Mrpupau; R.

,sk; gpuztd; Page 1

 cs;slf;fk;
1. ,yq;ifapd; rpwe;j Xtpau;fs;
 vk;. rhh;sp];
 Nrhspa]; nkd;b];
 N[hu;[; fPj;
 Nltpl; ngapd;uh;
 jhtb K. Jiurhkp
 ngupajk;gp Rg;gpukzpak;

2. INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy Xtpau;fs;;

 ypadhNlh lhtpd;rp
 ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh
 wghnay; rd;rpNah

3. fk;gisf;fhy fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

 flyhnjdpa tpfhiu
 ,yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu
 vk;gf;f Myak;

4. fz;bf;fhy fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

 jyjh khspif
 nkjty fw;J}z; tpfhiu
 njfy;njhWt u[kfh tpfhiu
 jk;Gs;s Fif tpfhiu

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 2

 5. rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfj;jpd; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

 G+rfh; cUtk
 eld khjpd; tbtk;
 rptg;G kzw; fy;ypdhy; Md kdpj Kz;l cUtk
 rhk;gy; epw kzw; fy;ypy; nra;j Kz;l kdpj cUtk
 jpkpSld; $ba vUJ cUtk;
 gRgjp (rpt) Kj;jpiu

6. vfpg;jpa fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

 ];gpdf; ;];
 negpupw;wp murp
 ];fpiwg;/ vOJtpidQu;/ fzf;fhsu;
 kPlk; thj;Jf;fs
 gwit Ntl;il

7. fpNuf;f rpw;g fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

 tPd]; j nkNyh
 gupjp tl;lk; vwpgtd;
 N`u;kpRk; lNahdPRk
 mjPdh Njtij
 yf;$d;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 3

 ,yq;ifapd; rpwe;j Xtpau;fs; ;

vk;. rhh;sp]; (fp.gp 1880 – 1955)

 ,th; 1880 Mk; Mz;L A+d; khjk; 25 Mk; jpfjp mk;gyhq;nfhilapy; gpwe;jhh;.

 ,th; ghsp rpq;fsk; rk];fpUjk; vDk; nkhopfis frlwf; fw;whh;. nfhOk;G khypfhfe;j
tpj;Nahjag; gpupNtdhtpy; cah; fy;tpiaf; fw;whh;.

 rpWtajpy; Gfo;ngw;w Xtpauhd upr;rl; n\d;wpf;f]; vd;gtUld; Xtpak; gapd;whu;.

 ,th; tiue;j jdpj;Jtkhd Kjy; Xtpak; (Gj;ju; cUtk;) nfhOk;G khypfhfe;j

tpfhiuapy; mike;Js;sJ.

 ,tu; ngsj;j Xtpaq;fis tiue;J N[h;kdpf;F mDg;gp mtw;iw ypNjh mr;R Kiwapy;
mr;rpl;L rpq;fs ngsj;j kf;fSf;F tpepNahfpj;jhh;.

 fp.gp 1923 Mk; Mz;lstpy; ypNjh mr;R Kiwapy fpl;ljl;l 36 Xtpaq;fs; mstpy;
mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lhh;. mtw;Ws; rpy

 rpj;jhh;j;jhpd; gpwg;G
 jhkiu G+tpy; ele;J tUjy;
 fy;tp fw;wy;
 rpj;jhh;j;jhpd; jpUkzk;
 rpj;jhh;j;jUk; gpu[hgjp NfhjkpAk;
 Jwtwk; G+Zjy;
 rPtyp G+Zjy;

 ,tuJ Xtpaq;fs; ngsj;j tpfhiu Xtpak; ypNjh Kiwapy; mr;rplg;gl;l Xtpak; vd

,U tiffis nfhz;Ls;sd.

 ,tuJ Xtpaq;fis INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa fiykugpd; jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;L

tiue;Js;shh;.

 rpj;jpu fiyiag; Nghd;Nw ,th; rpiy nra;tjpYk; ty;ytuhff; fhzg;gl;lhh;. khj;jiw

ntn`wNfdapy; cs;s ghhpa Gj;jh; rpiy ,tuJ jpwikia vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 4

  ,tu; tiue;j Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ngsj;j tpfhiufshtd
 nfhOk;G khypfhfe;j tpfhiu
 fuk;gpl;ba RNghjhuhka
 kj;Jfk ghe;jpa rpwp kq;fyhuhka
 nghj;Jgpl;ba G+[huhka
 vk;. rhh;sp]; Xtpaf; fiyQhpd; Xtpaq;fspw; fiy mk;rq;fs;
 rhpahd xOq;fikg;G
 Jhujhprdj; jd;ik
 Xsp epoy; fhl;ly;
 epwg; gpuNahfk;
 INuhg;gpaf; fiy kugpd; Xj;j jd;ik

 ngsj;j rkaQ;rhh; Xtpaf; fiyf;F ngUk; gzpahw;wpa ,th; 1955 Mk; Mz;L etk;gh;
khjk; 21 Mk; jpfjp ,iwgjkile;jhh;.

rpj;jhu;j;jDk; jhahUk; (ypj;Njh mr;Rg;glk;)

 Nkiyj;Nja/ fPioj;Nja ,aw;ifthj Xtpag;ghzpiaj; jOtp tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

 kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy Xtpaf; fiyQu;fs; tiue;j fd;dp kupahisAk; ,NaR ghyfidAk;

fhl;Lk; kNlhdh Xtpaq;fspy; jhf;fj;ij fhzyhk;

 ,t; Xtpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Milazpfs; fPioj;Nja (,e;jpa kuG) Xtpag;ghzpapd;

jhf;fj;ij fhl;Lf;fpd;wd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 5

  Xtpaj;jpy; gy tu;zq;fisf; nfhz;L Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfs; kpfr; rpwg;ghf
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

 khspif rhsuj;jpd; %yk; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; gpd;dzp J}uf;fhl;rp ,ay;Gfs; nfhz;l

epyj;Njhw;wk; fhl;rpahf fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 rpj;jhu;j;jDk; jhahUk; khspifapDs; jdpikahf ,Uf;Fk; fhl;rpahf

rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jhkiu kyu; kPJ ele;J tUjy; (ypj;Njh mr;Rg;glk;)

 ,t; Xtpaj;jpy; Mok; J}uf;fhl;rp ,ay;Gfs; cs;slf;fp ,aw;ifthj Xtpag;ghzpapy;

rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

 Xtpaj;jpd; Kd;gFjp ,ilg;gFjp gpd;gFjp vd;wthwhf jsj;jpd; kPJ fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfs; ntspg;gLkhW tu;zq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 6

 Nrhspa]; nkd;b]; (fp.gp 1897-1975)

 ,tu; fp.gp 1897 A+d; khjk; 17k; jpfjp rpyhgk; khjk;igf;F mz;ikapy; cs;;s kfhntt
vDk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.

 khtpy Rkd FRkhuhkatpy; tiuag;gl;l vjph;fhyj;jpy; Gj;juhf ,Uf;Fk; Gj;jhpd;

cUtk; vDk; gilg;Ng ,tuJ Kjy; Xtpak; MFk;.

 ,tu; fsdp tpfhiuapy; tiue;j Xtpaq;fistpl fPNo jug;gl;l tpfhiufspYk;

Xtpaq;fis mth; tiue;jhh;.

 wd];fy;y tpfhiu
 fphp cs;s nkj;njnghy tpfhiu
 `guhJht gpl;bJht nfsdpnfhl tpfhiu
 nghydWit = tp[a tpfhiu

 Gjpa fsdp tpfhiuapd; RtNuhtpaq;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;

 Gj;jhpd; tho;f;ifr; rk;gtq;fs;
 tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fs;

 Gj;jhpd; tho;f;ifr; rk;gtq;fs;

 kfhkha Njtp fz;l fdT
 tay; cOjy;
 rpj;jhh;j;jh; fy;tp gapYjy;
 R[hjh ghw;NrhW jhdk; toq;Fjy;
 Gj;juhFjy;
 nrhj;jpg; gpuhkzh; Gy; toq;Fjy;;
 ,iw gjk; miljy;

 tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fs;
 tp[ad; ,yq;iff;F tUif juy;
 mDuhjg;Gu vy;iyiaf; fl;Ljy;
 mYtpfhiuapy; jphpgplfk; Ehyhf ntspaply;
 N`kkhyhTk; ee;j FkhuDk; Gdpj je;jj;ij ,yq;iff;F nfhz;L tUjy;
 rq;fkpj;ij nts;suRf; fpisia ,yq;iff;F nfhz;L tUjy;
 ntyptpl;l = Rzq;fu NjuUf;F fPhj ; ;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddhy; rq;fg;gjtpia
toq;fy;
 Gj;jNfh\ fpkpad; tpRj;jp khh;fa vd;w Ehiy vOJjy;.
 Gj;jhpd; ,yq;if tp[aj;ij fhl;Lk; ehd;F xtpaq;fs;
 kfpaq;fid  fy;ahzq; (fsdp)
 ehfjPgk;  gjyhQ;rdq; (rptndhspghjkiy)

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 7

 N`kkhyhTk; ee;j FkhuDk; Gdpj je;jj;ij ,yq;iff;F nfhz;L tUjy;

 ; ;jp = Nffth;z murdpd; fhyj;jpy; (fp;.gp 301 – 328) ,t; murdplkpUe;J Gdpj
fPhj
je;jj;ijg; ghJfhf;f N`kkhyhTk; ee;j FkhuDk; mij ,yq;iff;F nfhz;L tUk;
fhl;rpia rpj;jpf;fpwJ.

 ,th;fs; gpuhkz Ntlk; G+z;L te;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ

 ,J vy;NyhhpdJk; kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fs;shd cd;djkhd gilg;G vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

 kdq;fth; th;zq;fs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;s nkd;ikahd ,Nuiffs; yaj;Jld; $ba

kdpj cUtq;fNshL xUq;fpizj;J tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

 Xtpaq;fist th;zk; jPl;l ,Ushd kQ;rs; kz;zpwk; fWg;G nts;is epwq;fisg;

gpuNahfpj;Js;shh;. ,jDhlhf th;zNgjj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

 ,aw;ifapd; mG+h;tj;jd;ikiaAk; ,aw;if jd;ikAk; NgZk; tpjj;jpy;

,t;Nthtpaq;fspd; gpd;dzpiaf; fhl;bAs;shh;.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 8

 rq;fkpj;ij nts;suRf; fpisia ,yq;iff;F nfhz;L tUjy;

 mNrhf kd;dDila kfshd rq;fkpj;ij nts;suRf;fpisia ,yq;iff;F nfhz;L

tUk; fhl;rpia ,J fhl;LfpwJ.

 mg;NghJ ,yq;ifia Mz;l Njtek;gpajPrd; [k;GNfhsg;gl;lzj;Jf;F nrd;W ePhpy;

,wq;fp nts;suRf; fpisia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; epfo;T rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; cs;s fg;gypd; tbtj;ij ,Nuiffshy; kpf EZf;fkhff;

fhl;bAs;shh;.

 fly; ePhpd; miritAk; mth; fhl;bapUf;Fk; tpjk; tpaf;fj;jf;fJ.

 gr;ir nts;is fWg;G Nghd;w epwg;gpuNahfk; jdpj;Jtkhd gz;ig vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

 Jhujhprdk; Kg;ghpkhzj; jd;ik yaj;Jf;Nfw;wpUj;jy; caph;g;Gld; fhzg;gly; ghtj;jpd;

ntspg;ghL xOq;fikg;G vd;gd kpfr;rpwe;j tifapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

 nlk;guh Kiwapy; cyh;e;j rhe;jpy; ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

 ,Us; xspj; jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; fpanuh];FNuh (chiaros curo) vDk; th;ze;

jPl;liy xj;j gz;Gfs; ,e;j xtpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLf;fpd;wd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 9

 N[hu;[; fPj;
 ,tu; fp.gp 1901 k; Mz;L 17k; jpfjp fz;b mk;gpl;bahtpy; rpq;fs gwq;fpau; FLkgj;jpy;
gpwe;jhu;.

 fz;b jpupj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapy; Muk;gf; fy;tpiag; gapd;whu;.

 43 FOitr; Nru;e;j ,tu; Nfhjkp tpfhiu Xtpaq;fisAk; tiue;Js;shu;.

 ,tUila Xtpaq;fs; ,e;Jkj nry;thf;if nfhz;ljhfTk; gg;Nyh gpf;fNrh

Xtpaq;fSf;F xj;j jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

 ,tu; Nfhjkp tpfhiuapy; tiue;j Xtpaq;fshtd

 kfh khahNjtpapd; fdT
 rpj;jhu;j;jupd; gpwg;G
 eldfhuu;fspd; Ml;lq;fis fhZjy;
 aNrhjiu jpUkzk;
 ehd;F Kd;dwpFwpfisf; fhZjy;
 khu Aj;jk;

 ,tu; Xtpaq;fs; tiuAk; NghJ Neu;NfhLfs; FWf;Ff;NfhLfs; tisf;NfhLfs;

nfhz;ljhfTk; kdpj clypd; epiwTj; jd;ikia ,Nuiffs; %yk; fhl;bAs;shu;.

 rptg;G, nts;is, kz;zpwk;, kQ;rs,; ePyk, gr;ir vDk; tu;zq;fs;

gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

khu Aj;jk;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 10

  Nfhjkp tpfhiuapy; kpf Kf;fpakhd ,t; XtpakhdJ gg;Nyh gpf;fNrhtpd; fdtbt
thjj; jd;ikia fhl;bapUf;fpwhu;.

 Nfj;jpu fzpj tbtq;fisf; nfhz;L Aj;j gilapdupd; gaq;fukhd Rghtj;ijj;

jpwikahf ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

 gilfisr; rhk;gy; fWg;G Nghd;w ,Ushd tu;zq;fisAk; Gj;jngUkhid kQ;rs;

nky;ypa kz;zpwk; Nghd;w tu;zq;fisAk; gpuNahfpj;Js;shu;.

 ,Nuif jd;ikia NghyNt Kg;gupkhzj;ijf; fhl;l tu;zj;ij gpuNahfpj;Js;shu;.

ehapfh Xtpak;

 vz;nza; tu;z Clfj;jhy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; ePz;l tpopfisAk; mfd;w cjLfisAk; nfhz;ljhf

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 New;wpiaAk; %f;ifAk; fhz;gpf;f jdp Neu;Nfhl;il gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

 ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; ,e;J rka kuGf;F xj;j jd;ikiag; ngw;wpUg;gjhf

tpku;r;rpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 11

 Nltpl; ngapd;uh; (fp.gp 1900 – 1975)

 ,tu; Mq;fpNya ,dj; je;ijf;Fk; rpq;fsj; jhahUf;Fk; 1900 k; Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpy;

my;Nkwh vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. ,tuJ je;ijahh; xU fpwp];jt Nghjfuhthu;.

 ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;W Nwhay; mf;flkpapy; Xtpaf; fiyiaf; fw;Ws;shh;.

 ,tu; 1946 ,y; ru;tNjr rpj;jpu fz;fhl;rp xd;iw elj;jp cau; tpUjpidg; ngw;whu;.

 INuhg;gpa kuG rhh;e;j ,aw;ifthjg; ghzpg; gz;Gfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

 kdpj tbt Xtpakhf tiuAk; nghOJ clypd; moF, yak, mf ,ay;Gfs; vd;gd
rpwg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

 Njrpa Gfo; G+j;j xtpauhd ,th; ,yq;iff; fiyr; rq;fj;jpd; rkfhyf; fiyQh;fSs;
xUtuhthh;.

 Nltpl; ngapd;uJ gilg;Gf;fspd; tplag; nghUl;fs; tUkhW

 gpujpik Xtpak;
 kdpj cUt xOq;fikg;G
 jphpj;Jtj; Njthya RtNuhtpaq;fs;

ntw;wpAld; n[&ryj;jpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jy;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 12

Nltpl; ngapd;uh; Xtpaf; fiyQhpd; gilg;Gf;fSk; Xtpak; xOq;fikg;G ,ay;GfSk;

 capNuhl;lj;ijAk; Nkdp moifAk; ed;F ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; kdpj cUtq;fisr;

rpj;jhpj;jy;.

 kdpj nka;epiyfs; czh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jYk; fhj;jpuj; jd;ikiaf;

nfhz;bUj;jYk;

 Kg;ghpkhz ,ay;Gfs; ntspg;gLkhW gpufhrkhd th;zq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;.

 fpwp];jtf; fUg;nghUl;fisr; rpj;jhpf;Fk; NghJ INuhg;gpa gz;ghLk; epyTUtpy;

,yq;ifg; gpd;dzpAk; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.

 Njrpa fyhgtdj;jp;y; epue;jukhff; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Xtpak; fd;t];Jzp

kPJ vz;nza; th;zj;jpdhy; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 jsj;jpy; cUtq;fisj; ];jhgpj;J Xtpaj;jpd; moFk; JhuNehf;F ,ay;GfSk;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

 Kg;ghpkhz ,ay;GfSld; mjpf ,sQ;rptg;G epwk; rhh;e;j gpufhrkhd tu;zq;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd

 Xtpaj;jpd; gpd;dzpahf n[&ryk; ghiytdj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf ,yq;if cyh;tyaj;ijr;

Nrh;e;j kiyghq;fhd jiug;gpuNjrk; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 13

 ey;y rkhupad;

 ,J fz;b jpUj;Jtj; Njthyaj;jpd; tiuag;gl;Ls;s Xh; XtpakhFk;.

 ,NaR ehjh; Nghjpj;j cz;ikf; fijnahd;wpd; xU mq;fNk ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy;

rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 mjhtJ mbthq;fp fhakile;j xUtUf;F ey;y rkhhpad; cjtp GhpAk; re;jh;g;gNk

,JthFk;.

 cUtk; gpd;dzp ,yq;if gpd;dzpapYk; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahFk;.

 ,yq;if kdpjhpd; cUtq;fs, Milazpfs, R+ow; jd;ik Mfpad ,q;F njl;lj;

njspthff; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; ,ay;GfshFk;.

 INuhg;gpa Xtpaf;fiyf; Nfhl;ghLg; gz;gpy; Moj;ijf; fhl;Ljy; JhuNehf;F Kg;ghpkhz

,ay;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; fhzyhk;.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 14

 Xtpau; jhtb K. Jiurhkp

 Xtpau; jhtb K.Jiurhkp mtu;fs; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; tho;e;jtu;

 njd; ,e;jpa jQ;rht+u; (Thanjavur) Xtpaq;fspd; ghzp Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpAs;shu;

 INuhg;gpa ajhu;j;jthjj;ijAk; (realism) fPioj;Nja Xtpag; ghzp Kiwfspd;

,ay;GfisAk; ,izj;J ,tu; tiue;Js;shu;.

 ey;Y}u; rl;lehju; rptd; Nfhtpypy; tiuag;gl;l nts;isf;if IaUk; tpehafUk;>

nts;isr; Nrty;> myq;fhuq;fs; vd;gd rpwg;ghdit.

 Rz;zhk;Gf; fhiuapd;(G+r;R) kPJ RtNuhtpakhf tiuag;gl;lit.

 ,tuJ Nfhapy;rhu; Xtpaq;fSs; jhtb KUf%u;j;jp Nfhtpypy; cs;s ghw;fhtbf;fhud;>

ts;spia <d;w khd;> trpl;lUk; fhuhk; gRTk;> KUfd; fPog;gpukhz Ntlj;jpy; Njhd;wp
ts;spia ahidaplkpUe;J fhj;jy;> Ntlu;fs; vd;gd rpwg;ghdit

$Tk; nts;is Nrty;

 fk;gPukhd Njhw;wj;Jld; ajhu;j;j ghzpapy; NrtYf;Fupa Fzg;gz;Gfs;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,sq;fgpy epwr;rhay; Xtpankq;Fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

 cyu; rhe;jpd; kPJ Xtpak; tiuAk; El;gKiwapy; ,aw;if tu;zq;fisf; nfhz;L

Xtpak; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,J ,q;fpUe;j KUfd; Xtpaj;jpd; Xu; gFjpahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 15

 nts;isf;if IaUk; tpehafUk;

 rl;lehju; Mya g+rfuhd nts;isf;if IauJk; tpehafuJk; cUtq;fs; Nuiff;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

 tpehafUf;F g+ir nra;tJ Nghy ,t;TUtk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

 fgpy epwr; rhay; nfhz;l tu;zq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 njd; ,e;jpa jQ;rht+u; Xtpaq;fspd; ghzpAk;> INuhg;gpa ajhu;j;jthjg; ghzpAk;

,ize;jjhfTs;sJ.

 tpehafu; cUtk; myq;fupf;fg;gl;l xsp tl;lk; nfhz;lJ.

 jPghuhjidapy; <LgLk; nts;isf;if Iaupid tpehafupYk; rpwpjhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 gpd;dzp jl;ilahf tplg;gl;Ls;sJ

 ,aw;ifahd tu;zq;fisf; nfhz;L> Rz;zhk;Gf; fhiuapd;(G+r;R) kPJ tiuag;gl;L ,J

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 16

 Xtpau; ngupajk;gp Rg;gpukzpak; (1923 – 2006)

 gpwg;G - 21.09.1923 - ,wg;G 15.03.2006 ey;Y}u;> aho;g;ghzk;

 aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tho;e;j kpfg; gpurpj;jp ngw;w Xtpauhthu;.

 jkpo; kf;fspilNa Xtpak; gw;wpa ntFrd (Popular/vjpu;ghu;g;gpd; Xu; tbtkhf ,tuJ

Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

 Nfhapy; Rtu;fspYk;> jpiur;rPiyfspYk; tiue;Js;shu;. mNjNtis gjhijfisAk;

ntl;LUf;fisAk; (Cut out) kpfg; gpukhz;lkhd mstpy; tiue;Js;shu;.

 ,tuJ Nfhtpy; Xtpaq;fs;> jpiur;Nriyfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fshf

 ey;Y}u; - ifyhr gps;isahu; Nfhtpy;
 ,Ztpy; - guuhrNrfu gps;isahu; Nfhtpy;
 RJkiy - mk;kd; Nfhtpy;
 ty;ntl;bj;Jiw - rptd;> mk;kd; Nfhtpy;
 ey;Y}u; - tPukhfhsp mk;kd; Nfhtpy;
 Ntyiz - mk;kd; Nfhtpy;

Mfj;jpaUk; tpehafUk;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 17

  mtuJ rpwe;j Xtpaq;fspy; xd;whf mfj;jpaUk; tpehafUk; (,Ztpy; guuhrNrfug;
gps;isahu; Nfhtpy;) mfj;jpaupd; fkz;lyj;jpidf; fhfkhf te;j tpehafu; jl;bajhy;
fhtpup MW Njhd;Wk; fij %d;W njhlu; fhlr;pfshf rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,J utptu;khtpd; rhaYila khathj cj;jp Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 Rz;zhk;G Rtupd; kPJ jsj; jahupg;Gf;fs; vJTkw;W vdhky; tu;zj;jhy; Xtpak;

jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 J}u juprdk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kg;gupkhzk; epwj;jpd; njhdp NtWghLfSlhf (tone)

fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

 msTg; gupkhzk; ,aw;ifia xj;Js;sJ.

 ftu;r;rpfukhd epwg;ghtid.

 cUtk; tu;zj;njhdp epiyfspD}L fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtjdhy; Neubahff; NfhLfs;

fhzg;gltpy;iy.

 Kd;dzpapy; cs;s cUtq;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;F nghUe;JtjhfTk; mjw;F tYr;

Nru;g;gjhfTk; gpd;dzpapy; epyTUf; fhl;rpfs; (jiuj;Njhw;w) (Land scape)
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

 %d;W gpupTfshf cs;s Xtpaj;jpy; xt;nthU gFjp;Ak; NtWgl;l kdepiyfis

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd

 KjyhtJ gFjpapy; fhfj;jpid Juj;Jk; mfj;jpaUk;> 2Mk; gFjpapy; rpWtdhf khwpa

tpehafiu mfj;jpau; Juj;jpr; nry;fpwhu; mjpy; rpWtd; Nfyp nra;Ak; ghq;fpYk;
mfj;jpau; Nfhgj;jpYk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 %d;whtJ fhl;rpapy; te;jJ tpehafu; vd czu;e;jjhy; mfj;jpau; tpehafiu gzpe;J

topgLk; epiy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fhl;rp xOq;fpD}L mfj;jpaupd; gzpTk; gf;jpg;
gutr epiyAk; nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 18

 Mfj;jpaUk; tpehafUk;

 ahidahf te;j tpehafuhy; Juj;jg;gLk; ts;sp re;epahrpahf te;j KUfdplk;

milf;fyk; ngWjy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 njhdp epiy (tone) NtWghLfs; Clhf Kg;gupkhzKk;> J}ujuprdKk; nfhz;L

tug;gl;Ls;sJ.

 Rtu; kPJ jsj; jahupg;Gf;fs; VJkw;W vdhky; tu;zk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ahidahf te;jJ tpehafu; vd;gJ FwpaPl;L uPjpahff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 epwk; FwpaPl;L mu;j;jj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpfTk; gpufhrkhd epwg; ghtid

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

 NfhLfsw;W xsp epow;gLj;Jif Clhf cUtq;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

 tpehafUk; ahidAk; xU gFjpapYk;> ts;spAk; re;epahrpAk; kWGwj;jpYk; ,Ug;gpDk;

,t;tpU gFjpiaAk; xd;wpizg;gjhf epyTU fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

 ts;spf;F mr;rj;jpid Cl;Lk; tifapy; ahid rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.glj;jpy; jpfpYk;

mr;rKk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 19

 INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy Xtpau;fs; ;

ypadhNlh lhtpd;rp (fp.gp 1452 – 1519)

 ypadhNlh lhtpd;rp kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; cUthd rpwe;j Gfo;ngw;w xtpauhthh;.

 ,th; fp.gp. 1452k; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; 15k; jpfjp ,j;jhypapd; GNshud;]; efuj;jpd;
tpd;rp vDk; rpwpa fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.

 ntuhr;rpNah vDk; Xtpahplk; Xtpak; gapd;W jdJ jpwikfis NkYk; tsh;j;Jf;

nfhz;lhh;.

 Xtpaf;fiy kl;Lky;yhky; rq;fj P k; nghwpapay; fl;ll eph;khzk; Gjpa eph;khzq;fis

mikj;jy; vd;gtw;wpYk; ehl;lk; nfhz;L mtw;wpy; jdJ jpwikfisAk;
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

 ,tuJ Kf;fpa xtpaq;fshtd

 ghiw Nky; fd;dp (Vergin of the rocks)
 ,Wjp ,uhg;Nghrdk; (The last supper)
 nkhdhyprh (Monalisa)

ghiw Nky; fd;dp (vergin of the rocks)

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 20

  fd;dp khpahSf;F mUfpy; ,Ughyfh;fSk; xU NjtJhjDk; kiyf;F Nky; cs;;s xU
fhl;rp ,jid gpujpg;gypf;fpwJ.

 Kf;Nfhz khjphpapd;gb mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 fd;dp khpahspd; Kfj;jpy; fhUz;ak; ghyfh;fspd; nkd;ik vd;gtw;iw Xtpah;

Jy;ypakhf vLj;jpf; fhl;bAs;shh;.

 gpd;dzpapy; jhtuq;fs; gy tbtq;fspy; cs;s kiyfs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 Jhuj;jpy; fhzf;$ba tifapy; G+kpiaAk; rpj;jhpj;Js;shh;. mjhtJ Jhujhprdk; Xsp

epoy; fhl;b tiue;Js;shh;.

 mth; gpuNahfpj;j El;gKiw mtuJ Kjph;r;rpia vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

 fd;dp khpahspdJk; ghyfh;fspdJk; Kfj;jpy; xsp fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,tuJ th;zk; jPl;ly; El;gKiw fpAnu];fpAnuh (chiaros curo) vdg;gLfpwJ.

 ,Ushd th;zq;fs; cgNahfpj;Js;shh;. kz;zpwj;ijg; gy tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

 jw;rkak; ,t;Nthtpak; yz;ld; efhpYs;s Ehjdrhiyapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,Wjp ,uhg;Nghrdk; (The last supper)

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 21

  ,J fp.gp 1500 ,y; ypadhNlh lhtpd;rpapd; kw;WnkhU cd;dj gilg;ghFk;.

 kpyhidr; Nrh;e;j khpah nlyh fpurp nlhkpdpf;fd; Jwtpfspd; ,y;yr; Rthpy;

rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,J nlk;guh Kiwapy; (cyh;e;j rhe;jpd; Nky;) rpj;jpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 kpfTk; czh;TG+htkhf ,J tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. rpj;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpapy; ,NaRehjUk; ,U

Gwj;jpy; 12 rPlu;fSk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sdh;.

 ,NaRehjiu fhl;bf; nfhLj;j A+jh]; vd;gth; Kfj;jpy; Fw;w czh;T ntspg;gLfpwJ.

 fpAnu];fpANuh vDk; xsp - ,Us; th;zf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb kj;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,NaRehjh;

xspg;nghUe;jpahtuhfTk; VidNahh; ,Uz;l th;zq;fshYk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

 gpd;dzpf;F kz;epw rptg;G, ePyk; fye;J cgNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 fgpy th;zj;jpd; ntt;NtW rhay;fisf; nfhz;l ,Us; epwq;fs; Kg;ghpkhz

,ay;GidAk; Jhujhprd ,ay;gpidAk; ntspg;gLj;JkhW gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

nkhdhyprh

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 22

  ,t; Xtpak; gpuhd;]; ehl;by; Yhth; Ehjdrhiyapy; kf;fs; ghh;itf;fhf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 nkhdhyprh Xtpak; nghg;yh; vDk; gyifapy; vz;nza; th;zj;jpdhy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

 gpuhd;];rpnfh [pNahnfhz;lh vDk; tzpfdpd; kidtpapdJ nka;AU (portrait) vd

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,t;Nthtpak; gw;wp NtW fUj;Jf;fSk; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

 ,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; gpd;dzpf;F nkd; ePyk;, gr;ir Nghd;w tu;zq;fSld; Jhujhprdk;,

xspepoy; nrk;ikahf;ff; fhl;bAs;shu;..

 Jhuj;jpy; epyTUf;fhl;rpiaf; fhzf;f$ba;jhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

 Kfk; khh;G iffs; vDk; gFjpfSf;F xsp fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 nkhdhyprhtpd; nkd;ikahd Gd;difAk; vq;fpUe;J ghh;j;jhYk; ghh;itahsidg;

ghh;g;gJ Nghd;w ghh;itAk; ,urpg;gth;fis ,d;Wk; ftUfpd;wd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 23

 ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh (fp.gp 1475 1564)

 ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh fp.gp 1475 ,y; ,j;jhyp ehl;by; GNshud;]; efhpy; fhry; fg;hP];
vDk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.

 mth; Xtpak; rpw;gk; nrJf;FNtiy fl;llf;fiy Mfpatw;wpy; ,ay;ghd jpwidf;

nfhz;bUe;jhh;.

 Muk;gj;jpy; [h;yd;lhNah gh;ly;Nlh Mfpa fiyQh;fsplj;Nj fiy gapd;Ws;shh;.

 jkJ 15 taJ njhlf;fk; Xtpaq;fs; rpw;gq;fs; gilg;gjpy; jpwidf; fhl;bAs;shh;.

 ,th; ryitf; fy;ypy; gilj;j kpfr; rpwe;j rpw;gq;fs;

 gpnal;lh
 Nltpl;
 Nkhr];
 ,wf;Fk; mbik
 fyff;fhu mbik
 11k; [_ypa]; ghg;ghz;lthpd; fy;yiw
 G&f]; md;id khpahs;

 ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh rp];ild; Njthya xtpaq;fisAk; fd;t]; kPJ vz;nza;

th;zj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Gdpj FLk;gk; vDk; Xh; Xtpaj;ij gilj;Jsshh;.

gpnal;lh

 rpYitapy; kuzpj;Jf; fisag;gl;l NaRgpuhdpd; capuw;w cliy md;id khpahs;

kbapy; itj;jpUf;Fk; fhl;rpiaNa ,e;j rpw;gj;Jf;fhd fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;Ls;shh.;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 24

  ,r;rpw;gk; ryit fy;ypdhy;; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

 ,r;rpw;gk; NuhkGhpapy; Gdpj gPw;wh; Njthyaj;jpy; jw;NghJ fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 NaRgpuhdpd; capuw;w clypd; jd;ikAk; md;id khpahs; MilfSk; re;jj;Jf;fika

,ay;ghd tifapy; jj;&gkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 jhiaAk; kfidAk; rk tajpdh;fshf fhl;bAs;sjdhy; ,UthpYk; Njt

Nyhfj;jd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;l Kaw;rp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

 kdpjj;Jtk; njhlh;ghf ghpTzh;T ,e;j rpw;gj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nltpl;

 typik, JzpT, khDl ,uf;fk;, ,sik Mfpa gz;Gfs; ,r;rpw;gj;jpd; %yk; ed;F
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ryitf; fy; Clfj;jpy; KOg; Gilg;Gr; rpw;gkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,r;rpiy 14 mb 3 mq;Fy caukhd eph;thz Mz; cUtkhFk;.

 fpNuf;f – cNuhk rpw;gf;fiyg; ghuk;ghpag;gb kdpj clypd; moF vLg;ghd jd;ik

rhe;jk; Mfpad ,ay;ghfTk; jj;&gkhfTk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 25

 ,Wjpj; jPh;g;G

 cNuhkGhpapy; tj;jpf;fhd; efu rp];iud; Njthyaj;jpd; gypgPlj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s

Rthpy; ,e;j Xtpak; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa gpu];Nfh rpf;Nfh Xtpankdf; fUjg;gLk.

 ,J Vwj;jho 48 x 48 mb msitf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

 ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; gpujhdkhd 3 gFjpfshfg; gphpj;J mtw;iw Rth;f;fk,; kdpjhpd;

cyfk;, kW cyfk; vd FwpaPl;L hPjpapy; rpj;jhpj;Js;shh;.

 fiyQh; jkf;NfAupa ,ay;ghd jj;&gkhd ghzpapd; gz;Gfis cs;slf;fp ,e;j

Xtpaj;ij gilj;Js;shh;.

 kdpj cUtq;fspd; cly; ,ay;GfSk; nraw;gLk; jd;ik ,ay;GfSk; czh;T

ntspg;ghLfSk; ed;F rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 26

 Mjhikg; gilj;jy; (The Ceation of Adam)

 ikf;fy; MQ;rNyhtpdhy;> cNuhkGupapy; rp];iud; Njthyaj;jpy; gpnu];Nfh rpf;Nfh

El;gKiwapy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjhd Xtpaq;fSs; Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;.

 ngUk;ghyhd fpwp];jtf; fiyQu;fshy; rpj;jupf;fg;glhjjhf flTspd; cUtk; ,q;F rhjhuzkhd xU

kdpjdpd; cUtj;ijg; Nghd;W rpj;jupf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; ,jd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk

 typik> JzpT> khDl ,uf;fk;> ,sik Mfpa gz;Gfs; ed;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

 Njtu;fSld; ,Uf;Fk; flTs;> Mjhkpd;ghy; ifia ePl;b mtDf;F capu;

nfhLf;Fk; tpjKk;> Mjhk; flTis Nehf;fpf; ifia ePl;bf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyAk; ,q;F
rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

 flTspd; KJikAk; Mjhkpd; ,sikAk; ed;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

 mtuJ rpw;gq;fspy; nghjpj;Js;s typikAk; cWjpAk; ,e;j Xtpaj;jpYk fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 27

 rp];iud; Njthyak;

Gdpj FLk;gk;

,wf;Fk; mbik rpw;gk; Nkhr]; rpw;gk;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 28

 wghnay; rd;rpNah

 wghnay; rd;rpNah kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j rpwe;j Xtpaf; fiyQuhthh;.

 ,th; 1483k; Mz;L Ch;gpNdh vDk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.

 cr;r kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (Hogh Renaissance) cyfshtpa hPjpapy; Xtpaf;fiyf;F

wghnay; rd;rpNah ngUk; gzpahw;wpdhh; vd;why; kpifahdJ.

VNjd;]; ghlrhiy (School Of Athens)

 Vnjd;]; efu gs;sp vd;Dk; Xtpaj;ij ];nld;]hnlyh rpf;dheRuh vDk; fl;llj;jpy;

tiue;jhh;.

 jj;JtQhdpfshd mhp];nlhly;, gpNsl;Nlh, igjfu]; Nghd;wth;fs; ,q;F

fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.

 jj;Jtk; gw;wp tpthjpf;fk; xU fhl;rp vd mijg; gw;wp Ma;T nra;jp Ma;thsh;fs;

$Wfpd;wdh;.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 29

  XUq;fpizg;ig Nehf;Fk; NghJ vNjd;]; efu gs;spiar; rpj;jhpf;Fk; xtpak; cd;dj
epiyapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

 fz;izf; ftuf; $ba th;zq;fs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 fgpy th;zj;jpd; ntt;NtW jd;ik ,Ushd kQ;rs; tu;zj;jpd; ntt;NtW jd;ik

nts;is th;zq;fspd; cgNahfk; ,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; fhzyhk;.

Gy;ntspapy; kNlhdh (Madonna of the Meadows)

 kNlhdh XtpakhdJ fd;dp kupahisAk; ,NaR ghyfidAk; rpj;jupf;Fk; gilg;GfshFk;

 ,e;j Xtpaq;fs; vz;nza; tu;z Clfj;ijf; nfhz;L fd;t]; Jzpapy;

tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

 Kf;Nfhz khjpupnahd;wpd; kPJ czu;T ntspg;ghl;Lld; cUtq;fs; rpj;jupf;fg;

gl;Ls;sik rpwg;gpay;GfshFk;.

 Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfisf; fhl;LkhW tu;zq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikAk; xsptl;lk;

fhl;lg;glhikAk; rpy ,ay;GfshFk;.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 30

  J}uf;fhl;rp ,ay;GfSldhd jiuj;Njhw;wk; fhl;rpapy; jhtuq;fs; kyu;fisf; nfhz;l
fpuhkpag; gpd;dzpapy; rhjhuzkhd xU ngz; Nghd;W rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 md;id kupahisg; G+upj;j clYlDk; nkd;ikAk; ,uf;fKk; jJk;Gk; Kfj;jlDk;

czu;Tfisf; fhl;Lk; tifapYk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,t;Nthtpak; gpuhd;]; ehl;L Y}tu; mUk;nghUl;fhl;rpafj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kNlhdh nlyh Nrjpah (Madonna Della Sedia)

 ,t;Nthtpak; tl;l tbtj; jsj;jpd; kPJ tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

 md;id kupahSld; mizf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; cs;s ,NaR ghyfidAk; mtu;fisg;

ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Nahd; gg;up]; ghyfidAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

 %d;W cUtq;fSk; mz;ikf; fhl;rpahf xNu jsj;jpy; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 kdpj clypd; NkdpaoFk; Milfspd; tpupthd ,ay;GfSk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 Md;is kupahspd; fUizAk; ,uf;fKk; ghyfu;fspd; nkd;ikahd nry;ykhd tdg;ghd

,ay;GfSk; ajhu;j;jG+u;tkhf rpj;jupf;fg;gl;ls;sd.

 ,t;Nthtpaj;jpd; ,Uz;l tu;zj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 31

 fk;gisf;fhy fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;
3

flyhnjdpa tpfhiu

 flyhnjdpah tpfhiu fk;gisf; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j xU fiyg;gilg;ghFk;.

 fp.gp 1341 - 1351 fhyj;jpy; fk;gisia Ml;rp nra;j 4Mk; GtNdfghF kd;dd;
fhyj;jpy; jk;kfpj;jp NjNuhtpd; mwpTWj;jy;fSf;fika Nrdhjpyq;fhu mikr;rupd;
jiyikapy; rj;ju;kjpyf vDk; flyhnjdpa tpfhiu epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lJ.

 ,jd; fl;ll epu;khzj;jpy; <Lgl;ltu; fNz];tuhr;rhupahu; vDk; njd; ,e;jpa fiyQDk;

mtupd; rPlu;fSk; Mthu;fs

 flyhnjdpa tpfhiu 1Mk; kz;lgk;> mu;j;j kz;lgk;> fu;g;gf;fpufk; vDk; 3 gFjpfisf;

nfhz;lJ.

 tpfhiuapy; Nky; jsk; fUq; fy;yhy; MdJ.

 mjd; $iu jl;ilahdJ. fPo;j; jsj;jpy; eldf;fhuu;> Nksf;fhuu; tupirahfr;

nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> mt;TUtq;fs; capNuhl;lKk; mirTk; ciladthfTs;sd.

 ehY Kf vl;L ntl;Lf; nfhz;l %d;W J}z;fshyhd njhFjpfis nfbNf vdg;gLk

 tl;lr; rpfuf; $iu nfhz;l ,g;ngsj;j tpfhiu njd;dpe;jpa tp[a efu ,e;J fl;llf;
fiyapd; nry;thf;iff; fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 32

  J}z;fspd; mbg;gFjpy; jiyia cau;j;jpa epiyapyhd rpq;f cUtKk; J}z;
cr;rpapy; kw;WnkhU rpq;f cUtKk; J}zpd; jz;Lg; gFjpr; rl;lfq;fspy; up\gj;jpy;
Vwpa kdpjTUTk;> kPd; kPJ Vwpa kdpjTUTk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 ngupa J}Zld; rpwpa J}z;fis ,izg;gjw;fhff; fw;gl;b xd;W gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ

,jd; rpwg;gk;rk; MFk

tp[a cj;gha

 12 mb cauk; nfhz;l mbj;jsj;jpy; mku;e;j epiy Gj;ju; rpiyfs; 4

itf;ffg;gl;Ls;sd.

 ,it fy;ypdhy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lit.

 ,jd; kPJ vl;Lj; jpirfis Nehf;fpapUf;Fk; tz;zk; 8 ahidfspd; cUtq;fs;

nrJf;fy; Kiwapy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 fl;llj;jpd; kj;jpa gFjpapy; 40 mb caukhd J}gp epu;khzpf;fg;gl;L

$iuaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 J}gpiar; Rw;wp ehd;F rpwpa irj;jpaq;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit rpiy kidapd;

$iuapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 33

 Gj;ju; rpiyfs;

 fu;g;gf; fpUfj;jpy; mku;e;j epiyg; Gj;ju; rpiynahd;Wk; epd;w epiyg; Gj;ju; rpiyfs;
ehd;Fk; cs;sd.

 ,r;rpiyfs; fz;bau; fhy rpiyfspd; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

 jpwe;j fz;fs;> miy kbg;Gf; nfhz;l fhtpAil Mfpad %yk; Gj;ju;ngUkhdpd;

Md;kPfg; gz;Gfistpl> Gw ,ay;Gfis ntspf;fhl;Ltjpy; fiyQu; Kaw;rp
nra;Js;shu;.

 tu;ze; jPl;lg;gl;l mku;e;j epiyg; Gj;ju; rpiyapd; gpd;Gwj;Nj mofpa kfu Njhuzk;
cs;sJ.

 tPuhrd epiyapy; mku;e;jpUf;Fk; mku;e;j epiy Gj;ju; rpiyapd; jpahd Kj;jpiuAk;

rpurg;gl;ilAk; mikf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; rpwg;gk;rq;fshFk;.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 34

 ,yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu

 fk;gisf; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l ,yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu gd;`y;fy vDk; fw;gug;gpd;

kPJ mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 4Mk; GtNdfghF kd;dd; fhyj;ijr; (fp.gp.1341 - 1351) Nru;e;jJ. ,J Nrdhjpyq;fhu

mikr;rupd; MNyhridg;gb ,e;jpahitr; Nru;e;j ];ugjpuhau; vDk; fiyQuhy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

 ,f;fl;ll epu;khzj;Jf;fhf nrq;fy;> Rz;zr;rhe;J Mfpad gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

 mf;fhyj;jpy; ,J ehd;F khbfisf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jpUe;jjhf E}y;fspy;

gjpthfpAs;sJ..

 ntspg;Gw Rtupy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ahid cUtq;fSk;> J}z;fSk; tpfhiuf;F

moFNru;f;Fk; mk;rq;fshFk.

 rpiy kidAld; ,ize;j tifapy;> ehd;F jpirfspYk; tpgP\z> cGs;td>(tp\;Z)

fjpu;fhk>(KUfd;) fznjtp(gps;isahu;) MfpNahu;f;fhf epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l Ie;J (5)
Myaq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; nja;tr; rpiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 35

 cGs;td; tpgp]d

fjufk

fzgjp rkd;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 36

 Gj;ju; rpiyfs;

 rpiy kidapy; cs;s mku;e;jpUf;Fk; epiyg;Gj;ju; rpiyapd; fz;fspuz;Lk; jpwe;j

epiyapYk;> fhtpAilapy; kbg;Gf;fs; miy tbtpYk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;
,r;rpiy epkpu;e;j epiyapYk; cs;sJ.

 tPuhrd epiyapy; mku;e;j epiyapy; cs;s ,g;Gj;ju;rpiy jpahd Kj;jpiuia

ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ.

 g+Ntiyg;ghL> nfhb Ntiyg;ghLfs; %yk; myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;s kfuNjhuznkhd;W

rpiyf;Fg; gpd;Gwkhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

Xtpaq;fs;

 fz;bf;fhy Xtpag; ghuk;gupaj;ij xj;j ,yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu Xtpaq;fSf;F ,ilNa

#tprp tptuza> (24 Gj;ju;) nrhnsh];k];jhda> (16 Gdpj ];jyq;fs;) rj;rj;jpa (VO
thuk;) Nghd;w Xtpaq;fs; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.

 NkYk; fPu;j;jp = uh[rpq;f kd;dd;> Nrhdjpyq;fhu mikr;ru; MfpNahupd;cUtq;fSk;

rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 ,q;F fhzg;gLk; ehd;F md;dq;fspd; $l;L gy jpwdha;thsu;fspd; ftdj;ij

<u;e;Js;sJ. mJ tpjhdj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ..

 NkYk; kuG uPjpahd Xtpaq;fSf;F ,ilNa mofpa nfhb myq;fhuq;fs; ngUkstpy;

mike;Js;sd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 37

 #tprp tptuza> (24 Gj;ju;)

ehd;F md;dq;fspd; $l;L

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 38

 vk;gf;f Myak;

 fk;gisf; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l vk;gf;f Myak; fz;b khtl;lj;jpy; cLEtu

kj;jpa gFjp jpf;nfaapy; mike;Js;sJ
 14Mk; E}w;whz;by; Ml;rp nra;j III Mk; tpf;fpukghF kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; njy;kl
%yhr;rhup cl;gl mtuJ rPlu;fshy; ,J epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 ,J Nksthj;jpaf;fhuu; fz;l fdT xd;wpd; gpujpgydhf fjpu;fhkf; flTSf;F
mu;g;gzpf;f epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lnjdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

 thapy; kz;lgk;> ePs;kz;lgk;> fu;g;gf;fpufk; vd;gd vk;gf;f Myaj;jpy; fhzf;$ba

rpwg;G mikg;GfshFk;.

 vk;gf;f Mya kuj;J}z;fspYk; nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfisf; fhzyhk;. vk;gf;f

Njthyaj;jpd; $iuapy; 26 if kuq;fs; xU gyif MzpAld; nghUj;jg;gl;L
epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,J “knlhy; FUght” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,yq;iff; fl;lf; fiyQupd;

iftz;zj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 39

 thapy; kz;lgk;
 10 J}z;fisf; nfhz;lit.
 xt;nthU J}zpYk; rJuq;fs; ehd;F tPjk; cs;sd.
 ,jw;Nfw;g 10 J}z;fspYk; 40 rJuq;fspy; nrJf;fy;fs; cs;sd.

ePs; kz;lgk;
 32 J}z;fisf; nfhz;lit.

 xt;nthU J}zpYk; rJuq;fs; 4 tPjk; cs;sd.

 ,q;Fs;s nrJf;fy;fspd; vz;zpf;if 128 MFk;.

 vk;gf;f Njthyaj;jpd; nrJf;fy;fs; Ntq;if> rpj;jpuNtk;G gyifapy; rpW Gilg;G

Kiwapy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 gpujhdkhd 5 fUg;nghUs;fspd; fPo; ,r;nrJf;fy;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;L s;sd.

 fw;gid tpyq;F cUtq;fs;
 tpyq;F cUtq;fs;
 kdpj tho;ifAld; njhlu;Ggl;l nrJf;fy;fs;
 fiu myq;fhuk; (yP];ju)
 g+f;fs; nfhbfs; myq;fhuk;

 ghuk;gupakhd rpq;fs myq;fhu tbtikg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;ghd fw;gid

tbtikg;Gf;fspy; gy vk;gf;f Mya kur; nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 40

  fiyg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l fw;gidahd gpuhzp kw;Wk; Vida gpuhzp Mf;fq;fs; fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
 Nguz;lg;gl;rp - ,U jiyg;gl;rp - fpd;dug;ngz;
 ahidg; gl;rp (vw;fe;j ypfpdpah) - ehupyjh
 rungj;jpah
 up\g FQ;ruk;

NgUz;lgl;rp fpd;dug; ngz; md;dg;gpd;dy;

uprg FQ;ruk; md;dk; rpq;fk;

 vk;gf;f Mya nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfSs;> rpwg;ghditahff; fUjg;gLgit> rkfhy

r%f tho;f;if epfo;Tfisf; fhl;Lk; nrJf;fy;fshFk;.

 gpd;tUtd mt;thwhdtw;Ws; rpythFk;.

 wghd; ,irg;gtd; - ky;Aj;jk;
 Fjpiu tPud; - eld khJ
 Nghu; tPud; - Foe;ijf;Fg; ghY}l;Lk; jha;.

 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nrJf;fy; gilg;Gf;fNshL> fiu myq;fhu tbtikg;Gf;fhf mUk;G>

fy;gpj;J> Fe;jpupf;fd;> Nghd;w caupa tbtikg;Gf;fSk;> jhtu tbtikg;GfSk;>
jhkiug;g+> g+q;nfhb Nghd;wdTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 41

 jhkiu nrJf;fy; tbtiknghd;W eldkhJ;

Foe;iff;F ghY}l;Lk; jha; ky;Aj;jk;

ntspehl;L Nghu;tPud; RNjr Nghu;tPud; ,wg;ghd; ,irg;Nghd;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 42

 fz;bf;fhy fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs
4
;

jyjh khspif

 ,J ,yq;if tho; ngsj;j kf;fspd; Kf;fpa topghl;blkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. gy

Gduikg;Gf;fSf;F cs;shfpAs;sJ.

 ,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upadhy; (fp.gp 1687 - 1707) fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,q;Fs;s jyjh kz;lgk;> rgh kz;lgk;(kFy; kLt)> vz;Nfhz kz;lgk; (gj;jpupg;G)>

ePuhLk; ,lk;>(cy;ngd;nfa) muru; Xa;T kz;lgk;(jpaj;jpyf;f)> gpujhdpfs; kz;lgk;
vDk; gpupTfs; th];J Kiwg;gb fl;lg;gl;l fl;llq;fs; MFk;.

 ,jpy; vz; Nfhz kz;lgk; (gj;jpupg;G) tpNrl ,lj;ijg; gpbf;fpwJ. ,f;fl;llk;

vz;Nfhz tbtj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 fl;llj;ijr;Rw;wp tisTfs; fhzg;gLtJld; ad;dy;fs;> J}z;fs;> fjpuhjpfs; xOq;F

Kiwapy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 43

  gj;jpupg;Gig mikj;j ngUik NjNte;jpu %yhr;rhupiar; NrUk;.

 jyjh khspifapy; fz;b kuig ehl;ba gy Xtpaq;fspidf; fhzyhk;.

 jhtu ,iy> g+> myq;fhuq;fs;> fw;gid cUtq;fs; ,tw;wpy; fhzf;$ba rpwg;G

mk;rq;fshFk;.

 fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa kpfr; rpwg;ghd re;jputl;lf;fy; jyjh khspifapy;fhzg;gLfpwJ

 Kf;Nfhz mikg;ig cila ,r;re;jpu tl;lf; fy;ypd; kj;jpapy; rw;Wau;e;j jhkiu

kyUk; ,UGwj;jpy; g+q;nfhb myq;fhuq;fSk; cs;sd.

jyjh khspif re;jputl;lfy;

jyjh khspif Xtpaq;fs;

vz;Nfhzk;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 44

 nkjty fw;J}z; tpfhiu

 J}z;fs; kPJ mikf;fg;gl;l tpfhiu vd;gjhy; ,ij “fw;W}z; tpfhiu” vd

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

 fz;bf;F mz;kpj;j nkjty vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.

 ,J 1 mb 8 mq;Fyk; cauk; nfhz;l 34 fw;W}z;fs; kPJ mike;Js;sJ.

 kj;jpa fz;ba ghuk;gupaj;ijr; Nru;e;j kpf EZf;fkhd kpfr; rpwg;ghd Xtpaq;fs;

,t;tpfhiuapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

 ,t;tpfhiuapy; [hjff; fijfs; rj;rj;jpa (VO thuq;fs;) Nghd;w jiyg;Gf;fspy;

fz;izf; ftUk; Xtpaq;fs; rpWgl;bfshf tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 45

 Xtpag;gilg;ghf;fj;jpd; gpujhdkhf rpwg;gpay;Gfs;:

 gf;fg; ghu;it cUtq;fs;.

 rpWgl;bfspw;Fs; Xtpak; fhzg;gLjYk; fijapd; njhlu;r;rpahd jd;ik.
 ,Ugupkhz ,ay;GfSld; jl;ilahd tu;zg; gad;ghL.
 kQ;rs;> gr;ir> rptg;G> fWg;G> nts;is Nghd;w epwq;fspd; gad;ghL.
 nlk;guh gpnu];Nfh El;gKiw.
 cUtq;fisr; #o epiwitf; fhl;Ltjw;Fupa rpwg;ghd EZf;fkhd NfhLfs;
,lg;gl;Ls;sd.
 gpd;dzpahf gOg;G epwk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
 gpd;dzp ntspfis epug;Gtjw;fhf ntt;NtW myq;fhu tbtikg;Gf;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
 xl;Lnkhj;j Xtpaj;jpYk; msTj;jpl;lk;> J}ujuprd tpjpKiwfs; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;glhik.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 46

 njfy;njhWt u[kfh tpfhiu

 njfy;njhWt u[ kfh tpfhiu Fif tpfhiu tifiar; Nru;e;j fz;bau; fhyj;J

Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;ghd Xu; ,lk;.

 fPu;j;jp = uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (fp.gp.1747 - 1782) ,t;tpfhiuiaf; fl;Ltpj;jhd;.

 fiyQu; njtufk;gy rpy;tj;jd ,q;F Xtpaq;fis tiue;jhu;. nfh];tj;Nj rpj;ju

ieNjAk;> ePyfk gl;lnge;jpAk; ,tUf;F cjtpajhf tuyhw;wpw; $wg;gl;lLs;sJ.

 fu;g;gf;fpufj;jpDs; EioAk; thapypd; ,U Gwj;jpYk; cs;s gl;bfspy; nt];]e;ju

[hjff; fijAk;> Rj;jNrhk [hjff; fijAk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

 tpNrlkhf nt];]e;ju [hjf fijapYs;s ahidfs; jhdk; gz;Ztijf; fhl;Lk;

Xtpak; kpfr; rpwg;ghd xU gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

 ahidfspd; ,ay;ghf mirTfSk;> re;jKk; fhzg;gLtNj mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 47

 njfy; njhWt Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;:

 gl;bfspy; (tupir) fijj; njhlu;r;rpahf rpj;jupj;jYk;> gf;fj; Njhw;w

cUtq;fSk;.
 ,Ugupkhz ,ay;GfSld; jl;il tu;zg; gad;ghLk;> gpd;dzpf;fhf ,Uz;l
rptg;G epwg; gad;ghLk;.
 kQ;rs;> gr;ir> rptg;G> fWg;G> nts;is Nghd;w epwq;fspd; gad;ghL.
 nlk;guh gpnu];Nfh El;gKiw.
 cUtq;fisr; #o epiwitf; fhl;Ltjw;Fupa rpwg;ghd EZf;fkhd NfhLfs;
,lg;gl;Ls;sd.
 gpd;dzp ntspfis epug;Gtjw;fhf ntt;NtW myq;fhu tbtikg;Gf;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik
 xl;Lnkhj;j gilg;ghf;fj;jpy;> msTj;jpl;lk;> J}uf;fhl;rp tpjpKiwfs; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;glhik.

 ,t; tpfhiuapd; tpjhdj;jpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s “khw guh[a“ (khwidj; Njhw;fbj;jy;)

XtpakhdJ rpwg;ghd r%f ntspg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l xU gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

 khwidj; Njhw;fbj;jy; Xtpaj;jpy; ifapy; Jtf;F Ve;jpa khwdpd; jug;gpdu;

fhl;lg;gl;bUj;jy; %yk; ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; Xtpak; tiuag;gl;l rkfhy mDgtq;fisAk;>
nghUs;fisAk; rpj;jupg;gjw;fhf fiyQd; vLj;Js;s Kaw;rpia ,dq;fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

nt];]e;ju [hjf fij

khwid Njhw;fbj;jy;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 48

 jk;Gs;s Fif tpfhiu

 fp.gp. Kjyhk; E}w;whz;by; tyfk;gh kd;duhy; (tl;lfhkpdp mga) ,t; tpfhiu

fl;Ltpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,J Ie;J ngUk; fw;Fiffisf; nfhz;lJ. ,t;tpfhiuapy; cd;dj gilg;Gfshd gy

Xtpaq;fSk;> rpiyfSk; fhzg;gLfpwd.
 Njt uh[ Fif
 kfh uh[ Fif
 kfh Gjpa tpfhiu
 gpd;tpfhiu
 ,uz;lhk; Gjpa tpfhiu

 jk;Gs;s tpfhiu Xtpaq;fspd; gz;Gfs; fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;F cupad.

 mDuhjGu fhyj;Jf;Fupait vdf; fUjg;gLk; Xtpaq;fisAk; ,q;F fhzyhk;.

 jk;Gs;s tpfhiu Xtpaq;fis tiue;j ngUik ePyfk; guk;giuiar; rhu;e;j

JwtpfisNa rhUk;.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 49

 jk;Gs;sf; fhy Xtpaq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

 Nghjprj;Jtupd; tho;f;iff; fl;lq;fs;.

 ,Ugj;njl;L tptuzq;fs; (#tprp tptuza)
 [hjff; fijfs;

 Gj;jupd; tho;f;iff; fl;lq;fs;.

 khwidj; Njhw;fbj;jy; (khwkuh[a)
 nghw;fhRfs; gug;gp N[jtdj;ij g+irahf toq;Fjy;.

 tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;.
 tp[ad; tUif
 kfpe;jupd; tUif
 = kfhNghjpf;fpis (nts;suRf; fpis) nfhz;L tUjy;.
 vy;yhsd; - Jl;lifKD Aj;jk;.

Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

 gf;fj;Njhw;w cUtq;fs;.
 ,Ugupkhz ,ay;GfSld; jl;ilahd tu;zg; gad;ghL.
 kQ;rs;> gr;ir> rptg;G> fWg;G> nts;is Nghd;w epwq;fspd; gad;ghL.
 cyu; rhe;jpd; kPJ RtNuhtpaq;fs; tiuAk; gpnu];Nfh rpf;Nfh El;gKiw gad;ghL.
 cUtq;fisr; #o epiwitf; fhl;Ltjw;F rpwg;ghd EZf;fkhd NfhLfs;
,lg;gl;Ls;sd.
 gpd;dzp ntspfis epug;Gtjw;fhf ntt;NtW myq;fhu tbtikg;Gf;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
 xl;Lnkhj;j gilg;ghf;fj;jpy; msTj;jpl;lk;> J}ujuprd tpjpKiwfs; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;glhik.

 khwidj; Njhw;fbj;jy; (khwguh[a) Xtpaj;jpy; Gj;ju; g+kp gupr Kj;jpiu epiyNahL

fhzg;gLfpwhu;.

 ,t;Ntis g+kpj; jha; Gj;ju; epiyia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; vOk; fhl;rp

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU Gwj;Nj khwdpd; Gjy;tpfspd; %tUk; khwdpd; NridAk;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; rpwg;ghdJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 50

 khwid Njhw;fbj;jy; xU gFjp

khwid Njhw;fbj;jy; xU gFjp

Mapuk; Gj;ju; cUtq;fs;

mNdhjg;j Vup (mNdhje;j Fsk;)

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 51

 rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfj;jpd; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs
5
;
 rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfkhdJ nknrhg;nghj;Njkpah, rPdh Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;
jioj;njhq;fpapUe;j cyfpd; kpfg; gioa ehfuPfq;fisnahj;j njhd;ikahd xU
ehfuPfkhFk;.

 rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfk; fp.K 3250 – 2750 ,w;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpiaf; nfhz;ljhf

njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsu; N[hd; khu;]y; Fwpg;gpl;bf;fpwhu;.

 ,e;j ehfuPfk; nkhnfQ;rhjhNuh, `ug;gh vd ehfuPfk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 nkhnfQ;rhjhNuh jw;NghJ ghfp];jhDf;F cupa rpd;jp fp yu;fhdh khtl;lj;jpy;

mike;Js;sJ.

 `ug;gh jw;NghJ ghfp];jhdpy; Nkw;F gQrhg; gpuNjrj;jpy; nkhd;upNfhkwp

khtl;lj;jpy; uht; ejpf; fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ

nkhn`Q;rhjhNuh, `ug;gh ehfuPfj;jpd; fl;blfiyfs;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 52

 G+rfh; cUtk;

 G+rfh; cUtk; nkhfQ;rjhNuh efuj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. clypd; Nkw;gFjp

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 caph;g;ghd xUtiur; rpj;jhpg;gjw;F Kaw;rp vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhzKbfpwJ.

 19 nrd;wp kPw;wh; caukhd ,J nrk;Rz;zhk;gpdhy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

 clypd; xU gf;fj;ij %bAs;s rhy;it ghjpa %ba fz;fs; ghjp topf;fg;gl;l jiy
jpahd epiy Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs; ,t;TUtpidg; G+rfh; cU vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhd
fhuzkhFk;.

 rhy;it %d;W ,jo; nfhz;l kyh; my;yJ ,iy tbt Nfhyj;jpdhy;

myq;fhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

 new;wp kPJ tisaj;Jld; $ba new;wpg;gl;b mike;Js;sJ.

 jj;&gkhd gilg;ghf;fkhf md;wp Nkhbg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU fiyg;gilg;ghf ,J

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 53

 eld khjpd; tbtk;

 `ug;ghtpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fg;ngw;w eld khjpd; cUtr;rpiy gpujhd ,lj;ijg;

ngWfpd;wJ.

 ntz;fy Clfj;jpdhy; eph;khzpf;fg;gl;lJ

 md;W rpe;Jntsp ehfhPfthrpfs; cNyhf thu;g;Gj; njhopy;El;gj; jpwd; ngw;W

,Ue;jjw;F ntz;fyj;jpdhy; eph;khzpf;fg;gl;l eldkhjpd; tbtk; rpwe;j xU rhl;rpahf
mikfpwJ.

 cNyhf thh;g;G Kiwapy; KOg;gilg;ghf Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,jd; cauk; 4 ½

mq;FykhFk;.

 ngz; clypd; espdj; jd;ik rpwg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ghjpa %ba fz;fs; Nfhgk; nfhz;l epiyapy; epd;Wnfhz;L xU ifia ,ilapd;

kPJ itj;J kW if rpwpJ klf;fp fhypd; kPJ itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 nkype;j cly;thFld; eph;khzkhf mikf;fg;gl;l ,g;ngz; cUtr; rpiyahdJ kpFe;j

fiyr; rpwg;GilaJ.

 fOj;jpy; khiy xd;Wk; ,UiffspYk; epiwe;j tisay;fSk; mzpag;gl;Ls;sjhy;

,f;fhyj;jpdhy; Mguzq;fs; mzpe;jikf;Fr; rpwe;j rhd;whFk;.

 ,jpy; Myaj;jpy; eldkhLk; ngz; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

 jw;NghJ GJby;ypapy; cs;s Njrpa njhy;nghUl;rhiyapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 54

 rptg;G kzw; fy;ypdhy; Md kdpj Kz;l cUtk;

 KOg; Gilg;G Mf;fkhf `ug;ghtpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

 kdpj clypd; moif kpf nkd;ikahfTk; El;gkhfTk; fhl;Lk; Kz;l kdpj cUtk;
rpe;Jntsp ehfhPfj;jpd; cah; juj;ij cila xU fiy Mf;fkhFk;.

 ,r;rpw;gj;jpy; jirfspd; ,ay;Gfisr; rpwg;ghf ntspfhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 4’’ mq;Fyk; (10 nrd;wp kPw;wh;) cauj;ij nfhz;l ,r;rpiy rptg;G epwr; Rz;zhk;G
kzw; fy;ypy; eph;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,r;rpw;gj;jpd; %yk; fl;Lkhdkhd Mz; xUtila cly; ,ay;G ntspfhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

 eph;thzkhff; fhzg;gLk; ,t;tbtk; rptDila %yf;fhl;rp eph;khzpg;G vd

fUjg;gLtjw;fhd VNddpy; ,r;rpw;gj;jpw;F ehd;F iffs; ,Ue;jjw;Fhpa rhd;W
fhzg;gLfpd;wikahFk;.

 jiy iffs; fhy;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy. jiyAk; if fhy;fSk; NtWNtW gFjpfshf

nra;ag;gl;L nghUj;jg;gl;L cs;sik njhpfpd;wJ

 ,g;gFjpfis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhfj; Jizfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sijf;

fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 55

 rhk;gy; epw kzw; fy;ypy; nra;j Kz;l kdpj cUtk;

 ,r;rpw;gk; `ug;ghtpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ.

 ,e;j Kz;l kdpj cUtk; rhk;gy; epw kzw; fy;ypdhy; eph;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 10 nrd;wp kPw;wh; cauj;ijf; nfhz;lJ.

 ,lJ fhiy Nkyhfj; Jhf;fpathW eld epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdNt ,J

rptngUkhdpd; eld tbtj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; eluh[h; tbtk; vd;gJ tpku;rfh;fsJ
fUj;jhFk;.

 cNuhk rpw;gq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ,aw;ifahd gz;Gfs; ,e;j Kz;lj;jpy; ntspg;gLfpwJ

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 56

 Kj;jpiufs; (,yl;rpidfs);

 rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfj;jpy; ,Ue;J 2000 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;l

Kj;jpiufs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.

 ,k;Kj;jpiufs; tzpfg; nghUl;fspy; milahsk; (FwpaPLfs;) gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

 ,k;Kj;jpiufs; ePs;rJuk; vz;Nfhzk; rJu tbtikg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

 Kj;jpiufspy; cUtq;fSk; vOj;Jf;fSk; fhzg;gLf;fpd;wd. Mdhy;

,t;ntOj;Jf;fis ,d;Wtiu thrpj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy.

 ,k;Kj;jpiufspd; %yk; rpe;Jntsp ehfuPf kf;fspd; rka ek;gpf;iffs;

ntspfhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

 mtuJ tho;f;ifg; ghq;F, gz;ghl;L ,ay;Gfs;, fiyj;jpwd;fs;, njhopy;El;gj;jpwd;fs;

Nghd;wit gw;wpa jfty;fis jUfpd;wd.

jpkpSld; $ba vUJ cUtk;

 rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfj;jpy; vUJ tbtj;ijf; nfhz;l Kj;jpiufs; 25 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;lit

fpilf;fg;ngw;wd.

 mtw;wpy; fiyak;rj;Jld; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kj;jpiuahdJ jpkpSld; $ba vUJ

Kj;jpiuahFk;.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 57

  rptngUkhdpd; thfdk; ee;jp vDk; fUj;ijNa ,J FwpaPlhff; nfhz;L cs;snjdf;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.

 fOj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kbg;G kbg;ghd RUf;fkhdJ NkYk; moif ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ.

 ,k;Kj;jpiufisj; jtpu jdpf;nfhk;G vUJ, FWq;nfhk;G vUJ tbtf; FwpaPLfisf;

nfhz;l Kj;jpiufSk; ngUkstpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.

 vUJ cUtk; xU gf;fj;ij khj;jpuk; fhl;Lk; tifapy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 typikAk; vLg;ghd jd;ikAk; njspthff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

gRgjp (rpt) Kj;jpiu

 ,k;Kj;jpiu nfhk;Gj; nja;tk; vd ,dq;fhzg;gLfpwJ.

 ,t;TUtpd; jiyapy; ,U nfhk;GfSld; $ba jiyazp xd;Ws;sJ.

 Mrdj;jpy; fPo; khd;fs;, Rw;wptu fhz;lkpUfk;, Gyp, ahid, vUJ tbtq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

 rptngUkhdpd; %yj;ij Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsu; N[hd; khu;]y;

njuptpj;js;shu;.

 rptdpd; xU tbtkhfpa gRgjp (capu;fspd; mjpgjpAk; tptrha mjpgjpAk;) %yk;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 nja;t cUtk; Kd;Gwj;Njhw;wj;jpYk; Vida gpuhzpfspd; cUtq;fs; gf;fj;

Njhw;wj;jpYk; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 58

 rpe;Jntsp ehfhPf fiy epu;khz ,yl;rpidfs;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 59

 vfpg;jpa fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;
6
 iey; ejpf;fiuapy; mikT ngw;wpUe;j gz;ila ehfupfkhfpa vfpg;jpa ehfupfk; fp.K.
3000 - 30 tiuahd fhyj;Jf;FupaJ.

 vfpg;jpa ghuhNth (Pharaoh ) kd;du;fspd; Gfiof; $Wk; khngUk; gpukpl;Lfs;> fl;ll

epu;khzq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs;> epu;khzpf;f %yfhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ ,wg;Gf;Fg; gpd;
tho;f;if vDk; vz;zf;fUtpd; ek;gpf;ifNa MFk;.

 mku;zh> fP]h Mfpa efuq;fis mz;b vfpg;jpa epu;khzq;fs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 60

 vfpg;jpa rpw;gq;fs;

];gpd;f;]; (Spinx)

 fp.K. 2440 fhyg; gFjpf;Fupa ];gpd;f;]; rpw;gk; FG gpukpl;Lf;F Kd;dhy; 66 mb

caukhfTk; 240 mb mfyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 vfpg;jpaf; fiyapy; gy ];gpd;f;]; rpw;gq;fs; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

 ,tw;Ws; khngUk; ];gpd;f]; (Great Sphinx) vDk; rpw;gk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ.

 kdpj KfKk; tpyq;FlYk; (rpk;kk;) nfhz;l ,J vfpg;jpa fiyfspDs; rpwe;j xU rpw;gk;

MFk;.

 ];gpd;f;]; gilg;ghdJ ghuhNth kd;ddpd; typikiaAk;> ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd

vz;zf;fUitAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ vd;gJ tpku;rfu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.

];fpiwg;/ vOJtpidQu;/ fzf;fhsu; (Scribe)

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 61

  vfpg;jpa rpw;gq;fspy; vOj;jhsh; my;yJ ];fpiwg; xU Kf;fpa gz;ila fhyg; Gilg;G
MFk;.

 ,t;thwhd gy ];fpiwg; rpw;gq;fs; vfpg;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd MapDk; gpuhd;];

cs;s Yhth; Ehjdrhiyapy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ];fpiwg; rpw;gk; rpwg;ghdjhFk;.

 Rz;zhk;Gf; fy;ypdhy; eph;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s 2 mb caukhd ,J Kf;Nfhz tbtj;jpy;

fl;likg;igf; nfhz;lJ.

 KOg;Gilg;G Kiwapy; kuj;jpy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gspq;Ff; fy;ypdhy; fw;Fopfs;

epug;gg;gl;Ls;sd.

 th;zk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. fp.K 2600 _ 2350 fhyg; gFjpiar; Nrh;e;jJ.

 rfhuh (Sakkara) gpuNjrj;jpy; xU fy;yiwf;Fs; ,J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,J jkJ v[khd; $Wk; vijNah vOJtjw;Fj; jahuhf ,Ug;gtpd; Njhw;wj;ijf;

Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ.


negpupw;wp murp (Neferiti)

 Vfpg;jpa mkh;zh Afj;ij mjhtJ Gjpa ,uhjhdp fhyj;jpw; gilf;fg;gl;l negphpw;wp

murpapd; cUtk; jw;NghJ Ngh;ypd; mUk;nghUl; fhl;rpafj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,J ngz; clypd; Nkw;gFjpiaf; fhl;Lk; KOg;gilg;G El;gKiwapy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s

rpw;gkhFk;.

 vfpg;jpa fiyg;gilg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk; ghzp rhh;e;j ghhk;ghpaj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;L

,aw;gz;ghd ghzpapd; ,ay;Gfs; ,r;rpw;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

 20 mq;Fy caukhfg; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,r;rpw;gk; Rz;zf;fy; Clfj;jpy; gilf;fg;gl;L

th;ze;jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 62

  vfpg;J guhNth murh;fspy; xUtuhd Gjpa ,uhrjhdpapd; mf;Ndjd; murdpd; murpahff;
fUjg;gLk; negphpw;wpapd; ,r;rpw;gk; fp.K.1375 fhyj;Jf;F chpaJ.

 jiyapy; mzpe;Js;s caukhd kFlKk; fOj;jpy; mzpe;Js;s khiyAk; rpw;gj;Jf;F

mo$l;Lk; tifapy; mike;Js;sNjhL Nguurpapd; typikiaAk; ngUikiaAk; fhl;b
epw;fpd;wd;.

vfpg;jpa Xtpaq;fs;

kPlk; thj;Jf;fs; (Geese Of Miedum)

 fp.K. 2630 fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,e;j Xtpak; vfpg;jpa gz;ila Xtpag;gilg;Gf;fSs;

xd;whFk;.

 kPlk; ,y; k];jhgh tifiar; Nrh;e;j rkhjpf;$lnkhd;wpy; fhzg;gl;l ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd;

xd;wd; gpd; xd;whfr; nry;Yk; MW thj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLf;fpd;wd.

 me;j MW thj;Jf;fSk; Kk;%d;whf ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whfr;

nry;tJ Nghd;W rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 cUtq;fisj; jsj;jpd; kPJ Nru;khdQ; nra;Ak;NghJ Kd;dhYs;s thj;Jf;fspd; jiy

epyj;ij Nehf;fpajhf ,Uf;FkhWk; capNuhl;lkhd jd;ikAilajhfTk; mtw;wpd;
nka;epiyfisg; gb xOq;F Kiwahff; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; fiyQh; Kaw;rp nra;Js;shh;.

 epwe;j;Pl;Lk; NghJ fWg;G nts;is fgpy epwq;fspd; ntt;NtW rhay;fs;

ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 NfhLfs; %yk; EZf;fkhfTk; tpupthfTk; tbtq;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j ,ay;Gfs;

vfpg;jpa kdpj cUt Xtpaq;fs; tiutjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. mjhtJ
epwq;fs; NfhLfs; %yk; ,aw;ifahd ,ay;GfNshL Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfs;
ntspg;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;sikiaf; ,dq;fhzyhk;.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 63

 gwit Ntl;il (Fowling Soene)

 gwit Ntl;il Xtpak; 1580 – 1350 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Gjpa ,uhrjhdp
Afj;ijr; Nru;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

 ,J tu;ze;jPl;lg;gl;l xU XtpakhFk;. ,J jpg]; ,y; neghKd; fy;yiwapy; ,Ue;J

fpilj;jJ.

 vfpg;jpa gpuGthd neghsKd; Xlnkhdlwpy; Vwp iey; ejpapy; jkJ ifapy; cs;s
tisj; jbiag; gad;gLj;jp gwit Ntl;ilahLk; tpjk; ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 mtuJ xU ifapy; Ntl;ilahba %d;W gwitfs; cs;sd. ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy;

fhzg;gLk; ngz; cUtq;fs; mtuJ Gjy;tpAk; kidtpAkhth; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

 igg;gpu]; (papyrus) gw;iwfSf;F ,ilNa gwitfs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sNjhL mjw;F

mUNf cs;s Ntl;ilg;G+id fhy;fshy; ,uz;L gwitfisAk; thapdhy; xU
gwitAk; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; tpjk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 kdpj cUtq;fs; kughh;e;j ghzp uPjpahf gf;fj;Njhw;wkhfTk; gpuhzpfSk; jhtu

,iyfSk; kpf ,ay;ghd tifapYk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 ,J cyh;e;j rhe;jpd; kPJ gpu];Nfh rpf;Nfh Kiwapy; tiuag;gl;l Xu; XtpakhFk;.

 cUtq;fSf;F epwe;jPl;Ltjw;fhf kQ;rs; rptg;G nts;is fWg;G Nghd;w epwq;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sNjhL Xtpaq;fs; ,Ugupkhzj; jd;ikAilad.

 Xtpaj;jpd; gpd;dzpapy; i`nuhf;ypgpf;]; ,jhtJ cUt ml;ruq;fisf; fhzyhk;.

 jw;NghJ ,J ,yz;ldpy; gphpj;jhdpa mUk;nghUl; fhl;rpafj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F

itf;fg;gl;Ls;Sj

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 64

 fpNuf;f rpw;g fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;
7

tPd]; j nkNyh (Venus de melo)

 gpuhd;R ehl;by; Yhth; mUk;nghUl;rpafj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tPd]; jp

nkNyh rpw;gkhdJ fpNuf;fj; njhd;ik Afj;ijr; Nrh;e;j fiyg;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l xU
fiyg;gilg;ghFk;.

 iffspuz;Lk; cile;J NghAs;s ,e;j ryitf; fw;rpw;gk; fp.gp 1820 ,y; nkNyh jPtpy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

 ,lJ ifapy; Ve;jpa fz;zhbapdhy; jdJ clyiog; ghh;fF ; k; xU ngz;

,r;rpw;gj;jpdhy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ fiytpkh;rfh;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.

 ngz;zpd; moFk; ngz; clypd; yypjj;jd;ikAk; rpwg;ghff; fhl;lg;l;Ls;s ,r;rpw;gk;

fpNuf;f rpw;gf;fiyg;gilg;Gf;fSs; cahpa juKila xU gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

 ngz; cUtpd; ,iliar; Rw;wpAs;s Milapd; kbg;Gfs; rupAk; tpjk;

,ay;ghd Kiwapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,r;rpw;gk; md;upnrht; vDk; fiyQuhy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 65

 gupjp tl;lk; vwpgtd; (Discobolus)

 ghpjp tl;lk; rpw;gkhdJ fpNuf;f njhd;ik Afj;ijr; Nrh;e;j fiyg;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l

xU gilg;ghFk;.

 ghpjp tl;lk; vwpa Maj;jkhFk; tpisahl;L tPuh; xUth; ,r;rpw;gj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ,g;gilg;gpy; tpisahl;L tPudpd; nka;epiyapd;gb Mz; clypd; typik tYthd

mirT clypd; rkepiy re;jk; Nghd;wit kpfr;rpwg;ghff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

 Jiee; neaw;ghl;ilf; fhl;Lk; tifapy; tpisahl;L tPudpd; nka;epiy rpwg;ghf

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,r;rpw;gk; ryitf; fy;ypdhy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 fp.K 450 fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ghpjptl;lk; vwpath; rpw;gj;jpd; %yg;gilg;G

ntz;fyj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;bUf;ff;$Lk; vd ek;gg;gLtNjhL mJ rpwg;Gf; fiyQh;
ikud; (Myron) ,dJ gilg;ghFk;

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 66

 N`u;kpRk; lNahdPRk; (Hermes and Dionysus)

 fp.K 330 – 320 fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,r;rpw;gk; fpNuf;f ehl;L xypk;gpahtpypUe;J

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l xU rpwg;ghd KOikg;Gilg;Gr; rpw;gkhFk;.

 fpNuf;f njhd;ik Afj;ijr; Nrh;e;j fiyg;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l ,J gpnuf;rpNly;];

vDk; rpw;gf; fiyQuhy; tbf;fg;gl;l xU gilg;ghFk;.

 ,r;rpw;gk; 7 mb 1 mq;Fy cauKilajhf ryitf; fy;ypdhy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 N`h;kp]; jdJ tyJ fhiy Cd;wp ,lJ fhiy Koq;fhypy; kbj;J itj;jpUg;gNjhL
,lJ ifapy; lNahdPr]; vDk; Foe;ijiaj; Jhf;fp itj;jpUg;gjhf ,r;rpw;gk;
tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 N`h;kp]; ,dJ cUtj;jpy; tyJ if cilj;J NghAs;sNjhL mjd; kpr;rKs;s

gFjpia Nehf;Fifapy; mf;ifia NkNy cah;j;jp itj;jpUf;Fk; epiyNa
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

 mf;ifapy; nfhj;J jpuhl;irg;goq;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lk;.

 Mzpd; clypy; fhzj;jf;f jirfspd; jd;ik Fzg;gz;Gfs; tpfpjhrhuk; Nghd;w

,ay;Gfs; rpwg;ghf ,r;rpw;gj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

 ,lJ ifapy; jhq;fpUf;Fk; Jzp fhuzkhf rpw;gj;jpd; rkdpiy Ngzg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 67

  ,q;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Foe;ij cUtpy; nkd;ik koiyf;Fzk; Nghd;w ,ay;Gfisf;
fhl;Ltjpy; fiyQd; ntw;wpngwtpy;iy vdj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

 ,r;rpw;gk; jw;NghJ fpNuf;f ehl;L xypk;gpahtpy; njhy;nghUl; fhl;rpafj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

mjPdh Njtij (Athena)

 rpw;gk; fp.K. 5k; Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j gPba]; (Phidias) vDk; fiyQdhy;

tbtikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.

 njhd;ik Afj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,r;rpiy Vwj;jho 48 mb caukhdJ.

 Xh; kuj;jpy; nrJf;fg;gl;L jq;fj;jpdhYk; ahid je;jj;jpdhYk; ftrkplg;gl;Ls;s mjPdh

Njtijapd; cUtk; kpfr; rpwg;ghfnjhd;whFk;. ,lJ ifapy; Xh; <l;bia xU
Nflaj;ijAk; jhq;fpAs;sJ.

 tyJ cs;sq;ifapy; ief; (nike) mjhtJ ntw;wp vd;gij FwpaPlhf fhl;Lk;

gz;ila fpNuf;fj; Njtijapd; cU fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

 Nflak; ghjk; jiyf;ftrk; ghjzp Mfpa gz;ila fpNuf;f ehl;L MilazpfSld;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 Nkd;ikahd Milapd; jd;ikia fhl;Ltjhf kbg;Gfis EZf;fkhf

ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; fiyQh; ntw;wp fz;Ls;shh;.

 mjPdh Njtij cUtj;jpd; %yk; typik Nghh; tPuj;Jtk; (epkph;e;j epiy)

ngz;Zf;Fhpa espdk; Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs; ed;F ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.


Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 68

 yf;$d; (Laocoon)

 yf;$d; rpw;gk; n`ydp];hpf; fhyj;ijr; (fp.K.5) Nrh;e;j fiyg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l

xU gilg;ghFk;.

 ,J ryitf; fy;ypdhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU fiyg;gilg;ghFk;.

 ghhpa flw; ghk;nghd;wplkpUe;J jg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf xU je;ijAk; ,uz;L

Gjy;th;fSk; vLf;Fk; Kaw;rp ,r;rpw;gj;jpy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 je;ijAk; KJikiaAk; Gjy;th;fspd; ,sikiaAk; njspthf vLj;Jf;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. tNahjpgj; je;ijapd; ijhpaKk; typikAk; ghk;gplkpUe;J jg;gpj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpAk; rpwg;ghf tbf;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ajhh;j;jg;ghzpf;F mikthf Kfj;jpy; Ntjid mr;rk; jpfpy; tplhKaw;rp Nghd;wit

ed;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

 vl;L mb caukhd ,r;rpw;gk; jw;NghJ cNuhkGhpapy; tj;jpf;fhd; mUk;nghUl;rpafj;jpy;

fhl;rpaj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau; R.,sk; gpuztd; Page 69