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Chapter 9 - A Little Categorical Logic

Chapter 9

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163 views

Chapter 9 - A Little Categorical Logic

Chapter 9

Uploaded by

nguyenkhoi200455
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 9 – A Little Categorical Logic

I – Categorical Statements

II – Translating into Standard Categorical Form


1. Parts of Categorical Statements
- The standard categorical form has 4 basic parts:
 Quantifiers: all, no, some
 Subject term (n): S
 Predicate term (n): P
 Copula (linking verb): to be
2. Tips
- Rephrase all nonstandard subject and predicate terms so that they refer to
classes
Ex:
All actors are vain  All actors are vain people
Some roses are white  Some roses are white flowers
- Rephrase all nonstandard verbs to are / are not
Ex:
Some students walk to school.  Some students are persons who walk to school.
All the northern counties were flooded.  All the northern counties are places
that were flooded.
- Fill in any unexpressed quantifiers (all, some)
Ex:
Koalas are marsupials.  All koalas are marsupials.
* Sometimes it is hard to know what quantifier a speaker or writer may have
had implicitly in mind. In such cases, we should interpret the speaker’s or writer’s
intent as charitably as possible.
Ex:
Californians are health nuts.  Some Californians are health nuts (are all
Californians ACTUALLY health nuts?)
- Translate singular statements as all or no statements.
Ex:
Caesar crossed the Rubicon.  All persons identical with Caesar are persons who
crossed the Rubicon.
Joe wasn’t born in Kansas.  No persons identical with Joe are persons who were
born in Kansas.
- Translate stylistic variants into the appropriate categorical form.
 All S are P
 No S are P
 Some S are P
 Some S are not P

III – Categorical Syllogism


- Textbook, page 237 – 250.
- Including two premises and one conclusion (we need to detect where the
conclusion is):
 Conclusion: Bottom left and bottom right, respectively.
 If there are 2 premises, one with all (or no) and one with some: Illustrate all,
no first, and then illustrate some.
- Questions 9, 20.
*: premises
C: conclusion

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