MALAYSIA-JAPAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SEMESTER 2 2022/2023

LONG REPORT: CONTROL LAB

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY III

SMJE 3192
Group 5

MUHAMMAD AIMAN FARID BIN

NAME MOHAMMAD SHUKRI

MATRIC NO A21MJ0046

YEAR/PROGRAM 3/SMJE

SECTION 02

LECTURER’S NAME IR. TS. DR. MOHD AZLAN BIN ABU

DATE 17/6/2024

VENUE LEVEL 6 MJIIT, COMMUNICATION

LAB
INTRODUCTION

Modulation techniques play a crucial role in telecommunications and electronic

communication systems. This integration of theories focuses on three modulation techniques:
amplitude modulation (AM), double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation, and
frequency modulation (FM). Each technique has its unique characteristics and applications,
contributing to efficient signal transmission.

Amplitude modulation (AM) involves varying the amplitude of a carrier wave in

proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of a baseband signal. This modulation technique
allows for the transmission of information by combining a carrier signal with a baseband signal.
The modulator circuit multiplies the baseband signal with the carrier signal, generating a
modulated signal that carries the modulating information. AM modulation is widely used in
telecommunications and is implemented using various circuit configurations.

DSB-SC modulation suppresses the carrier signal during transmission, resulting in power
savings and improved bandwidth utilization. Only the sidebands carry the information, and the
carrier itself is not transmitted. Balanced modulators, utilizing non-linear resistance elements, are
used to achieve carrier suppression. DSB-SC modulation finds applications in binary data
transmission and stereo signals in television and FM broadcasting.

Frequency modulation (FM) involves varying the frequency of a carrier wave in

proportion to the transmitted information. FM modulation is widely used in radio broadcasting
due to its ability to provide high-quality audio transmission. The frequency of the carrier wave is
modified based on the amplitude of the incoming audio signal. FM modulation is implemented
using frequency modulators such as Varactor Diode Oscillators and Phase Locked Loops (PLL).
FM demodulation, or frequency demodulation, is the process of extracting the original
modulation from the carrier to recover the information signal.

In summary, these modulation techniques offer distinct advantages and applications in

telecommunications and electronic communication systems. AM modulation allows for the
transmission of information by varying the amplitude of a carrier wave. DSB-SC modulation
suppresses the carrier signal, leading to power savings and improved bandwidth utilization. FM
modulation varies the frequency of a carrier wave to transmit information. Understanding these
modulation techniques and their demodulation processes is crucial for efficient and reliable
signal transmission.
LIST OF EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE USED

NAME TYPE SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

Matlab Software
LAB 1: MC1496 AM MODULATOR

1.0 OBJECTIVE
● To understand the fundamental principles of amplitude modulation (AM).
● To analyze the waveform and frequency spectrum of an AM modulator.
● To examine the relationship between the waveform and the modulation index.

2.0 PROCEDURE

1. The Amplitude Modulator script given was executed in Matlab.

2. Input variables required by the program include the Amplitude of the Audio Signal (Vm),
Frequency of the Audio Signal (fm), Amplitude of the Carrier Signal (Vc), and
Frequency of the Carrier Signal (fc).
3. 600mV amplitude and 1kHz sine wave frequency is set at the audio signal input port
(Audio I/P).
4. 300mV amplitude and 500kHz sine wave frequency is set at the carrier signal input port
(Carrier I/P).
5. Both audio signal outputs were observed and a graphical wave is shown.
6. The changes of variables affecting the output signal of the modulator have been
discussed.
3.0 DATA COLLECTION

Coding

%AM Modulator
% Observe on the Variation of AM Modulator by Changing the Amplitude and
% Frequency of Audio Signal/Carrier Signal
%t=0:.000001:.005;
fs=220050;%sampling frequency
Ts=1/fs;%sampling period
N=1000;%number of samples
t=[0:Ts:N*Ts-Ts];%time axis
f=[-fs/2:fs/N:fs/2-fs/N];%frequency axis
Am=input('Enter the Amplitude of Message Signal = ');
fm=input('Enter the Frequency of Message Signal = ');
Ac=input('Enter the Amplitude of Carrier Signal = ');
fc=input('Enter the Frequency of Carrier Signal = ');
mt=Am*cos(2*pi*fm.*t)
ct=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc.*t);
st=(1+mt).*ct;
figure('Name','Time domain representations of FULL AM signals');
title('AM Modulation of Multitone sinusoidal Signal');
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,mt)
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Message signal');
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,ct)
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Carrier Signal');
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t,st,t,Ac.*(1+mt),'r')
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Modulated signal');
Y=fft(st);
Z=fftshift(abs(Y))
subplot(4,1,4)
plot(f,Z)
xlabel('Frequency'); ylabel('Frequency Spectrum');
sprintf('Carrier frequency: %d Hz',fc)
sprintf('Message frequency: %d Hz and %d Hz',fm)
sprintf('USB spectra at: %d Hz and %d Hz',fc+fm)
sprintf('LSB spectra at: %d Hz and %d Hz',fc-fm)
Result

Figure 1
 4.0 DISCUSSION

In this experiment, we explored the principles and practical implementation of amplitude

modulation (AM) using the MC1496 AM Modulator. MATLAB was employed to simulate and
visualize the waveforms, providing a comprehensive understanding of the modulation process.

Initially, the function generator was configured to produce two sine waves: Channel A
with a 600 mV amplitude at 1 kHz and Channel B with a 300 mV amplitude at 500 kHz. These
signals served as the audio signal and carrier signal, respectively. Using MATLAB, we simulated
these waveforms to ensure the correct configuration of the input signals.

By connecting Channel A to the audio signal input port and Channel B to the carrier
signal input port of the MC1496 AM Modulator, and then linking the output to MATLAB, we
were able to observe the modulated signal. The modulation process was clearly evidenced by the
changes in the amplitude of the carrier wave, reflecting the input audio signal, as visualized in
the MATLAB plots.

The MATLAB code provided allowed us to input the amplitude and frequency of the
message and carrier signals, and then plot their respective waveforms. The modulated signal was
generated by multiplying the carrier signal with the sum of 1 and the message signal. The
time-domain representations of the message signal, carrier signal, and modulated signal were
plotted, showing the clear influence of the message signal on the carrier wave.

Furthermore, the frequency spectrum of the modulated signal was analyzed using the Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT). The FFT results, displayed using the fftshift function, provided a clear
view of the frequency components of the modulated signal, showing the presence of the upper
sideband (USB) and lower sideband (LSB) around the carrier frequency. This frequency-domain
analysis is crucial for understanding how the information is distributed across the spectrum in an
AM signal.

Adjustments to VR1 and VR2 in the MATLAB model demonstrated their impact on the
output signal waveforms. These variables allowed fine-tuning of the modulation characteristics,
illustrating the flexibility and control provided by the MC1496 AM Modulator. Observing the
simulated waveforms, we noted the clarity and stability of the modulated signals, affirming the
reliability of the MC1496 in practical applications.
5.0 CONCLUSION

In this experiment, we explored the principles and practical implementation of amplitude

modulation (AM) using the MC1496 AM Modulator. MATLAB was employed to simulate and
visualize the waveforms, providing a comprehensive understanding of the modulation process.

Initially, the function generator was configured to produce two sine waves: Channel A
with a 600 mV amplitude at 1 kHz and Channel B with a 300 mV amplitude at 500 kHz. These
signals served as the audio signal and carrier signal, respectively. Using MATLAB, we simulated
these waveforms to ensure the correct configuration of the input signals.

By connecting Channel A to the audio signal input port and Channel B to the carrier
signal input port of the MC1496 AM Modulator, and then linking the output to MATLAB, we
were able to observe the modulated signal. The modulation process was clearly evidenced by the
changes in the amplitude of the carrier wave, reflecting the input audio signal, as visualized in
the MATLAB plots.

The MATLAB code provided allowed us to input the amplitude and frequency of the
message and carrier signals, and then plot their respective waveforms. The modulated signal was
generated by multiplying the carrier signal with the sum of 1 and the message signal. The
time-domain representations of the message signal, carrier signal, and modulated signal were
plotted, showing the clear influence of the message signal on the carrier wave.

Furthermore, the frequency spectrum of the modulated signal was analyzed using the Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT). The FFT results, displayed using the fft shift function, provided a clear
view of the frequency components of the modulated signal, showing the presence of the upper
sideband (USB) and lower sideband (LSB) around the carrier frequency. This frequency-domain
analysis is crucial for understanding how the information is distributed across the spectrum in an
AM signal.
LAB 2: Analyzing DSB-SC and SSB Modulator

1.0 OBJECTIVE

● To evaluate the DSB-SC and SSB modulator.

● To observe the waveform and frequency spectrum from modulators.

2.0 PROCEDURE

1. The DSB-SC Modulator script given was executed in Matlab.

2. Input variables required by the program include the Amplitude of the Audio Signal (Vm),
Frequency of the Audio Signal (fm), Amplitude of the Carrier Signal (Vc), and
Frequency of the Carrier Signal (fc).
3. 300mV amplitude and 1kHz sine wave frequency is set at the audio signal input port
(Audio I/P).
4. 300mV amplitude and 200kHz sine wave frequency is set at the carrier signal input port
(Carrier I/P).
5. Both audio signal outputs were observed and a graphical wave is shown.
6. The changes of variables affecting the output signal of the modulator have been
discussed.
3.0 DATA COLLECTION

Coding

Figure 2

Figure 3
 Figure 4

Result

Figure 5

Figure 6
4.0 DISCUSSION

In analyzing the output signals of modulators such as the Double Sideband Suppressed
Carrier (DSB-SC) and Single Sideband (SSB) modulators, various input parameters play
significant roles. The amplitude and frequency of both the message (audio) and carrier signals
are critical variables that influence the characteristics of the modulated signal.

For DSB-SC modulation, increasing the amplitude of the message signal enhances the
modulation depth, leading to a proportional increase in the amplitude of the sidebands, which
directly affects the power distribution in the modulated signal. Conversely, adjusting the carrier
signal's amplitude impacts the overall energy of the output signal without changing the
modulation depth, given the carrier itself is suppressed in DSB-SC.

When examining the frequency aspects, variations in the carrier frequency shift the
position of the sidebands in the frequency domain without altering their amplitude. This shift is
essential for tuning the modulated signal to a specific frequency band for transmission. Changes
in the message signal frequency, however, alter the spacing between the sidebands, impacting
how closely they are spaced around the suppressed carrier frequency.

In contrast, for SSB modulation, which transmits only one sideband, changes in the
message and carrier signals also affect the output but in a more bandwidth-efficient manner. The
suppression of the other sideband and the carrier results in a signal that occupies half the
bandwidth of its DSB-SC counterpart. Adjustments to the message signal's amplitude in SSB
influence the sideband's amplitude directly, while changes to the carrier frequency shift the entire
signal's frequency without affecting the modulated content's bandwidth.

Graphical representations generated through MATLAB for these modulations highlight

these effects. For DSB-SC, the time-domain plots illustrate the symmetrical nature of the
sidebands around the suppressed carrier, while the frequency-domain plots show the sidebands
symmetrically placed around the carrier frequency. In SSB modulation, time-domain plots depict
a signal with a single dominant sideband, and frequency-domain plots confirm the presence of
only one sideband, thus demonstrating its superior bandwidth efficiency. These observations
underscore the importance of understanding and manipulating the variables involved to optimize
the modulation process for efficient communication systems.

5.0 CONCLUSION

In this experiment, we effectively executed and analyzed both Double Sideband Suppressed
Carrier (DSB-SC) and Single Sideband (SSB) modulators using MATLAB. The MATLAB
scripts for both modulation techniques were successfully implemented and run.

For DSB-SC modulation, the resulting modulated signal featured two sidebands that were
mirror images of each other, with the carrier signal being suppressed. This setup led to more
efficient power usage compared to standard Amplitude Modulation (AM), as the carrier
component, which does not carry information, was absent.

In contrast, SSB modulation was achieved using the phase shift method, which resulted
in only one sideband being transmitted while both the carrier and the other sideband were
suppressed. This approach significantly improved bandwidth efficiency since SSB requires only
half the bandwidth of DSB-SC.

The time-domain waveforms of both modulated signals were plotted and analyzed. The
DSB-SC signal displayed the expected characteristics of having two symmetrical sidebands
without the carrier, whereas the SSB signal showed a single sideband with the carrier and the
other sideband suppressed. Frequency spectrum analysis provided further insights into the
modulation characteristics. The DSB-SC spectrum exhibited both upper and lower sidebands
around the carrier frequency, while the SSB spectrum showed only one sideband, confirming the
theoretical bandwidth efficiency advantage of SSB.

By varying the amplitude and frequency of the audio and carrier signals, we observed the
impact of these parameters on the modulated signals. Changes in the message signal's amplitude
affected the modulation depth and overall amplitude of the modulated signal, while changes in
the carrier frequency shifted the modulated signal within the frequency domain.

Overall, this experiment demonstrated MATLAB's effectiveness as a tool for simulating

and analyzing modulation techniques. Understanding the principles and differences between
DSB-SC and SSB modulation has provided us with valuable insights into designing efficient
communication systems, particularly for applications where bandwidth and power efficiency are
crucial.
LAB 3: Synthesizing Signals with FM Modulator

1.0 OBJECTIVE

● To design and implement the Frequency Modulator.

● To synthesize the FM demodulator.
● To analyze the waveform and frequency spectrum from modulators.

2.0 PROCEDURE

1. A Matlab code has been created to synthesize the FM modulator.

2. Each variable input has been set to a respective value and the code has been run.
3. The waveforms and frequency spectrum are shown and observed.
4. Step 1-3 are repeated to synthesize the FM demodulator.
5. The change of variables affecting the output signal of modulator and demodulator are
discussed.
3.0 DATA COLLECTION

Coding

Figure 7

Figure 8
 Figure 9

Result

Figure 10: Frequency signal of the FM modulator.

FIgure 11: Modulated signal, frequency spectrum and demodulated signal of FM.

Figure 12: Frequency spectrum of FM demodulated signals.

4.0 DISCUSSION

The variations in key parameters significantly impact the performance and behavior of an
FM modulator and demodulator. These critical variables include the carrier frequency (Fc),
frequency sensitivity (kf), input signal amplitude (Ain), and input signal frequency (Fin).

The carrier frequency (Fc) establishes the central frequency around which the modulated
signal oscillates. An increase in Fc shifts the frequency spectrum of the modulated signal to
higher ranges, enhancing signal quality by minimizing noise interference. For effective signal
extraction, the demodulator must be precisely tuned to the same Fc; any discrepancies can cause
signal distortion or complete loss.

Frequency sensitivity (kf) controls the degree of frequency deviation in response to

changes in the input signal's amplitude. A higher kf results in greater frequency deviation and a
wider bandwidth for the modulated signal, which improves the signal-to-noise ratio but also
demands more bandwidth. The demodulator must be capable of accommodating this increased
deviation; if kf is too high, the demodulator might not accurately follow the frequency variations,
leading to distortion.

The amplitude of the input signal (Ain) determines the extent of frequency modulation
applied to the carrier signal. An increase in Ain causes more significant frequency deviation,
which enhances noise immunity but also broadens the signal's bandwidth. The demodulator must
accurately interpret these deviations; excessive input amplitude can exceed its tracking
capabilities, resulting in errors.

The input signal frequency (Fin) influences the rate at which the carrier frequency varies.
Higher Fin results in more rapid frequency variations, affecting the shape and spread of the
modulated signal's frequency spectrum. The demodulator needs to track these rapid changes; if
Fin is too high, the output may exhibit inaccuracies.

In the provided MATLAB code, a carrier frequency of 20 kHz (Fc) ensures the
modulated signal stays in a high-frequency range, reducing susceptibility to low-frequency noise.
The frequency sensitivity (kf = 2π * (Fc / Ain)) ensures proportional frequency deviation relative
to the input amplitude, optimizing the modulation index. A moderate input amplitude (Ain = 0.3)
achieves sufficient frequency deviation without overwhelming the demodulator, and a relatively
low input frequency (Fin = 1 kHz) allows the demodulator to effectively track changes without
significant distortion.

The results of the report, including the waveforms and frequency spectra of both
modulated and demodulated signals, demonstrate the influence of these variables on signal
characteristics. The time-domain plot of the FM modulated signal should illustrate a carrier
signal with variable frequency, while the frequency spectrum should exhibit sidebands around
the carrier frequency. The demodulated signal should closely resemble the original input signal
in the time domain, with its frequency spectrum showing a peak at the input signal frequency.

5.0 CONCLUSION

The performance of FM modulators and demodulators is significantly influenced by

variables such as carrier frequency (Fc), frequency sensitivity (kf), input signal amplitude (Ain),
and input signal frequency (Fin). Adjusting the carrier frequency shifts the modulated signal's
spectrum, impacting noise immunity. Frequency sensitivity controls the frequency deviation,
affecting bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. Input signal amplitude influences the extent of
modulation, with higher amplitudes increasing frequency deviation and bandwidth. The input
signal frequency dictates the rate of carrier frequency variation, affecting the demodulator's
tracking ability.

In the provided MATLAB code, specific values for these parameters ensure effective
modulation and demodulation. The carrier frequency is set high to minimize noise, frequency
sensitivity is optimized for proportional deviation, and moderate input amplitude and frequency
ensure accurate demodulation. Analyzing waveforms and frequency spectra from the
experiments illustrates the impact of these variables, emphasizing their critical role in designing
robust communication systems for efficient and accurate signal transmission and reception.
LAB 4: Investigating Pulse Width Modulator using MATLAB-SIMULINK

1.0 OBJECTIVE

● To design and implement the Pulse Width Modulator;

● To analyse the waveform and frequency spectrum from modulators.

2.0 PROCEDURE

1. A Matlab code has been created.

2. Matlab that was created above was synthesized to the Pulse Width Modulator.
3. Each variable input was set to a respective value .
4. The code has been run in the Matlab software.
5. The waveforms and frequency spectrum are displayed and observed.
6. The waveforms and frequency spectrum are analyzed using MATLAB Simulink.
7. The impact of variable changes on the output signal of the modulator and demodulator is
discussed.
3.0 DATA COLLECTION

Coding

Figure 13
Result

Figure 14
4.0 DISCUSSION

In this experiment, we investigated the synthesis and analysis of a Pulse Width Modulator
(PWM) using MATLAB and Simulink. The primary objective was to comprehend the effects of
varying input parameters on the PWM output and its frequency spectrum. PWM signals were
generated through MATLAB code, and their waveforms and frequency spectra were analyzed in
Simulink.

The generated PWM waveforms exhibited characteristic patterns where the pulse width
changed according to the duty cycle. An increase in the duty cycle resulted in wider pulses,
thereby increasing the average power delivered to the load, whereas a decrease in the duty cycle
produced narrower pulses, reducing the power. Frequency spectrum analysis indicated that the
PWM signal comprised a fundamental frequency and multiple harmonics, with their amplitudes
varying as the duty cycle changed. This observation is particularly important for applications that
require specific harmonic profiles or minimal harmonic distortion.

By systematically varying key variables such as duty cycle and frequency, it was
observed that an increased duty cycle led to a higher average voltage of the PWM signal, as the
signal remained high for a longer duration within each period. Altering the frequency influenced
the spacing and amplitude of the harmonics in the frequency spectrum, with higher frequencies
leading to a denser spectrum. Adjusting the pulse width provided precise control over power
delivery, which is beneficial in applications like motor control and signal processing.

The use of MATLAB for coding and Simulink for simulation proved to be highly
effective. MATLAB's computational capabilities enabled precise signal generation and
manipulation, while Simulink's graphical interface facilitated intuitive analysis of the system's
dynamic behavior. This combination allowed for real-time observation of changes and their
immediate effects, which is invaluable for educational and developmental purposes.

Overall, this experiment successfully demonstrated the fundamental principles of PWM

and highlighted the utility of MATLAB and Simulink in the analysis of electronic systems. The
insights gained from this experiment provide a robust foundation for further exploration and
application of PWM in various electronic and communication systems.
5.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this experiment effectively demonstrated the synthesis and analysis of a

Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) utilizing MATLAB and Simulink. By systematically varying
input parameters, we observed the effects of changes in duty cycle and frequency on the PWM
output and its frequency spectrum. It was found that the duty cycle directly influences the
average power delivered by the PWM signal, with higher duty cycles resulting in increased
power delivery. Adjustments to the frequency impacted the harmonic content of the signal,
emphasizing the significance of frequency control in applications that require specific spectral
characteristics. The combination of MATLAB for signal generation and Simulink for dynamic
analysis proved to be a highly effective approach, offering precise control and a clear
understanding of PWM behavior. These findings highlight the versatility and efficiency of PWM
in managing power delivery in electronic systems, providing a solid foundation for further
research and practical applications in various fields of electronics and communications.