Basics of Java Programming

Unit-I
22PLC25C

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 Object Oriented Programming:
∙ Object oriented programming (OOP) is the core of Java
programming.
∙ Java is a general purpose, object- oriented programming
language developed by Sun Microsystems. It was invented by
James Gosling and his team and was initially called as Oak.
∙ The most important feature that made Java very popular was
the ―Platform- Independent‖ approach.
∙ It was the first programming language that did not tie-up with
any particular operating system( or hardware) rather Java
programs can be executed anywhere and on any system.
∙ Java was designed for the development of the software for
consumer electronic devices like TVs, VCRs, etc.

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 Two Paradigms:
∙ Every program contains 2
components code and data.
∙ Two approaches are there to solve the
problem and in program writing:
Procedure oriented and object
oriented.

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 Two Approaches
• Procedure Oriented:
∙ Procedure oriented programs are written based on
―whats happening‖ around, where the code acts on
data. Ex: C etc
∙ Problems increases in procedure oriented as the
program grows larger and more complex.
• Object Oriented:
∙ Object oriented programs are written based on ―Who
is being affected‖ around, which manages the
increasing complexity.
∙ It organizes program around data and well defined
interfaces of that data.
∙ Characterized as data controlling
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C++, JAVA, Small Talk etc
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 The Three OOP:

• The three important features of OOP

are:
∙ Encapsulation
∙ Inheritence
∙ Polymorphism

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 Encapsulation:

∙ Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together

code and data it manipulates, and keeps both safe from
outside interference and misuse.
∙ In Java the basis of encapsulation is the class. A class
defines the state and behavior( data & code) that will
be shared by set of objects.
∙ Each object contains the structure and behavior
defined by the class. The data defined by the class are
called instance variables(member variables), the code
that operates on that data are called methods(member
functions).
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Encapsulation

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 Inheritance:

∙ Inheritance is the process by which one

object acquires the properties of another
object. This is important as it supports the
concept of hierarchical classification.
∙ By the use of inheritance, a class has to
define only those qualities that make it
unique. The general qualities can be derived
from the parent class or base class.
∙ Ex: A child inheriting properties from
parents.
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Inheritance

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 Polymorphism

∙ Polymorphism (meaning many forms) is a feature

that allows one interface to be used for a general
class of actions. The specific action determined by
the exact nature of the situation. This concept is
often expressed as ― one interface, multiple
methods‖.
∙ Ex: ―+‖ can be used for addition of 2 numbers
and also concatenation of 2 strings. System.out.
println(2+4); // outputs 6 as answer
• System.out.println(―Hello‖ + ―Gautham‖); //
outputs Hello GauthamK.S.Mathad
as answer
Polymorphism

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 A First Simple Program

class Example
{
public static void main(String
args[ ])
{
System.out.println(“Welcome to
Programming in Java‖”);
}
} K.S.Mathad
 Running with jdk
:Example.java
:javac Example.java
:java Example

Welcome to Programming in Java

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 A Second Short Program
/* This is a short example
Name of file : Example2.java */ class Example2{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n=3;
System.out.println( “The value of n is :”+ n ); n=n+5;
System.out.print(“the new value is:”); System.out.
println(n);
}
}

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 Two Control Statements
• if statement
∙ The if- statement is the most basic of all the
control flow statements. It tells your
program to execute a certain section of code
only if a particular test evaluates to true.

∙ Here is the general form of the if statement:

• if (condition) statement;
∙ Here the condition is Boolean expression.
∙ If the condition is true then the statement is
executed, if false then statement will be
skipped.
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 If statement
class Example
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10;
if(a>0)
System.out.println(“a is positive
number‖”);
System.out.println(“ End of program”);
}

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 The for loop
∙ The for loop is similar to that of C/C++
∙ Here is the general form of the traditional for
statement:
for(initialization; condition; iteration)
{
//body
}
∙ Initialization sets the loop control variable to
initial value.
∙ Condition is a Boolean expression which tests the
loop
∙ Iteration expression tells hoe the control variable
has to change at each iteration. Generally the
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increment or decrement operator is used to
 For loop
class Example
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a;
for(a=0;a<5;a++)
System.out.println(a);
}
System.out.println(“End of program”);
}
Output:
0
1
2
3
4
End of Program

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In the below example, repeated a loop 5 times and then printed the “*”. This
is also known as the pyramid program. The loop will be repeated unless the
value of “i” and “j” becomes equal to 5.

*
**
***
****
*****

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public class PyramidExample {
public static void main(String args[])
{
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++) {
for(int j=0; j <= i; j++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}

}
}

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 Using blocks of code
∙ Java supports code blocks - which
means that two or more statements
are grouped into blocks of code.
∙ Opening and closing braces is used to
achieve this.
∙ Each block is treated as logical unit.
∙ Whenever two or more statements
has to be linked blocks can be used.

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 Example
class Example
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10;
if(a>0)
{ // begin of block
System.out.println(“a is positive number”);
System.out.println(“inside block”);
}// end of block
}
}

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 Lexical issues:
• Java programs are a collection of
whitespace, identifiers, literals,
comments, operators, separators, and
keywords.

• Whitespace:
∙ Java is a free from language- means
no need to follow any indentation
rules.
∙ Whitespace is a space, tab, or newline.
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• Java character set:
∙ The smallest unit of Java language are its character set used to write Java
tokens. This character are defined by unicode character set that tries to create
character for a large number of character worldwide.
∙ The Unicode is a 16-bit character coding system and currently supports 34,000
defined characters derived from 24 languages of worldwide.

• Key Words:
– Smallest individual units of programs are known as tokens. Java language
includes five types of tokens. They are

(a) Reserved Keyword

(b) Identifiers
(c) Literals.
(d) Operators
(e) Separators.

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 Reserved keyword:
• Java language has 50 words as reserved
keywords. They implement specific feature of
the language.

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 Identifiers:
• Identifiers are programmer-designed token used for
naming classes methods variable, objects, labels etc. The
rules for identifiers are
1. They can have alphabets, digits, dollar sign and
underscores.
2. They must not begin with digit.
3. Uppercase and lower case letters are distinct.
4. They can be any lengths.
5. Name of all public method starts with lowercase.
6. In case of more than one word starts with uppercase
in next word.
7. All private and local variables use only lowercase
and underscore.
8. All classes and interfaces start with leading
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 Literals:

• Literals in Java are sequence of characters that

represents constant values to be stored in
variables. Java language specifies five major
types of Literals. They are:
1. Integer Literals.
2. Floating-point Literals.
3. Character Literals.
4. String Literals.
5. Boolean Literals.
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 Operators:
• An operator is a symbol that takes one
or more arguments and operates on
them to produce an result.

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 Separators:
• Separators are the symbols that indicates where
group of code are divided and arranged. Some of the
operators are:

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 Comments:
∙ Java supports 3 styles of comments
∙ Multiline comment: this type of comment begins
with /* and ends with */
• Ex: /* Welcome to
• Java Programming */
∙ Single line comments: this type of comment
begins with // and ends at the end of current
line
• Ex: // Welcome to java Programming
∙ Documentation Comment: this type of comment
is used to produce an HTML file that documents
your program. The documentation comment
begins with /** and ends with */
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 Java Class libraries:
Java environment has several built in class libraries.
Java standard library includes hundreds of classes and methods
grouped into several functional packages. Most commonly used
packages are:

(a) Language support Package.

(b) Utilities packages.
(c) Input/output packages
(d) Networking packages
(e) AWT packages.
(f) Applet packages

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 Import Example
import java.util.Scanner;
class ImportingExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner read = new Scanner(System.in);
int i = read.nextInt();
System.out.println("You have entered a number " +
i);
}
}

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 Data types, variables and
arrays
• Java is a strongly typed language:
∙ The strongly typed nature of Java gives it the
robustness and safety for it.
∙ Every variable and expression has strictly
defined type.
∙ Assignments, parameter passing or explicit
value passing are checked for type
compatibility.
∙ Java compiler checks all expressions and
parameters to ensure type compatibility.

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 Data types
• The various data types supported in
java is as follows

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• Java defines eight primitive types of data: byte, short, int, long,
char, float, double, and boolean.
• As shown in above figure.
∙ The primitive types represent single values—not complex
objects. Although Java is otherwise completely object-
oriented, the primitive types are not.
∙ They are analogous to the simple types found in most other
non–object-oriented languages.
∙ The reason for this is efficiency. Making the primitive types
into objects would have degraded performance too much.
The primitive types are defined to have an explicit range
and mathematical behavior.
∙ Because of Java‗s portability requirement, all data types
have a strictly defined range. For example, an int is always
32 bits, regardless of the particular platform.

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 Integers
∙ Java defines four integer types: byte, short, int,
and long.
∙ All of these are signed, positive and negative
values. Java does not support unsigned, positive-
only integers.
∙ Many other computer languages support both
signed and unsigned integers.
∙ However, Java‗s designers felt that unsigned
integers were unnecessary. Specifically, they felt
that the concept of unsigned was used mostly to
specify the behavior of the high-order bit, which
defines the sign of an integer value.

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 byte, short
∙ The smallest integer type is byte.
∙ This is a signed 8-bit type that has a range from
–128 to127.
∙ Variables of type byte are especially useful when
you‗re working with a stream of data from a
network or file.
∙ Byte variables are declared by use of the byte
keyword.
∙ For example, the following declares two byte
variables called b and c: byte b, c;
• Short
∙ short is a signed 16-bit type.
∙ It has a range from –32,768 to 32,767.
∙ It is probably the least-used
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Java type.
 byte example
public class AddtionByte {

public static void main(String[] args) {

byte a = 30;
byte b = 40;
byte c = (byte) (a + b);

System.out.println("The c variable Value after Addition is : " + c);

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 Floating-Point Types
∙ Floating-point numbers, also known as real numbers, are
used when evaluating expressions that require fractional
precision.
∙ For example, calculations such as square root, or
transcendental such as sine and cosine, result in a value
whose precision requires a floating-point type.
∙ There are two kinds of floating-point types, float and double,
which represent single- and double-precision numbers,
respectively.
• float
∙ The type float specifies a single-precision value that uses 32
bits of storage.
• double
∙ Double precision, as denoted by the double keyword, uses 64
bits to store a value.
∙ Double precision is actually faster than single precision on
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some modern processors that have been optimized for high-
 Float type example
public class DataTypeFloatExample {
public static void main(String args[]){
//Declare float type variables.
float f1 = 32.454f;
float f2 = 178.44f;

//Print variables value.

System.out.println("f1 Value: " + f1);
System.out.println("f2 Value: " + f2);

//Print Sum f1 and f2.

System.out.print("Sum: ");
System.out.println(f1 + f2);
}
}

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• Characters
∙ In Java, the data type used to store characters is char.
∙ However, C/C++ programmers beware: char in Java is not the
same as char in C or C++.
∙ In C/C++, char is 8 bits wide. This is not the case in Java.
Instead, Java uses Unicode to represent characters.
∙ Unicode defines a fully international character set that can
represent all of the characters found in all human languages.
∙ It isa unification of dozens of charactersets, such as Latin,
Greek Arabic, Cyrillic,Hebrew, Katakana, Hangul, and many
more. For this purpose, it requires 16 bits.
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 Data Type Default Value Default size

boolean False 1 bit

Char '\u0000' 2 byte

Byte 0 1 byte

short 0 2 byte

Int 0 4 byte

Long 0L 8 byte

Float 0.0f 4 byte

double 0.0d 8 byte

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• Literals:
• A constant value in Java is created by using a literal representation of it.
There are 5 types of literals.
∙ Integer Literals.
∙ Floating-point Literals.
∙ Character Literals.
∙ String Literals.
∙ Boolean Literals.
• Integer literals:
∙ Any whole number value is an integer literal.
∙ These are all decimal values describing a base 10 number.
∙ There are two other bases which can be used in integer literal, octal(
base 8) where 0 is prefixed with the value, hexadecimal (base 16)
where 0X or 0x is prefixed with the integer value.
• Example:
• int decimal = 100;
• int octal = 0144; int hexa = 0x64;

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 • Example:
• 0.0314 *10² (i.e 3.14).
• 6.5E+32 (or 6.5E32) Double-precision
floating-point literal 7D Double-precision
floating-point literal
• .01f Floating-point literal

• Character literals:
∙ char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character.
∙ We can specify a character literal as a single printable
character in a pair of single quote characters such as
'a', '#', and '3'.
∙ You must know about the ASCII character set. The
ASCII character set includes 128 characters including
letters, numerals, punctuation etc.
∙ Below table shows a set of these special characters.
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• Boolean Literals:
∙ The values true and false are treated as literals in Java
programming.
∙ When we assign a value to a boolean variable, we can only
use these two values.
∙ Unlike C, we can't presume that the value of 1 is equivalent to
true and 0 is equivalent to false in Java.
∙ We have to use the values true and false to represent a
Boolean value.
• Example
• boolean chosen = true;
• String Literal
∙ The set of characters in represented as String literals in Java.
∙ Always use "double quotes" for String literals.
∙ There are few methods provided in Java to combine strings,
modify strings and to know whether to strings have the same
values.
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• Example:
• Variables:
• A variable is an identifier that denotes a storage location used to
store a data value. A variable may have different value in the
different phase of the program. To declare one
• identifier as a variable there are certain rules. They are:
1. They must not begin with a digit.
2. Uppercase and lowercase are distinct.
3. It should not be a keyword.
4. White space is not allowed.
• Declaring Variable: One variable should be declared before
using.
• The syntax is
• type identifier [ = value][, identifier [= value] ...] ; Example:

• int a,b,c;
• float quot, div;

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 Dynamic initialization:
∙ Java allows variables to be initialized dynamically,
using expression valid at the time variable is declared.
• Example:
class Example
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
double a=10, b=2.6; double c=a/b;
System.out.println(“value of c is”+c);
}
}

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 The Scope and Lifetime of
Variables
∙ Java allows variables to be declared within any
block. A block is begun with an opening curly
brace and ended by a closing curly brace. A block
defines a scope.
∙ A scope determines what objects are visible to other
parts of your program. It also determines the
lifetime of those objects.
∙ Many other computer languages define two general
categories of scopes: global and local. However,
these traditional scopes do not fit well with Java
strict, object-oriented model.
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class Scope
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x; // known to all code within main
x = 10;
if(x == 10)
{
// known only to this
int y = 20; block

System.out.println("x //here.
and y: " + x + " " + y);
x and y both known

x = y * 2;
}
// y = 100; // Error! y not known here
// x is still known here.
System.out.println("x is " + x);
} K.S.Mathad
 Type Casting
Assigning a value of one type to a
variable of another type is known as
Type Casting .Type casting can be done
in two ways.
1.Widening Casting(Implicit)
2.Narrowing Casting(Explicitly done)

• Automatic Type casting take place

when,
the two types are compatible
• the target type is larger than the
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 Implicit
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 100;
long l = i;
float f = l;
System.out.println("Int value "+i); System.
out.println("Long value "+l); System.out.
println("Float value "+f);
}
}
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 Explicit
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double d = 100.04;
long l = (long)d;
int i = (int)l;
System.out.println("Double value "+d);
System.out.println("Long value "+l);
System.out.println("Int value "+i);

}
}
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 Type promotion rules

• Java defines several type promotion rules

that apply to expressions. They are as
follows:
∙ First, all byte, short, and char values are
promoted to int, as just described.
∙ Then, if one operand is a long, the whole
expression is promoted to long.
∙ If one operand is a float, the entire
expression is promoted to float.
∙ If any of the operands is double, the
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 Arrays in Java
• Array which stores a fixed-size sequential
collection of elements of the same type. An
array is used to store a collection of data,
but it is often more useful to think of an
array as a collection of variables of the
same type.
• Here is the syntax for declaring an array
variable:
dataType[] arrayRefVar = new
dataType[arraySize];
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• Following statement declares an array
variable, myList, creates an array of 10
elements of double type and assigns its
reference to myList:
double[] myList = new double[10];

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 Processing Arrays
class TestArray
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int [] myList = new int[4];
for (int i=0;i<4;i++)
myList[i]=i+1;

// Print all the array elements for

(int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
{
System.out.println(myList[j] + " ");
}
}

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 Multidimensional Arrays
• you can declare and create an array of
arrays
int coords[] [] = new int[12] [12];
coords[0] [0] = 1; coords[0] [1] = 2;

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 A few words about strings:
∙ Java supports string type which is an object. It is
used to declare string variables
∙ Array of strings can also be declared.
∙ A string variable can be assigned to another
string variable.
∙ String variable can also be used as argument.
∙ Example:
• String name1=“gautham”, name2;
name2=name1; // sets name2 withvalue gautham
• System.out.println(name2); // string variable passed as
parameter.

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 For loop
class ForTest {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x;
for(x = 0; x<10; x = x+1)
System.out.println("This is x: " + x);
}
}

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 If statement
class IfSample {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x, y;
x = 10;
y = 20;
if(x < y) System.out.println("x is less than y");
x = x * 2;
if(x == y) System.out.println("x now equal to y");
x = x * 2;
if(x > y) System.out.println("x now greater than y");
// this won't display anything
if(x == y) System.out.println("you won't see this");
}
}
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 Compute distance light travels using long variables.

class Light {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int lightspeed;
long days;
long seconds;
long distance;
// approximate speed of light in miles per second
lightspeed = 186000;
days = 1000; // specify number of days here
seconds = days * 24 * 60 * 60; // convert to seconds
distance = lightspeed * seconds; // compute distance
System.out.print("In " + days);
System.out.print(" days light will travel about ");
System.out.println(distance + " miles.");
}
}
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 Area of Circle
class Area {
public static void main(String args[]) {
double pi, r, a;
r = 10.8; // radius of circle
pi = 3.1416; // pi, approximately
a = pi * r * r; // compute area
System.out.println("Area of circle is " + a);
}
}

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 // Demonstrate char data type.

class CharDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
char ch1, ch2;
ch1 = 88; // code for X
ch2 = 'Y';
System.out.print("ch1 and ch2: ");
System.out.println(ch1 + " " + ch2);
}
}

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 // char variables behave like integers.
class CharDemo2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
char ch1;
ch1 = 'X';
System.out.println("ch1 contains " + ch1);
ch1++; // increment ch1
System.out.println("ch1 is now " + ch1);
}
}

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 // Demonstrate boolean values.
class BoolTest {
public static void main(String args[]) {
boolean b;
b = false;
System.out.println("b is " + b);
b = true;
System.out.println("b is " + b);
// a boolean value can control the if statement
if(b) System.out.println("This is executed.");
b = false;
if(b) System.out.println("This is not executed.");
// outcome of a relational operator is a boolean value
System.out.println("10 > 9 is " + (10 > 9));
}
}
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// Demonstrate dynamic initialization.

class DynInit {
public static void main(String args[]) {
double a = 3.0, b = 4.0;
// c is dynamically initialized
double c = Math.sqrt(a * a + b * b);
System.out.println("Hypotenuse is " + c);
}
}

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 // Demonstrate lifetime of a variable.

class LifeTime {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x;
for(x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
int y = -1; // y is initialized each time block is entered
System.out.println("y is: " + y); // this always prints -1
y = 100;
System.out.println("y is now: " + y);
}
}
}

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 // Demonstrate casts.
class Conversion {
public static void main(String args[]) {
byte b;
int i = 257;
double d = 323.142;
System.out.println("\nConversion of int to byte.");
b = (byte) i;
System.out.println("i and b " + i + " " + b);
System.out.println("\nConversion of double to int.");
i = (int) d;
System.out.println("d and i " + d + " " + i);
System.out.println("\nConversion of double to byte.");
b = (byte) d;
System.out.println("d and b " + d + " " + b);
}
}
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 // Demonstrate a one-dimensional array.
class Array {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int month_days[];
month_days = new int[12];
month_days[0] = 31;
month_days[1] = 28;
month_days[2] = 31;
month_days[3] = 30;
month_days[4] = 31;
month_days[5] = 30;
month_days[6] = 31;
month_days[7] = 31;
month_days[8] = 30;
month_days[9] = 31;
month_days[10] = 30;
month_days[11] = 31;
System.out.println("April has " + month_days[3] + " days.");
}
}

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 // Demonstrate a two-dimensional array.
class TwoDArray {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int twoD[][]= new int[4][5];
int i, j, k = 0;
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
for(j=0; j<5; j++) {
twoD[i][j] = k;
k++;
}
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
System.out.print(twoD[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
}
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