STUDY NOTES IN ENGLISH 📚

Iambic: unstressed, stressed

Trochee: stressed, unstressed

Anapestic: unstressed, unstressed, stressed

Dactylic: stressed, unstressed, unstressed

(1) Monometer

(2) Dimeter

(3) Trimeter

(4) Tetrameter

(5) Pentameter

(6) Hexameter

(7) Heptameter

(8) Octameter

📍Figurative Language📍

A Figurative Speech is a variation from the ordinary method of expression for the sake of effect; it
helps to make writing vivid, but it is no effective if it is forced, strained or mixed.

1. Simile: is an expressed comparison between two similar things introduced by like, as, as if,
than, seems or similar to.

For example:

She sings as if mere speech has taken fire.

2. Metaphor: is an implied comparison of unlike subjects without like or as.

Example:

God is my Rock and Fortress

3. Personification: is the figure of speech in which some human characteristics is attributed to

an inanimate thing.
Example:

Let the floods clap their hands.

4. Periphrasis: is the substitution of a descriptive phrase for a name or vice versa.

Example:

The sleeping Giant has broken its ties with its neighbors.

5. Litotes: is a deliberate understatement used to affirm its opposite.

Example:

Edgar Allan Poe is no mean writer.

6. Apostrophe: is an address to the absent as if present or the inanimate as if human.

Example:

O Liberty! Liberty! How many crimes are committed in thy name (Madame Roland)

7. Antithesis: refers to the equating or balancing of two opposite ideas. To be an antithesis, a

sentence should have contradicting words positioned in a balanced way in a phrase or
clause.

Example:

There is no time to sew and there is no time to reap.

8. Hyperbole: is a exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis on poetic effect. It is an

overstatement without intention of deception.

Example:

I think of you million times a day.

9. Understatement: is the opposite of hyperbole. As the name implies, it is saying less than
what is true.

Example:

He is a notoriously unkind brute.

10. Irony: in general, is a discrepancy or disparity between what seems and what is.
The are three common forms are:

📌Verbal Irony: is a discrepancy between what the speaker says and what he means; he says one
thing and means the opposite.

📌Irony of Situation: is the discrepancy between expectation and result, intention and outcome,
illusion and reality.

📌Dramatic Irony: is so called because its most effective use is in a theatre, but it is also found in
other forms of fiction.

Examples of Irony:

📌To save himself and leave the children – that’s a fine way for a man to act.

📌It was very kind of you to remind me of my humiliation.

📌The boy failed in Math although his mother is a Math teacher.

11. Synechdoche: it is a figure of speech JM which the writer names a part when he means the
whole, or the whole when he means only a part.

Examples:

The navy (for sailor)

A pen (for writing)

A good table (for food)

The knife (for surgery)

12. Metonymy: is a figure of speech in which one word is put for another that suggests; cause
and effect, container and thing contained, object and things signified, and author and his
book are often interchanged in this figure.

Examples:

There is death (poison) in the cup.

Please address the chair (chairman)

13. Paradox:is the presentation of true but seemingly contradictory ideas.

Example:

Love your enemy (Bible)

 14. Oxymoron: is a compact paradox, one in which two successive words apparently contradict
each other.

Example:

Life is full of constant inconstancy.

15. Climax: is the arrangement of words or ideas according to their degree of importance; this,
the last set appears most valuable.

Example:

“I came, I saw, I conquered” (Julius Caesar)

16. Anti-climax: is the real apparent or ludicrous decrease in the importance of impressiveness
of what is said. It is opposite to a climax.

Example:

He lost his shoelace, his house chores to ashes, his wife even abandoned him.

📍STUDY NOTES IN ENGLISH📍

*HENLY- “ I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul” poem of INVICTUS

*KEATS- “ A thing of beauty is a joy forever”

*MARK TWAIN- American greatest humorist

*EPIC- a long narrative poem dealing with persons of heroic proportion & actions of great
significance

*EDGAR ALLAN POE- considered the father of the modern american short story

*HAIKU- Japanese poem w/ 17 syllables

*ANTHOLOGY- collection of literary pieces

*SONNET- 14 iambic pentameter lines

*MAHABHARATA- longest epic

*FOLKTALES- stories that reflect people’s beliefs & are handed from generation to generation

*FABLES- these are tales making use of animals as characters

*MARCELO H. DEL PILAR- his pen name “Dolores manapat”

*QUEZON- “like the molave” his source of inspiration

*ELEGY- a poem lamenting the dead

*SOLILOQUY- a speech by a person who reveals his thoughts

MANUEL ARGUILLA- author of “how my brother Leon brought home a wife”

*JOSE RIZAL- he wrote the famous letter “ to the women of malolos”

*URBANA AT FELIZA- a kind of literary piece w/c moralizes & was written in letter between 2 sisters
dwelling in the city& the other in the province

*WASHINGTON- author of “ the legend of sleppy hollow”

*RHODORA- “if eyes are made for seeing, the beauty is its own excuse for being”- is taken from the
poem

*THE ILLIAD OF HOMER- A great epic poem whose plot centers around the anger & wrath of Achilles
against Agamemnon, a great Leader

*LEONARDO DA VINCI- famous work monaliza

*JUAN LUNA- famous painting “’spolarium”

*MICHAEL ANGELO- created “the statue of David’

LITERATURE

✔Robert Browning – dramatic monologue style of writing

✔Wole Soyinka – 1st African Nobel Laureate

✔PLOT – most important in Aristotle’s Poetics

✔”The Prince” by Niccollo Machiavelli – a political power handbook

✔”The Little Prince” by Antoine de Saint-Exupery

✔Fyodor Dostoevsky – most common theme of writing: enormous contradictions of human nature

✔Lyric poetry – about emotions/feelingsb musical accompaniment; not intended to be sung

✔Ballad – narrative poem; intended to be sung

✔Epistolary – a compilation of works or series of documents or letters with connection; popular in

the 18th Century

✔Picaresque – stories about the adventures of a low-class indivudual (example: Robinhood)

✔Mahabharata – the true epic of India with mythology and religion

✔Gilgamesh – 1st heroic narrative of world literature

✔”Ode to a Grecian Urn” by John Keats – about beauty; “A thing of beauty is a joy forever.”

✔”War and Peace” by Leo Tolstoy – about the Napoleonic invasion of Russia

✔”Kublai Khan” by Coleridge – a collection of dreams stimulated by drugs

✔HAIKU – Japanese poem about transitoriness of life; captures a moment to memorialize

✔Lord Tennyson works:

-Break, break, break

-Crossing the Bar

-In Memoriam

✔Blank verse poetry – no rhyme; with meter

✔Free verse – no rhyme; no meter; a characteristic of Modernism poetry

✔”A Rose is a Rose, is a Rose” by Gertrude Stein – she is one of the “Lost Generation” writers

✔Filipino local color style – Manuel Arguilla’s “How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife”

✔American local color style – Mark Twain’s (Samuel Langhorn Clemens) “Adventures of
Huckleberryfin” and “Life on Mississippi”

✔Marks of Post-Modernism:

-intertextuality

-metafictionality

✔”The Filipino Rebel” by Stevan Javellana – story of a woman torn between love & obedience

✔”A Child of Sorrow” – 1st English Philippine novel

✔”Bamboo in the Wind” by Azucena Grajo Urranza – last desperate effort of Filipinos to be free from
colonization

✔Sucesos Felices – 1st newsletter in the Philippines

ENGLISH AMERICAN LITERATURE

1. Augustine was sent by pope gregory to convert the british to Christianity.

2. The Venerable Bede- a monk, greatest Anglo saxon scholar who wrote the Ecclesiastical
History of th English nation.

3. Geoffrey Chaucer- Canterburry tales

4. Sir Thomas Malory- Le Morte d’ Arthur

5. Everyman- regarded as the best of the morality

6. Francis Bacon- famous essayist

7. John Bunyan- The pilgrims progress

8. John Milton- Paradise Lost

9. John Donne- greatest of the Metaphysical poet

10. Edgar Allan Poe- short story genre and invnted detective fiction

The cask of Amontillado, Mask of the red death, fall of the house of usher, purloined letter, and the
‘’pit and the pendulum.”

11. Harriet Beecher Stowe- Uncle’s tom Cabin

12. Samuel Clemens- Mark Twain

13. What is common among the places mentioned in the poem “GRASS” by Carl Sandburg ?

☆ They used to be war zones.

14. What does Sanburg’s “The Grass” clear suggest?

☆ Deaths in war are often forgotten.

15. What does the poem reveal about the grass?

☆ It can obscure memories of war.

17. In which Jane Austen novel do the following lines appear?

“ it is truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possesion of a good fortune, must be in
want of a wife.”

☆ Pride and prejudice

17. Which novel by Thomas Hardy begins with the hero selling his wife and daughter to a sailor who
is on his way to canada?

☆ The Mayor of Casterbridge

18. In what shakespearean play do the ff. Lines appear?

“What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculties! In form and moving,
how express and admirable!”

☆ Hamlet

19. Who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature?

☆ Toni Morrison
20. What is the title of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly’s ‘tale of horror’?

☆ Frankenstein

21. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Minister’s Black Veil, what does the minster refer to as “an hour come.
. . When all of us shall cast aside our veils”?

☆ Judgement Day

22. In wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, whom does Heathcliff marry ?

☆ Isabella

23. Which of these values does Walden promote?

☆ Self-reliance and nonconformity

24. In “ because I Could not Stop for Death,” Dickinson compares death to –

☆ a patient gentleman

25. Whitman’s “When I heard the Learn’ d Astronomer,’’ shows the science is –

☆ Limited

26. What main point does Macleish make about poetry in “Ars Poetica”?

“ A poem should be palpable and mute

Silent as a globe fruit

☆ Poetry should be concrete or tangible

27. In “From Sinners in the hands of an Angry God,” what will unrepentant singers experience?

☆ God’s wrath

28. What doea the speaker mean in the ff. Lines?

“ Let’s so persevere

That when we live no more, we may live l ever”

From to My Dear and loving husband

By Anne Bradstreet.

☆ Let’s be true to our love, and we will be joined in eternity.

29. Qualities or values does longfellow’s “A Psalm of life” promote?

☆ Optimism

30. What does the story “To Build a Fire” by Jack London strongly suggest about nature?

☆ Nature is a dangerous force that humans should respect.

31. Phoenix Jackson’s journey in “A worn Path” symbolizes.?

☆ The habits of love

32. The persona in the ff. Lines could be characterize as

“ Do not go gentle into that good night,

Old age should burn and rave at close of day;

Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

☆ Strong

33. “ Mending wall” by Robert Frost reveals the nature –

☆ does not respect ownership

34. In which poems did percy Bysshe Shelley blame the critics for John keats’ early death?

☆ “Adonais”

35. What is the artificial language used in George orwell’s 1984.

☆Newspeak

36. What does the speaker celebrate in “ The Soul Selects her own Society”?

“ The soul selects her own society,

Then shuts the door

On her devine majority

Obtrude no more.

☆ Self- imposed isolation

37. Which of the ff. Should be one of the first questions in discussing poetry in the classroom?

☆ what is the occasion or basic situation in the poem

38. What Novel is summarized in the passage below?