMA with example, Explain the digital hierarchy of T-carriers, [542] 9. Write short notes on: [x5] a) Spread spectrum b) Packet switching ©) Cyclic codes wen gth 46 PRIBHUVAN UNIVE Boe ae INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division Programme | P 2070 Asbad S/S Data Commun: ation (CT602) v ie yequired to give their ‘answers in their owa words a5 Y Atiempt Alt questions. The figures in the margin indicate Fall Marks: ¥ Assume suitable data necessary. 1. Define data representation. How ean data be represented? Compare and contrast analog crrmanication system with digital commasication system with appropriate biock diagram. [26] 2. Define deterministic and random signal with example. Check whether the given system Is Sinear and time invariant or not [2+6) i) y= log OO) i) Y= 3.) Find the Fourier series representation of the full-wave rectified Sine wave given below. 5) Sree ‘ ¥ tb): Deternine the Fourier transform of the following signal, 0). 15] (0) 1 0 ‘ 4, a) Briefly describe about transmission characterises (eguency Senge, attenvation, olay and repeater spacing) of twisted pair cable, csaxel cable and opal fiber. "i by Deseribe about the factors that determine the performance ofa channel? il 5.) What i line coding? What ave the desired properties of a line code? Encode the bit eam 01001100011 using the following encoding schemes: Unipolar NRZ-L, Unipolas NRZ-1, Unipolar RZ, Polar NRZ-L, polat NR&AL, poler RZ, Manchester, and ‘Alternate Mark Laversion (AMD +8] ») Differentiate between PAM and PWM, fea] 6.) Define multiplexing with example, Compare synchronous and asynchronous TDM. [2+4] by Explain how DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) achieves bandwidth spreading, (4) 7. Differentiate between circuit switching and packet switeing? Elaborate X.25 switehing. [243] 2) What is the physical meaning of entropy an¢ mention its equation, What is the candidoa for maximum and minimum entropy? Suppose there are > balls in a bin, Out corine 9 balls, 4 bolls are ed, 2 balls ere yellow and 3 bells are green Caleulate the gairopy of the system cach time a ball is picked fom the bin. (2#2] b) What 1s the minimum Hamming distance? Diffrentete between dataword end are scnd. We noed a dataword of at least 1 bits, Find the values of (5) and (n) in the Hamming code C(n.x) with din 3. +4 ) What are cyolic codes? Differentiate between linear biock codes and convolutional codes. 23]46 TRIBAUVAN UNIvEKDICY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division 2069 Chaitea a Sibjest =I ¥ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable, Vv Attenipt All questions, ; Y The figures in the ‘margin indicate Fuil Marks, Y Assume suiteble data if necessary. 1. What are the advantages of digital cqmamnaication system over analog communication system? Explain digital communication'system with the help of block diagram. +6} 2. Define energy and power signals with appropriate mathematical expressions, Determine ‘whether the following discrete-time (DT) signal is an energy or power signal. Also find its corresponding energy or power. x{iq] = fon 284) 10 O and input signal x(t) = u(t) - u(t-2), 15} ) Pind the Fourier Transform of continuous time signal x(t)=e*""!, for a> 0 [1 4. 9) What is guided transmission media? What are the advantages of optical fibers over ‘coaxial cables:andtwisted pair cables? [133] b) State Nyquist’s and Shannon's channel capacity formula. The spectrum of a channel is in between 3 MHz and 4 MHz, The SNR = 24 dB. Calculate the bandwidth, the maximum channel capacity using Shannon's formula. Then based on Nyguist's formula, find the number of signal levels required to. reach the maximuan.channel capacity, = 5. What are the: benefits of modulation? Explain ASK,-FSK and’ PSK ‘with mathematical expression, example and generation circuit. Encode the bit stream 1001101110 using ‘unipolar, polar (NRZ-I, NRZ-L, RZ, Manchester) bipolar (AMD) encoding techniques, (34746) ©. @) How can the use of spread spectrum technique provide security against jamming and ‘interception? List the advantages and disadvantages of spread spectrum. [342] 5) What is FDM? Assume a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 KHz. We need to ‘multiplex 10 voice channels with guard bands of 500 Hz using FDM. Calculate the [242] required bandwidth. [243] 7. What is switching? Differentiate between datagrari switching and virtual circuit switching, 243] 8. a) What do you mean by entropy? The five symbols from a source and their probabilities are shown in table below. By using the Hufiiman algorithm, find the source code for these symbols and determine the average cocle-word length and the entropy of the source, (148) [Symbol | Probabilities A 04 B 0.3 Cc 0.15 D OL E 0.05 ») Where are the convolution codes used? Describe different types of convolution codes, [2+4]