WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION

GRADE
SCIENCE 11

QUARTER 1
LEARNING
MODULE WEEK
4

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 1

 MODULE IN
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
QUARTER I – WEEK 4

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

Development Team
Writers: Romel A. Abalos
Estelita B. Lorenzo
Thelma Damaso
Editor: Emily E. Bumanglag
Reviewers: Romeo G. Uganiza
Reginald R. Llacuna
Illustrators: Clifford B. Hernaez
Lay-out Artist: Dean Patrick R. Espiritu
Management Team: Vilma D. Eda, CESO V
Joye D. Madalipay/Domingo L. Laud
Lourdes B. Arucan
Juanito S. Labao
Flenie A. Galicinao

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 2

 What I Need to Know

This module provides you lessons on endogenic processes which contribute to the
changing earth’s landscape. With the discussions and different tasks provided you are
expected to:
Content Standard:
Demonstrate an understanding of the geologic processes that occur within the Earth.
Performance Standard:
Conduct a survey to assess the possible geologic hazards that your community may
experience.
Most Essential Learning Competencies:
1. Describe what happens after the magma is formed (Plutonism and Volcanism).
(S11/12ES-Ic-16)
2. Describe the physical and chemical changes in rocks due to changes in pressure
and temperature (metamorphism). (S11/12ES-Ic-17)
3. Compare and contrast the formation of the different types of igneous rocks.
(S11/12ES-Ic-18)

This module is divided into three (3) lessons namely:

Lesson 1 Volcanism and Plutonism
Lesson 2 Metamorphism
Lesson 3 Types of Igneous Rocks

What I Know

PRETEST

Directions: Multiple Choice: Read each item carefully and choose the correct answer.
Write the letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is NOT an endogenic process?
A. metamorphism
B. erosion
C. inner core
D. tectonic movements of the crust

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 3

2. Which of the following processes in the asthenosphere is responsible for the formation
of the magma?
A. removal of gases B. decreasing pressure
C. increasing temperature D. addition of water

3. Which of the following is formed from the accumulation of low-viscosity lava that
reach the surface through fissures?
A. geysers B. caldera
C. hot springs D. lava plateaus

4. Which of the following is the general term used to describe rocks made from the
cooling and solidifying of molten rock?
A. batholiths B. extrusive rocks
C. igneous Rocks D. magma

5. What is the other name for intrusive igneous rock?

A. molten rock B. plutonic rock
C. pumice D. volcanic rock

6. Which of the following rocks are formed when lava cools and solidifies on the earth’s
surface?
A. batholiths B. plutonic rock
C. sills D. volcanic rock

7. Where would you expect to find the largest crystals in a lava flow?
A. near the top surface of the flow
B. in the center of the flow
C. near the bottom of the flow
D. the crystals would have the same grain size throughout the flow

8. What type of volcanic rock contains a large number of cavities (bubbles) that form
when gases escape from the molten rock?
A. basalt B. granite
C. obsidian D. pumice

9. Which of the following are types of volcanoes?

A. shields, cinder-cone and composite
B. vents, craters and calderas
C. batholiths, stocks, sills, dikes and laccoliths
D. dust, ash, lapilli, volcanic blocks and volcanic bombs

10. What is formed when the top of a volcano collapses?

A. crater B. vent
C. pluton D. caldera

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 4

 Lesson
VOLCANISM AND PLUTONISM
1
Natural hazards (and the resulting disasters) are the result of naturally occurring
processes that have operated throughout Earth’s history. Most hazardous process is also
known as Geologic Processes.

What’s In

Activity 1. Mentos and Cola Eruption

Objective: Learn about a gas-driven eruption through a Mentos-cola demonstration.

Material:
one roll of Mentos
1.5L or 2L bottle of cola or soft drinks

Procedure:
1. Unwrap one roll of Mentos candies. Stack the candies in a rolled-up piece of
paper.
2. Cover one end of the stack with another piece of paper and place it directly on
top of the open 2L of cola or soft drinks.
3. Quickly remove the paper at the bottom of the stack of Mentos to allow the
candies to drop into the bottle. Stand back and watch the eruption as it will
propel liquid out of the bottle.

Note: Take extra precautions in handling the materials for this activity.

Guide Questions:
1. Is the eruption a result of an acid + base reaction, like the vinegar and baking
soda eruption? _________________________________________________
2. What is inside Mentos and cola that reacts with each other which causes the
eruption? _____________________________________________________
3. What can be done in order to make the eruption stronger and higher?
_____________________________________________________________

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 5

 What’s New

Activity 2. Volcano
Objective: To compare volcanic eruptions through a simple activity.

Materials:
Newspaper Empty cola bottle
Vinegar Baking soda
Red food color Wide mouth bottle

Procedure:
1. Prepare a lava-like mixture by adding red food color to 1 cup of vinegar.
2. Place an empty cola bottle on top of the several layers of newspaper.
3. Pour 1 tablespoon of baking soda to the cola bottle.
4. Pour the lava-like mixture to the cola bottle with baking soda.
5. Observe what happen.
6. Perform the same procedure using wide mouth bottle instead of cola bottle.
7. Compare the results.
Guide Questions:
1. Write your observations.
Cola bottle Wide mouth bottle

2. Explain briefly the reaction between vinegar and baking soda.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 6

 3. Cola-Cola bottle and wide mouth bottle represent different shape of
volcano. Does it affect the direction where the eruption travels? Explain.

4. How do scientists forecast volcanic eruption?

What is It

Volcanism
Volcanism is one of the endogenic processes. It is a phenomenon in which materials
are erupted from Earth’s interior onto the surface through volcanoes.
Plutonism
Plutonism is the process by which magma rises through the crust and crystallizes as
an intrusive igneous rock beneath the Earth’s surface.
Volcano is a vent or a series of vents on
the crust. The vent is like a chimney; it is where
magma, ash and gases are released. The
mouth of the vent is referred to as crater. The
large almost circular depression formed either
by the collapse or explosion of the volcano is
caldera. Crater lakes sometimes form in these
calderas.

Figure 1

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 7

TYPES OF VOLCANO
1. Cinder cones
Cinder cones are the simplest type of
volcano. They are built from particles and
blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single
vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown
violently into the air, it breaks into small
fragments that solidify and fall
as cinders around the vent to form a circular or
oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl-
shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise
more than a thousand feet or so above their
surroundings.
Figure 2
https://bit.ly/314chsV
2. Composite volcanoes

Some of the Earth's grandest

mountains are composite volcanoes--
sometimes called stratovolcanoes. They are
typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of
large dimension built of alternating layers of
lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and
bombs and may rise as much as 8,000 feet
above their bases. Most composite
volcanoes have a crater at the summit which
contains a central vent or a clustered group
of vents. Lavas either flow through breaks in
the crater wall or issue from fissures on the
flanks of the cone. Lava, solidified within the
fissures, forms dikes that act as ribs which Figure 3
greatly strengthen the cone. https://bit.ly/2CY3YqB

3. Shield volcanoes
They are built almost entirely of fluid
lava flows. Flow after flow pours out in all
directions from a central summit vent, or
group of vents, building a broad, gently
sloping cone of flat, domical shape, with a
profile much like that of a warrior's shield.
They are built up slowly by the accretion of
thousands of highly fluid lava flows called
basalt lava that spread widely over great
distances, and then cool as thin, gently
dipping sheets. Lavas also commonly erupt
from vents along fractures (rift zones) that
develop on the flanks of the cone. https://bit.ly/3gjoe4b Figure 4

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 8

 4. Volcanic or lava domes- are formed
by relatively small, bulbous masses of lava too
viscous to flow any great distance;
consequently, on extrusion, the lava piles over
and around its vent. A dome grows largely by
expansion from within. As it grows its outer
surface cools and hardens, then shatters,
spilling loose fragments down its sides. Some
domes form craggy knobs or spines over the
volcanic vent, whereas others form short,
steep-sided lava flows known as "coulees."
Figure 5
https://bit.ly/2EDTehx

Lesson Activity 1. My Volcano

Directions: Document your volcano through a drawing of before, during and after its eruption.
The guide questions below will help you document your volcano.
OBJECTIVE:
1. Demonstrate the conditions of volcano before, during and after its eruption; and
2. Answer the guide questions provided below.

MATERIAL:
Colored pencil
Marker
Foot ruler
BEFORE
1. What does your volcano look like?
2. What shape does your volcano have?
3. What is the texture of its surface?
4. Does your volcano look the same from every angle, or does it look different when
you turn it around?

DURING
1. Where is the "lava" coming out from?
2. Where is the lava going?
3. What do you hear as the lava is coming out?
4. Have you seen anything like this before? What does it remind you of?
AFTER
1. What does your volcano look like now?
___________________________________________________________________

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 9

 2. Is your volcano the same shape now that it has erupted? ____________________
3. Does it feel different? In what ways? ____________________________________
4. What made your volcano change? ______________________________________
5. When you use your measurement string, what do you find now? Compare your
volcano before it erupted to your volcano after it erupted. What is different? What
has changed? ______________________________________________________

Lesson
METAMORPHISM
2
Metamorphism
The word "Metamorphism" comes from the Greek: meta = after, morph = form, so
metamorphism means the after form. In geology this refers to the changes in mineral
assemblage and texture that result from subjecting a rock to conditions such pressures,
temperatures, and chemical environments different from those under which the rock originally
formed.

Types of Metamorphism
1. Contact Metamorphism
Contact metamorphism occurs adjacent to igneous intrusions and results from high
temperatures associated with the igneous intrusion.
2. Regional Metamorphism
Regional metamorphism occurs over large areas and generally does not show any
relationship to igneous bodies. Most regional metamorphism is accompanied by
deformation under non-hydrostatic or differential stress conditions. Thus, regional
metamorphism usually results in forming metamorphic rocks that are strongly foliated,
such as slates, schists, and gneisses.

Lesson Activity 1. My Volcano

OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate that pressure can align certain structures within a matrix.  Model
the formation of a metamorphic rock
MATERIAL:
Playdoh
Pasta/spaghetti strand
Dried peanuts

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 10

PROCEDURE:
1. Soften your playdough by squeezing it.
2. Add your elongated “crystals” (either pasta or dried peanuts) and fold and pull the
combined materials apart and together until the “crystals” are mixed thoroughly and
randomly oriented.
3. Place your rock on a surface and apply pressure to the top.
Pressure from one dimension will compress the rock and align the crystals in one
dimension, forming layers
4. Pick up your “rock” and apply pressure from a different direction, squeezing the
playdough into a tube
5. Continue applying pressure from the alternating sides; as the tube grows long, pull it
into two tubes and join them, and repeat
6. After sufficient pressure has been applied from two dimensions, cut the tube lengthwise
with a plastic knife and examine the “crystals.”

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What rock does this model? [metamorphic foliated rock, such as schist.]
____________________________________________________________________
2. In what ways does this model succeed? In what ways does it fail?
____________________________________________________________________

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 11

 Lesson
TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
3
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks (from the Greek word for fire) form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and
solidifies. The melt originates deep within the Earth near active plate boundaries or hot spots,
then rises toward the surface.
Classifications of Igneous Rock

1. Intrusive Igneous Rocks:

Intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rock forms
when magma is trapped deep inside the Earth.
Great globs of molten rock rise toward the surface.
Slow cooling means the individual mineral grains
have a very long time to grow, so they grow to a
relatively large size. Intrusive rocks have a coarse-
grained texture.

Figure 6

2. Extrusive Igneous Rocks:

Extrusive, or volcanic, igneous rock is produced
when magma exits and cools above (or very near)
the Earth's surface. These are the rocks that form at
erupting volcanoes and oozing fissures. Quick
cooling means that mineral crystals don't have much
time to grow, so these rocks have a very fine-grained
or even glassy texture. Hot gas bubbles are often
trapped in the quenched lava, forming a bubbly,
vesicular texture.

Figure 7

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 12

Types of Igneous Rocks Figure 8

The composition of igneous rocks

falls into four main categories. They are
determined by the amount of silica that
the rocks contain. The four categories are
acidic, intermediate, basic,
and ultramafic. Acidic rocks have a high
silica content (65% or more) along with a
relatively high amount of sodium and
potassium. These rocks are composed of
the minerals quartz and
feldspar. Rhyolite and granite are the two https://bit.ly/33eXbU3
most common types of acidic rock.

Intermediate rocks contain between 53% and 65% silica. They also contain potassium
and plagioclase feldspar with a small amount of quartz. Diorite and Andesite are the two most
common types of intermediate rock.

Basic rocks are composed of less than 52% silica and a large amount of plagioclase
feldspar and very rarely quartz. The two most common types of basic rocks are basalts and
gabbros.
Ultrabasic rocks are composed of less than 45% silica and contain no quartz or
feldspar. They are composed mainly of the minerals olivine and pyroxene. The most common
ultrabasic rock is periodite. Periodite is a dark green, coarse-Basic rocks are composed of less
than 52% silica and a large amount of plagioclase feldspar and very rarely quartz. The two
most common types of basic rocks are basalts and gabbros.

Ultrabasic rocks are composed of less than 45% silica and contain no quartz or
feldspar. They are composed mainly of the minerals olivine and pyroxene. The most common
ultrabasic rock is periodite. Periodite is a dark green, coarse-grained igneous rock that many
scientists believe is the main rock of the mantle. Grained igneous rock that many scientists
believe is the main rock of the mantle.

Basalts are dark colored, fine-grained

extrusive rock. The mineral grains are so fine that
they are impossible to distinguish with the naked eye
or even a magnifying glass. They are the most
widespread of all the igneous rocks. Most basalts are
volcanic in origin and were formed by the rapid
cooling and hardening of the lava flows. Some
basalts are intrusive having cooled inside the Earth's
interior.

Figure 9

https://bit.ly/33eXbU3

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 13

 Pumice is a very light colored, frothy
volcanic rock. Pumice is formed from lava that is
full of gas. The lava is ejected and shot through the
air during an eruption. As the lava hurtles through
the air it cools and the gases escape leaving the rock
full of holes.

Pumice is so light that it actually floats on

water. Huge pumice blocks have been seen floating
on the ocean after large eruptions. Some lava blocks
are large enough to carry small animals. Pumice is
ground up and used today in soaps, abrasive
cleansers, and also in polishes. Figure 10

https://bit.ly/33eXbU3

Rhyolite is very closely related to granite.

The difference is rhyolite has much finer crystals.
These crystals are so small that they cannot be
seen by the naked eye. Rhyolite is an extrusive
igneous rock having cooled much more rapidly than
granite giving it a glassy appearance. The minerals
that make up rhyolite are quartz, feldspar, mica, and
hornblende.

Figure 11
https://bit.ly/33eXbU3

Gabbros are dark-colored, coarse-grained

intrusive igneous rocks. They are very similar to
basalts in their mineral composition. They are
composed mostly of the mineral plagioclase
feldspar with smaller amounts of pyroxene and
olivine.

Figure 12
https://bit.ly/33eXbU3

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 14

 Obsidian is a very shiny natural
volcanic glass. When obsidian breaks it fractures
with a distinct conchoidal fracture. Notice in the
photo to the left how it fractures. Obsidian is
produced when lava cools very quickly. The lava
cools so quickly that no crystals can form.
When people make glass they melt silica
rocks like sand and quartz then cool it rapidly by
placing it in water. Obsidian is produced in nature
in a similar way.

Obsidian is usually black or a very dark Figure 13

green, but it can also be found in an almost clear
https://bit.ly/33eXbU3
form.

LESSON ACTIVITY 1: IGNEOUS ROCK

Directions: Write the answers to the following questions in complete sentences on a piece
of paper.

1. In your own words write a definition for magma and lava.

________________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?
________________________________________________________________
3. What are the most common extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?
________________________________________________________________
4. What is the difference between granite and rhyolite and how are they similar?
________________________________________________________________

What’s More

ANATOMY OF A VOLCANO
1. The diagram below shows an erupting volcano, provide the names of the features
indicated using the following terms:

Central vent Gas and dust Magma chamber

Conduit Lava Side vent

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 15

 https://bit.ly/2EymXIw
Figure 8

2. Match up the key words with their correct definition.

Magma A secondary point for the magma.

Chamber

Where the lava and ash cloud comes out

Crust from.

Main vent Volcanic gases which escapes through the

main vent.

Side vents
Outermost layer of the Earth

Lava Where the magma is stored in a volcano

Ash and Gas The main leaving point for the magma
Clouds

Molten rock which is given off when a volcano

Crater erupts

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 16

 What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill-in the blank below to generalize the concepts that you have learned from
this module.
1. __________ is a phenomenon in which materials are erupted from Earth’s interior
onto the surface through volcanoes.
2. __________ is the process by which magma rises through the crust and crystallizes
as an intrusive igneous rock beneath the Earth’s surface.
3. __________ refers to the changes in mineral assemblage and texture that result from
subjecting a rock to conditions such pressures, temperatures, and chemical
environments different from those under which the rock originally formed.
4. There are two types of metamorphism and these are __________ which occurs
adjacent to igneous intrusions and results from high temperatures associated with the
igneous intrusion and __________ occurs over large areas and generally does not
show any relationship to igneous bodies.
5. __________ comes from the Greek word for fire form when hot, molten rock
crystallizes and solidifies. Intrusive igneous or Plutonic rocks and Extrusive igneous
rocks are the types of igneous rock which differ from its period of solidification.

What I Can Do

Activity 1. Brochure/Flyer Making

Design and make a brochure or a flyer using the Printing Press App on the things to
do before, during and after or the safety precautions to be followed before, during and after a
volcanic eruption. Share this brochure/ flyer to your family members, friends and to the whole
community by posting it to your facebook account.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 17

 Assessment

POST TEST

Multiple Choice: Read each item carefully. Answer each item correctly by choosing the
letter of the correct answer from the given choices below each item.
1. The rate of cooling of magma or lava is reflected by the __________ of the rock.
A. color C. minerology
C. density D. texture

2. The temperature (at least a minimum estimate) from which the melt cooled is
reflected by the __________of the rock.
A. color B. minerology
C. density D. texture

3. Which of the following are types of plutons?

A. dust, ash, lapilli, volcanic blocks and volcanic bombs
B. shields, cinder-cones and composite
C. vents, craters and calderas
D. batholiths, stocks, sills, dikes and laccoliths

4. What is another term for composite volcano?

A. crater B. stratovolcano
C. shield volcano D cinder cone

5. Which of the following are types of volcanoes?

A. shields, cinder-cones and composites
B. vents, craters and calderas
C. batholiths, stocks, sills, dikes and laccoliths
D. dust, ash, lapilli, volcanic blocks and volcanic bombs

6. Which type of volcano has broad, gently sloping sides?

A. stratovolcano B. shield volcano
C. composite volcano D. cinder-cone volcano

7. What do you call an intrusive rock body?

A. crater B. viscosity
C. pluton D. Vent

8. Which is formed when the top of a volcano collapses?

A. crater B. vent
C. pluton D. caldera

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 18

9. Which term describes the bowl shape at the top of a volcano?
A. batholith B. crater
C. caldera D. sill

10. The slower a lava flows the __________ its viscosity.

A. faster B. slower
C. lower D. higher

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 19

20 ELS 11/12 Self-Learning Module MELC-Aligned WBLS-OBE
What Is In
Activity 1. Mentos Outputs may vary
and Cola Eruption
What’s New
Fast Food
Activity 2. Outputs may vary
Volcano
What Is It
Activity 1. My Outputs may vary
Volcano
Lesson Outputs may vary Pretest
Activity 1. My
Volcano 1. B
2. C
3. D
Lesson Outputs may vary
4. C
Activity 1:
5. B
Igneous Rock
6. B
7. B
What’s More 8. A
9. A
1.Anatomy of - Central vent
10. A
A Volcano - Central vent
2. Matching - Gas and dust
Posttest
Type - Lava A. Multiple Choice
- Gas and dust
- Side vent
1. D
What I have Learned 2. C
-Earthquakes 3. D
-Lahar 4. B
-Landslide 5. A
-Pacific Ring of Fire
6. D
-Tsunami 7. C
-Sulu and Tawi-Tawi
8. A
9. B
What I Can Do 10. D
Activity 1. -Output may vary
Brochure/Flyer -
Making
Answer Key
References
Bayo-ang,R.B, Coronacion M.L.G., Jorda A. T., Moncada, M.N.M., Restubog,(2016), Earth
and Life Science for Senior High School. Quezon City. Educational Resources
Corporation.

Genuino, RM.G., Refran, JC., Tolentino, PL. M.,(2016), Earth and Life Science. Quezon City.
Vibal Group Inc.

Asuncion, B., Paraiso, R.,( 2018 ), Earth and Life Science. Makati City. Salinlahi Publishing
House, Inc.

MELC for Science

K to 12 Curriculum Guide for Science

OTHER SOURCES:
https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/types.html#:~:text=Types%20of%20Volcanoes-
,Principal%20Types%20of%20Volcanoes,shield%20volcanoes%2C%20and%20lava%20domes.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/plutonism
https://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/workshops/plateTectonics/ModelingMetamorphicRocks.pdf

https://study.com/academy/lesson/metamorphic-rock-activities.html

https://www.easyteacherworksheets.com/pages/pdf/science/answermixed/volcanoes/2.html

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/igneous-rocks-lesson-12

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module ELS 11/12 21

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City

Curriculum Implementation Division (CID)
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900
Contact Number: (077)-771-3678
Email Address: [email protected]

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