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Chapter-1 (Introduction To Biostatistics)

introduction to statistics

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22 views

Chapter-1 (Introduction To Biostatistics)

introduction to statistics

Uploaded by

Atiqa Amjad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biostatistics

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Modern Era

• Modern concept of statistics was


illustrated by Sir R. A. Fisher (1890-
1962),

• J. Neyman (1894-1983),

• E. S. Pearson (1895-1981) and many


others.
Why we use Statistics

• How many males and females are present


here???

• What is the mortality rate of Pakistan

• What is proportion of male to female students who


failed every year in matric

• What is risk to develop the Lung Cancer for those


who are smokers
Statistics

• Statistics is the study of the collection,


organization, analysis, interpretation and
presentation of data.

 “Bio” means life.

“Statistics” Science of facts and figures


Biostatistics

Biostatistics can be defined as the application of the


mathematical tools used in statistics to the fields of biological
sciences and medicine.

or

Biostatistics is the study of statistics as applied to biological


areas. Biological laboratory experiments, medical research
(including clinical research), and health services research all use
statistical methods.
How Statistics Works
Planning

Collection
Implement of data

STATISTICS
Organization
Conclusion

Summarization
Analysis
Types of Statistics

Statistics is a field of study concerned with;

Statistics
Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Graphical Tabular Number

different types of Testing Hypothesis


Types of Statistics LOGO

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics is a branch of statistics devoted to the organization,


summarization and description of data.

Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics is the branch of statistics concerned with using sample
data to make inferences about a population. When proper sampling
techniques are used, this methodology provides a measure of reliability for the
inference. In inferential statistics, predictions are made and conclusions are
drawn for the target population based on the sampled data.
Data

Data are numbers which can be obtained from measurements or


by counting.

Example (measurements):
• A nurse weighs a patient or takes a patient’s temperature, a
measurement, consisting of a number such as 150 pounds or
100 degrees or Fahrenheit, is obtained.

Example (counting):
• A hospital administrator counts the number of patients—
perhaps 20—discharged from the hospital on a given day.
Types of Data

There are Two types of data (or numbers): constants and variables.

1. Constants

• A constant, as its name suggests, is something that does not vary or


change (or that may not be susceptible to variation or change).

• A constant has only one attribute or value.

Example:
• Value of “g”
• Value of “pai”
Types of Data (continue)

2. Variables

• If, as we observe a characteristic, we find that it takes on different values in


different persons, places, or things, we label the characteristic a variable.

• A variable is a quantity that may vary from object to object.

Example:
• Diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, the heights of adult males, the weights
of preschool children, and the ages of patients seen in a dental clinic.
Types of Variable

There are Two types of a variable.

1) Quantitative Variable

1) Qualitative Variable
1-Quantitative Variable

• A quantitative variable has values that are intrinsically


numerical.
• Measurements made on quantitative variables convey
information regarding amount.

Example: We can obtain measurements on;

• The heights of adult males


• The weights of pre-school children
• The ages of patients seen in a clinic
• The number of children in a family
1-Quantitative Variable
Quantitative data can be separated into two subgroups:

 Discrete
Data result when the number of possible values is either a finite
number or a „countable‟ number of possible values

For Example: The number of daily admissions to a general


hospital is a discrete random variable since the number of
admissions each day must be represented by a whole number,
such as 0, 1, 2, or 3. The number of admissions on a given day
cannot be a number such as 1.5, 2.997, or 3.333.
1-Quantitative Variable LOGO

 Continuous

(numerical) data result from infinitely many possible values that correspond to
some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions,
or jumps
Example:

• The various measurements that can be made on individuals such as height,


weight, and skull circumference. No matter how close together the observed
heights of two people, for example, we can, theoretically, find another person
whose height falls somewhere in between.
2-Qualitative Variable

• A qualitative variable has values that are intrinsically non-numerical


(categorical).

• A characteristics, which varies only in quality from one individual to


another individual is called qualitative variable. It is also called as
attributes or categorical variable.

Example:
• Color of a person‟s hair (black, gray, red, . . ., brown)

• Gender of child (male, female)

• Province of residence of a Pakistan citizen (Sindh, Punjab, Khyber


Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan)
2-Qualitative Variable
Qualitative data can be separated into two
subgroups:
 dichotomic
if it takes the form of a word with two
options (gender - male or female)
 Polynomic
if it takes the form of a word with more than
two options (education - primary school,
secondary school and university).
Types of variables
Variables

Qualitative Quantitative

Dichotomic Polynomic Discrete Continuous

Children in family, Amount of income


Gender, marital Brand of Pc, hair
Strokes on a golf tax paid, weight of
status color
hole a student
Sources of Data LOGO

Primary Data (Originally collected data)

Secondary Data (gone some statistical


procedures)

Such as Collection, classification Tabulation and


presentation.
Collection of primary data

Direct Personal Investigation


(High Response rates but costly)
Indirect Personal Investigation
(someone may have problem to answer you
directly)
Collection Through Questionnaires and
electronic methods
Collection Through Enumerators
 Collection Through Local Sources
Collection of secondary data

Officials:
 Publication of Statistical Division
 Ministry of Finance,
 Federal
 Provincial Bureaus of Statistics Population sciences
 Agriculture sciences

Semi-Official
 Research Organizations
 Private Sectors: NGOs
Measurement Scales (continue)

1.The Nominal Scale


characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only. The
data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high)
Examples

 male–female,

 well–sick

 under 65 years of age–65 and over,

 child–adult

 married–not married.
Measurement Scales (continue)

2.The Ordinal Scale


Whenever observations are not only different from category to category but can be
ranked according to some criterion, they are said to be measured on an ordinal
scale.

Example:
• Recovering patients may be characterized as unimproved, improved, and much
improved.

• The intelligence of children may be above average, average, or below average.


Measurement Scales (continue)

3. The Interval Scale


like the ordinal level, with the additional property that the
difference between any two data values is meaningful.
This is quantitative data in which zero show presence.

Example:
• Temperature.
• IQ (intelligence scale).
• No of teeth in new born.
Measurement Scales (continue)

4. The Ratio Scale


Exactly the same as the interval scale except that the zero on
the scale means: does not exist. For example, a weight of
zero doesn’t exist; an age of zero doesn’t exist.
This is quantitative data in which zero shows absence.

Examples:

The measurement of such familiar traits as height, weight,


and length makes use of the ratio scale.
LOGO
Statistics and its Application
Pharmaceutical statistics is the application of statistics to
matters concerning the pharmaceutical industry. This can be
from issues of experiments, to analysis of drug trials, to
issues of commercialization of a medicine.

 Evaluate the activity of a drug; e.g.; effect of caffeine on


attention; compare the analgesic effect of a plant extract
and NSAID.

 To explore whether the changes produced by the drug are


due to the action of drug or by chance.
Statistics and its Application
 To compare the action of two or more different drugs or
different dosages of the same drug are studied using
statistical methods.

 To find an association between disease and risk factors


such as Coronary artery disease and smoking.
Statistics and its Application
 Public health, including epidemiology, health services
research, nutrition, environmental health and healthcare
policy & management.

 Design and analysis of clinical trials in medicine.

 Demographic studies: Age, gender, height, weight, BMI.


Thank You !!!

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