Development of surfaces
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Definition:
Development is a graphical method of
obtaining the area of the surfaces of a solid.
When a solid is opened out and its complete
surface is laid on a plane, the surface of the
solid is said to be developed. The figure thus
obtained is called a development of the
surfaces of the solid or simply development.
Development of the solid, when folded or
rolled, gives the solid.
Examples
Prism – Made up of same number of rectangles as sides of the base
One side: Height of the prism
Other side: Side of the base
Cylinder – Rectangle
One side: Circumference of the base
h
Other side: Height of the cylinder
fd pd
Pyramid – Number of triangles in contact T. L.
The base may be included
if present 3
Methods used to develop surfaces
1. Parallel-line development: Used for prisms, cylinders etc. in which
parallel lines are drawn along the surface and transferred to the
development.
2. Radial-line development: Used for pyramids, cones etc. in which the
true length of the slant edge or generator is used as radius.
3. Triangulation development: Complex shapes are divided into a
number of triangles and transferred into the development (usually
used for transition pieces).
4. Approximate method: Surface is divided into parts and developed.
Used for surfaces such as spheres, paraboloids, ellipsoids etc.
Note:- The surface is preferably cut at the location where the edge will be
smallest such that welding or other joining procedures will be
minimal. 4
Parallel line development: This method is employed to develop the surfaces of
prisms and cylinders. Two parallel lines (called stretch-out lines) are drawn
from the two ends of the solids and the lateral faces are located between these
lines.
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Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.
(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)
Cylinder: A Rectangle
Pyramids: (No.of triangles)
Cone: (Sector of circle)
pD
D
H= Height D= base diameter
Prisms: No.of Rectangles R=Base circle radius. L= Slant edge.
L=Slant height. S = Edge of base
R 3600
= L
Radial-line
H development
Parallel-line
development
S S H= Height S = Edge of base
Cube: Six Squares.
Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles
All sides
equal in length
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FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side
Top side
R 3600
= L
R= Base circle radius of cone
L= Slant height of cone L= Slant edge of pyramid
L1 = Slant height of cut part. L1 = Slant edge of cut part.
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Develop the surface of the symmetrical half of an oblique pyramid with a horizontal regular
hexagonal base (side 20 mm and vertex 30 mm above one corner of the base)
Obtain true lengths of the edges ob and oc by rotation or auxiliary view
method
Edge oa is seen in true length in the Front View
ab = bc = cd = side of hexagonal base = 20 mm
od and dc can be constructed as they are
perpendicular to each other
o, d b
a c The lengths of bc, and ob are known and therefore
these distances can be marked with the compass
T After drawing triangles odc and ocb, triangle oba
b c can be completed
F o
o
a
a b c d c b a c d
True lengths
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d
Oblique square prism
e, j, h f, l, g h j l f
a, i, d b, k, c d i k b
i’, j’ b’, f’
a’, e’ b’, f’
i’ b’
i’, j’
f’
k’, l’ d’, h’ k’, l’
j’
d’ k’
d’, h’ c’, g’ i’
l’
h’
d’
e d Oblique prism
g f c
Parallel to each other
h a i b
f a b
a b
f
g h i
g h i
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