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ME6502 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
UNIT – I
CONDUCTION
PART-A

1. State Fourier’s law of heat conduction. [Anna univ 2013]

2. Discuss the mechanism of heat conduction in solids. [Anna univ 2009, 11]
3. Write the Poisson’s equation for heat conduction. [Anna univ 2010]
4. What is lumped heat capacity analysis? [Anna univ 2010,2013]
5. What do you understand by critical thickness of insulation? [Anna univ 2008,2014, 2015]
6. Write the general 3-D heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates. [Anna univ
2008]
7. Distinguish between Fin Efficiency and Fin Effectiveness. [Anna univ 2004, 12]
8. What is the use of Heislers chart? [Anna univ 2004]
9. Write down the three-dimensional heat conduction equation in rectangular coordinate
system. [Anna univ 2006, 12]
10. List down the three types of boundary conditions [Anna univ 2005]
11. What are the purposes of attaching fins to a surface? What are the different types of fin
profiles? [Anna univ 2011]
12. What is heat generation in solids? Give examples. [Anna univ 2011,2014]
13. What is meant by steady state conduction? [Anna univ 2002]
14. Define Biot number. [Anna univ 2002]
15. What is meant by infinite solids? [Anna univ 2001]
16. What is non-periodic heat flow? [Anna univ 2000]
17. State the application of fins. [Anna univ 2000]
18. Differentiate between pool and flow boiling. [Dec 2015]
19. In which plate thermal contact resistance will be greater Rough or Smooth. Why? [Dec
2015]

PART –B

1. A composite wall consists of 2.5 cm thick copper plate, a 3.2 cm layer of asbestos
insulation and a 5 cm layer fiber plate. Thermal conductivities of the materials are
respectively 355, 0.110 and 0.0489 W/mK. The temperature difference across the

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composite wall is 560°C on one side and 0°C on other side. Find the heat flow through
the wall per unit area and the interface temperature between asbestos and fiber plate.

2. The cylinder of a 2-stroke SI engine is constructed of aluminum alloy (k = 186 W\mK).

The height and outside diameter of the cylinder are respectively 15 cm and 5 cm. Under
steady operating conditions, the outer surface of the cylinder is at 500 K and is exposed
to the ambient air at 300 K, with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 50 W/m2.K.
Equally spaced annular fins are attached with the cylinder to increase the heat transfer.
There are five such fins with uniform thickness, t = 6 mm and length, L = 20 mm.
Calculate the increase in heat transfer due to the addition fins.
3. Derive the general 3 –dimensional heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates.
Assume the material as homogeneous isotropic continues.
4. A cold storage room has walls made of 23 cm of brick on the outside, 8 cm of plastic
foam and finally 1.5 cm of wood on the inside. The outside and inside air temperatures
are 22°C and -2°C respectively. The inside and outside heat transfer coefficients are
respectively 29 and 12 W/m2.K respectively. The thermal conductivities of brick, foam
and wood are 0.98, 0.02 and 0.12 W/m.K respectively. If the total wall area is 90 m2,
determine the rate of heat removal by refrigeration and the temperature of the inside
surface of the brick.
5. A furnace wall is made up of three layers of thicknesses 25 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm with
thermal conductivities of 1.65W/mK and 9.2 W/mK respectively. The inside is exposed
to gases at 1250°C with a convection coefficient of 25 W/m2C and the inside surface is at
1100°C, the outside surface is exposed to air at 25°C with convection coefficient of 12
W/m2K. Determine (i) The unknown thermal conductivity (ii) The overall heat transfer
coefficient (iii) All the surface temperatures.
6. Pin fins are provided to increase the heat transfer rate from hot surface. Which of the
following arrangement will give higher heat transfer rate?6 fins of 10 cm length (or)
12 fins of 5 cm length. Take K of fin material = 200 W/mK and h = 20 W/m 2°C
cross sectional area of the fin = 2 cm2 ; perimeter of fin = 4 cm; fin base temperature
= 230°C; Surrounding air temperature = 30°C.

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7. A steel ball 50 mm in diameter and at 900°C is placed in still air of 30°C. Calculate the
initial rate of cooling of ball in °C/min. take ρ = 7800 kg/m3, C = 2 kJ/kg°C, h = 30
W/m2C. Neglect the internal resistance of the ball.
8. A pipe consists of 100 mm internal diameter and 8 mm thickness carries steam at 170°C.
The convective heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface of pipe is75 W/m2C. The
pipe is insulated by two layers of insulation. The first layer of insulation is 46 mm in
thickness having thermal conductivity of 0.14 W/m⁰C. The second layer of insulation is
also 46 mm in thickness having thermal conductivity of 0.46 W/m⁰C. Ambient air
temperature = 33°C. The convective heat transfer coefficient from the outer surface of
pipe = 12 W/m2C. Thermal conductivity of
steam pipe = 46 W/m⁰C. Calculate the heat loss per unit length of pipe and determine the
interface temperatures. Suggest the materials used for insulation.

9. What do you understand by critical radius of insulation? Obtain an expression for the same.
10. A 6 cm long copper rod (k = 300 W/mK) 6mm in diameter is exposed to an environment
at 20°C. The base temperature of the rod is maintained at 160°C. The heat transfer co-
efficient is 20 W/m2K. Calculate the heat given by the rod and efficiency and
effectiveness of the rod.

11. A pipe carrying steam at 230°C has an internal diameter of 12 cm and the pipe thickness
is 7.5 mm. The conductivity of the pipe material is 49 W/mK the convective heat transfer
coefficient on the inside is 85 W/m2K. The pipe is insulated pipe is insulated by two
layers of insulation one of 5 cm thickness of conductivity 0.15 W/mK and over it another
5 cm thickness of conductivity 0.48 W/mK. The outside is exposed to air at 35°C with a
convection coefficient of 18 W/m2K. Determine the heat loss for 5 m length. Also
determine the interface temperatures and the overall heat transfer coefficient based on
inside and outside areas.
12. (a) The thermal conductivity of an insulating material used over a hot pipe varies as
k = 0.0545(1 + 28.4 x 10-4 T) where T is in °C and K is in W/mK. This insulation is used
for a thickness of 12 cm over a pipe of diameter 0.6 m. The pipe surface is at 300°C and
the outside insulation temperature is 60°C. Determine the heat flow for a length of 5 m.
Also find the mid layer.

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(b) One end of a long rod 35 mm in diameter is inserted into a furnace with the other end
projecting in the outside air. After the steady state is reached, the temperature of the rod
is measured at two points 180 mm apart and found to be 180°C and 145°C. The
atmospheric air temperature is 25°C. If the heat transfer coefficient is 65 W/m2°C,
calculate thermal conductivity of the rod.

13. An aluminium plate (k = 160 W/m⁰ C, ρ = 2790 kg/m3, Cp = 0.88 kJ/kg⁰ C) of thickness
L = 3 cm and at a uniform temperature of 225⁰ C is suddenly immersed at time t = 0 in a
well stirred fluid maintained at a constant temperature Tα = 25⁰ C. Take h = 320
W/m2C. Determine the time required for the centre of the plate to reach 50⁰ C.

14. An electrical wire of 10 m length and 1 mm diameter dissipates 200 W in air at 25⁰ C.
The convection heat transfer coefficient between the wire surface and air is 15 W/m2K.
Calculate the critical radius of insulation and also determine the temperature of the wire if
it is insulated to the critical thickness of insulation.

15. Obtain an expression for the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates.
16. Aluminum fins, 1.5 cm long and 1 mm thick are placed on a 2.5 cm diameter tube to dissipate
heat. The tube surface temperature is 100°C and the ambient temperature is 25°C. Find the heat
loss per fins if the transfer coefficient between the fin surface and the ambient is 65 W/m2K for
aluminum. [2013]
17. Derive the heat dissipation equation through pin fin with insulated end. [2014]
18. A temperature rise of 50°C in a circular shaft of 50 mm diameter is caused by the amount of heat
generated due to friction in the bearing mounted on the crankshaft. The thermal conductivity of
the shaft material of heat transfer coefficient is 7 W/m2K. Determine the amount of heat
transferred through shaft assume that the shaft is a rod of infinite length. [2014]
19. A long rod is exposed to air at 298°C. It is heated at one end. At steady state conditions,
the temperatures at two points along the rod separated by 120 mm are found to be 130°C
and 110°C respectively. The diameter of the rod is25mmOD and its thermal conductivity
is 116 W/m°C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the rod and also the
heat transfer rate.
20. An aluminium rod (k =204 W/mK) 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm long protrudes from a
wall which is maintained at 300°C. The end of the rod is insulated and the surface of
them rod is exposed to air at 30°C. The heat transfer coefficient between the rod's surface

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and air is 10 W/m2K. Calculate the heat lost by the rod and the temperature of the rod at
a distance of 10 cm from the wall.
21. A large iron plate of 10 cm thickness and originally at 800°C is suddenly exposed to an
environment at O°C where the convection coefficient is 50 W/m2K. Calculate the
temperature at a depth of 4m from one of the faces 100 seconds after the plate is exposed
to the environment. How much energy has been lost per unit area of the plate during this
time?
22. (i) Explain the different modes of heat transfer with appropriate expressions.
(ii) A composite wall consists of 10 cm thick layer of building brick, k = 0.7 W/mK and
3cm thick plaster, k = 0.5 W/mK. An insulating material of k = 0.08 W/mK is to be
added to reduce the heat transfer through the wall by 40%. Find its thickness.
23. Circumferential aluminium fins of rectangular profile (1.5cmwide and 1mm thick) are
fitted on to a 90 mm engine cylinder with a pitch of 10 mm. The height of the cylinder is
120 mm. The cylinder base temperature before and after fitting the fins are 200°C and
150°C respectively. Take ambient at 30°C and h(average) =100 W/m2K. Estimate the
heat dissipated from the finned and the unfinned surface areas of cylinder body.
24. Derive the heat conduction equation in cylindrical co-ordinates using an elemental
volume for a stationary isotropic solid.
25. A 3 cm OD steam pipe is to be covered with two layers of insulation each having a
thickness of 2.5 cm. The average thermal conductivity of one insulation is 5 times that of
the other. Determine the percentage decrease in heat transfer if better insulating material
is next to pipe than it is the outer layer. Assume that the outside and inside temperatures
of composite insulation are fixed.
26. A 25 mm diameter rod of 360 mm length connects two heat sources maintained at 127ºC
and 227ºC respectively. The curved surface of the rod is losing heat to the surrounding air
at 27ºC. The heat transfer coefficient is 10 W/m2 ºC, find the temperature attained by the
junction 20 seconds after removing from hot air.

UNIT – II
CONVECTION
PART-A
1. Define thermal boundary layer thickness. [Anna univ 2010]
2. What do you understand by free and forced convection? [Anna univ 2010, 06]
3. Define Prandtl and Grashoff number. [Anna univ 2008]
4. State Buckingham’s π theorem. [Anna univ 2008]
5. What is overall heat transfer coefficient? [Anna univ 2005]
6. What is the significance of Dimensional number? [Anna univ 2005]
7. What is the importance of boundary layer? [Anna univ 2006, 05]
8. Define Reynolds number. [Anna univ 2006]

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9. Define Nusselt and Stanton number [Anna univ,2014]
10. Explain the difference between natural and forced convection heat transfer.
[Anna univ 2004]
11. What are the dimensionless parameters used in forced and free convection heat transfer
analysis? [Anna univ 2012]
12. What is meant by Laminar flow? [Anna univ,2013]
13. What are all the limitations of dimensional analysis? [Anna univ 2002]
14. Define energy thickness. [MU 2004]
15. What is meant by Dittus-Boelter equation? [Dec 2015]

PART –B

1. Engine oil at 60⁰ C flows with a velocity of 2 m/s over a 5 m long flat plate whose
temperature is 20⁰ C. Determine the drag force exerted by oil on the plate and the rate of
heat transfer for a plate width of 1 m.

2. A metallic cylinder of 12.7 mm diameter and 94 mm length is heated internally by an

electric heater and its surface is cooled by air. The free stream air velocity and
temperatures are respectively 10 m/s and 26.2⁰ C. Under steady operating conditions,
heat dissipated by the cylinder is 39.1 W and its average surface temperature is 128.4⁰ C.
Determine the convection heat transfer coefficient from the above experiment. Also find
the convection heat transfer coefficient from an appropriate correlation and compare
both.
3. Atmospheric air at 150⁰ C flows with a velocity of 1.25 m/s over a flat plate whose
temperature is 25⁰ C. Determine the average heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat
transfer for a plate width of 0.5 m.

4. A 6 m long section of an 8 cm diameter horizontal hot water pipe passes through a large
room in which the air and walls are at 20⁰ C. The pipe surface is at 70⁰ C and the
emissivity of the pipe surface is 0.7. Find the rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural
convection and radiation.

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5. Castor oil at 25⁰ C flows at a velocity of 0.1 m/s part a flat plate, in a certain process. If
the plate is 4.5 m long and is maintained at a uniform temperature of 95⁰ C, calculate the
following:
i) The hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thicknesses on one side of
the plate
ii) The total drag force per unit width on one side of the plate
iii) The local heat transfer coefficient at the trailing edge and
iv) The heat transfer rate: properties of oil at 60⁰ C are ρ = 956.8 kg/m3;
∞ = 7.2 x 10-8 m2 /s; k = 0.213 W/mK; ν = 0.65 x 10-4 m2/s.
6. Fin the convective heat loss from a radiator 0.6 m wide and 1.2 m high maintained at a
temperature of 90⁰ C in a room at 14⁰ C. Consider the radiator as a vertical plate.
7. A cylindrical body of 300 mm diameter and 1.6 m height is maintained at a constant
temperature of 36.5°C. The surrounding temperature is 13.5°C. Find the amount of heat
generated by the body per hour if Cp = 0.96 kJ/kg°C; ρ = 1.025 kg/ m3, Ƙ = 0.0892 W/
m°C, ν = 15.06 x 10-6 m2/s and β = 1/298 K -1. Assume Nu= 0.12(Gr.Pr)1/3.

8. Air entering at 2 bar pressure and bulk temperature of 200°C is heated as it flows through
tube with a diameter of 25.4 mm at a velocity of 10 m/s. Calculate the heat transfer per
unit length of the tube if constant heat flux condition is maintained at the wall and wall
temperature is 20°C above the air temperature all along the length of the tube. How much
would the bulk temperature increase over a 3 meter length of the tube?

9. Calculate the heat transfer from a 60 W incandescent bulb at 115⁰ C to ambient air at
25⁰ C. Assume the bulb as a sphere of 50 mm diameter. Also find the % of power lost by
free convection.

10. Cylindrical cans of 150 mm length and 65 mm diameter are to be cooled from an initial
temperature of 20°C by placing them in a cooler containing air at a temperature of 1°C
and a pressure of 1 bar. Determine the cooling rates when the cans are kept in horizontal
and vertical positions.

11. Using Buckingham’s π theorem method, find the suitable expression for the heat transfer
coefficient ‘h’ which depends upon the following parameters density(ρ), length(L),

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conductivity(k), dynamic viscosity(µ), specific heat(cp), and buoyant force βg ∆t(LT-2),

12. Air at 20° C and at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If
the plate is 280 mm wide and at 56°C calculate the following at x = 280 mm:
(i) Boundary layer thickness (ii) Local friction coefficient (iii) Average friction
coefficient. (iv) Thickness of the thermal boundary layer (v) Local convective heat
transfer coefficient (vi) Average convective heat transfer Coefficient (vii) Rate of heat
transfer by convection (viii) Total drag force on the plate.
13. Water at 60°C and a velocity of 2 cm/s flows over a 5 m long flat plate which is
maintained at a temperature of 20°C.Determine the total drag force and the rate of heat
transfer per unit width of the entire plate. [2013]
14. In a straight tube of 50 mm diameter, water is flowing at 15 m/s. The tube surface
temperature is maintained at 60°C and the flowing water is heated from the inlet
temperature 15°C to an outlet temperature of 45°C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient
from the tube surface to the water and length of the tube. [2014]
15. Air at 400 K and 1 atm pressure flows at a speed of 1.5 m/s over a flat plate of 2 m long.
The plate is maintained at a uniform temperature of 300 K. If the plate has a width of 0.5
m, estimate the heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer from the air stream to
the plate. Also estimate the drag force acting on the plate.
16. A circular disc heater 0.2m in diameter is exposed to ambient air at 25°C. One surface of
thedisc is insulated at 130°C. Calculate the amount of heat transferred from the disc when
it is.
(i) Horizontal with hot surface facing up
(ii) Horizontal with hot surface facing down
(iii) Vertical
17. A steam pipe 10 cm OD runs horizontally in a room at 23° C. Take outside temperature
of pipe as 165 ° C. Determine the heat loss per unit length of the pipe. Pipe surface
temperature reduces to 80° C with 1.5 cm insulation. What is the reduction in heat loss?
18. A cylindrical body of 300 mm diameter and 1.6 m height is maintained at a constant
temperature and 1.6 m height is maintained at a constant temperature of 36.5ºC. The
surrounding temperature is 13.5ºC. Find the amount of heat generated by their body per
hour if Cp = 0.96 kJ/kgºC, ρ = 1.0215 kg/m3, k = 0.0892 W/mºC, v = 15.06 x 10-6 m2/s
and β = 1/298 K-1. Assume Nu = 0.12 (Gr.Pr)1/3. [Dec 2015]
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UNIT – III
PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS
1. What is effectiveness of a heat exchange? [Anna univ 2010]
2. Give the expression for NTU [Anna univ 2010, 09]
3. Define burnout point. [Anna univ 2009,2013]
4. Differentiate between pool and flow boiling. [Anna univ 2008]
5. What do you understand by fouling and heat exchanger effectiveness?[Anna univ 2008,
2007, 2006]
6. What is compact heat exchanger? Give examples. [Anna univ 2008]
7. What is condensation process? [Anna univ 2007]
8. State the difference between film wise and drop wise condensation.[Anna univ 2006, 05]
9. How are heat exchangers classified based on flow arrangement? [Anna univ 2005]

10. What are parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers? [Anna univ 2005]
11. What are the modes of heat transfer present in steam generator? [Anna univ 2004]
12. How does boiling differ from evaporation? [Anna univ 2011]
13. Define LMTD of a heat exchanger. [Anna univ 2011,13]
14. List the various parameters used for maintaining condensation. [Anna univ 2011]
15. What is the difference between boiling and condensation? [Anna univ 2013]
16. What is meant by Regenerators? [Anna univ 2012]
17. What is meant by Recuperators (or) Surface heat exchangers?[Anna univ 2014]
18. What is meant by shell and tube heat exchanger? [Anna univ 2014, 15]
19. What are the various regimes of pool boiling. [Anna univ 2014]
20. Write down the relation for overall heat transfer coefficient in heat exchanger with
fouling factor. [Anna univ 2014]
21. Advantage of NTU over LMTD [Dec 2015]

PART – B

1. A 10 by 10 array of horizontal tubes of 1.27 cm diameter is exposed to pure steam at

atmospheric pressure. If the tube wall temperature is 98⁰ C, estimate the mass of steam
condensed assuming a tube length o f 1.5 m.

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2. In a cross flow heat exchanger, air is heated by water. Air enters the exchanger at 15⁰ C
and mass flow rate of 2 kg/s while water enters at 90⁰ C and a mass flow rate of 2.5 kg/s.
the overall heat transfer coefficient is 250 W/m2K. If the exchanger has a heat transfer
area of 8.4 m2, find the exit temperatures of both fluids and the total heat transfer rate.
3. Consider laminar film condensation of a stationary vapour on a vertical flat plate of
length L and width b. Derive an expression for the average heat transfer coefficient. State
the assumptions made.
4. Hot gases enter a finned tube, cross flow heat exchanger with a flow rate of 1.5 kg/s and a
temperature of 250⁰ C.The gases are used to heat water entering the exchanger at a flow
rate of 1 kg/s and an inlet temperature of 35⁰ C. On the gas side, the overall heat transfer
coefficient and the area are 100 W/m2K and 40 m2 respectively. What is the rate of heat
transfer by the exchanger and what are the gas and water exit temperatures? Assume Cp
of gas as 1.0 kJ/kg.K.
5. Water at atmospheric pressure is to be boiled in polished copper pan. The diameter of the
pan is 350 mm and is kept at 115⁰ C. Calculate the following:
i) Power of the burner
ii) Rate of evaporation in kg/hr
iii) Critical heat flux.
6. Calculate for the following cases, the surface area required for a heat exchanger which is
required to cool 3200 kg/hr of benzene (Cp = 1.74 kJ/kgK) from 72⁰ C to 42⁰ C. The
cooling water (Cp = 4.186 kJ/kg⁰ C) at 15⁰ C has a flow rate of 2200 kg/hr.
i) Single pass counter-flow
ii) 1 – 4 exchanger (one shell pass and four tube passes) and
iii) Cross flow single pass with water mixed and benzene unmixed. Assume all the
cases U = 0.28 kW/m2K .
7. A tube of 2 m length and 25 mm outer diameter is to be used to condense saturated steam
at 100°C while the tube surface is maintained at 92°C. Estimate the average heat transfer
Coefficient and the rate of condensation of steam if the tube is kept horizontal. The
steam
Condenses on the outside of the tube
8. In a Double pipe counter flow heat exchanger 10000 kg/h of an oil having a specific heat
of 2095 J/kgK is cooled from 80°C to 50°C by 8000 kg/h of water entering at 25°C.

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Determine the heat exchanger area for an overall heat transfer coefficient of 300 W/m2K.
Take cp for water as 4.185 kJ\kg K.

9. A two-pass surface condenser is required to handle the exhaust from a turbine developing 15 MW
with specific steam consumption of 5 kg/kWh. The condenser vacuum is 660 mm of Hg when the
barometer reads 760 mm of Hg. The mean velocity of water is 3 m/s, water inlet temperature is
24°C. The condensate is saturated water and outlet temperature of cooling water is 4°C less than
the condensate temperature. The quality of exhaust steam is 0.9 dry. The overall heat transfer
coefficient based on outer area of tubes is 4000 W/m2°C. The water tubes are 38.4 mm in outer
diameter and 29.6 mm in inner diameter. Calculate the following:
i) Mass of cooling water calculated in kg/min, (ii) Condenser surface area, (iii) Number of
tubes required per pass, and (iv) Tube length.

10. An Aluminum pan of 15 cm diameter is used to boil water and the water depth at the time
of boiling is 2.5 cm. The pan is placed on an electric stove and the heating element rises
the temperature of the pan to 100ºC. Calculate the power input for boiling and the rate of
evaporation.
11. It is desired to use a shell and tube heat exchanger to heat 68 kg/min of water from 35ºC
to 75ºC, by using oil having specific heat of 1.9 kJ/kgK. The oil enters at a temperature of
110ºC and flows at the rate of 170 kg/min. The water makes shell pass and oil makes two
tube passes. Calculate the area required for the heat exchangers assuming the overall heat
transfer coefficient to be 300 W/m2K and specific heat of water to be 4.18 kJ/kgK.
12. Discuss the various regimes of boiling.
[2013]
13. Classify the heat exchangers draw temperature distribution in a condenser and evaporator
and derive the expression for effectiveness of parallel flow heat exchanger by NTU
method. [2014]
14. A vertical cooling fin approximating a flat plat 40 cm in height is exposed to saturated
steam at atmospheric pressure. The fin is maintained at a temperature of 90ºC. Estimate
the thickness of the film at the bottom of the fin, overall heat transfer coefficient and heat
transfer rate after incorporating McAdam’s correction. [2015]

UNIT – IV
RADIATION
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PART - A

1. What is black body? [Anna univ 2009, 06]

2. What does the view factor represent? When the view factor from a surface to itself is not
zero? [Anna univ 2009, 12]
3. Assuming the sun to be a black body emitting radiation with maximum intensity at λ =
0.49 µm, calculate the surface temperature of the sun. [Anna univ 2008]
4. What is irradiation and radiosity? [Anna univ 2008,13,14]
5. What is thermal radiation and what is its wavelength band? [Anna univ 2008,2013]
6. What are radiation shields? [Anna univ 2008]
7. Explain electrical analogy. [Anna univ 2007]
8. What is grey body? [Anna univ 2007, 06]
9. State Wien’s displacement law and Kirchoff’s law. [Anna univ 2006]

10. Define emissive power. [Anna univ 2005]

11. State Stefan Boltzmann law and Planck’s law. [Anna univ 2004]
12. Name the laws of variations used in heat transfer analysis. [Anna univ 2011]
13. What is meant by absorptivity? [Anna univ 2004]
14. State lambert’s cosine law. [MU 1999]
15. Define intensity of radiation. [Anna univ 96, 98]
16. What is meant by Greenhouse effect? [DEC 2015 ]

PART – B

1. A furnace is approximated as an equilateral triangular duct of sufficient length so that end

effects can be neglected. The hot wall of the furnace is maintained at 900 K and has an
emissivity of 0.8. The cold wall is at 400 K and has an emissivity of 0.8. The cold wall is
at 400 K and has the same emissivity of 0.8. The cold wall is at 400 K and has the same
emissivity. Find the net radiation heat flux leaving the wall. Third wall of the furnace
may be assumed as a reradiating surface.
2. Consider radiation in gases, obtain the exponential-decay formula.

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3. Consider two concentric cylinders having diameters 10 cm and 2 cm and a length of 2
cm. Designating the open ends of the cylinders as surfaces 3 and 4, estimate the shape
factor,
F3-4.
4. Consider a cylinder furnace with outer radius = height = 1 m. the top (surface 1) and the
base (surface 2) of the furnace have emissivity’s 0.8 & 0.4 and are maintained at uniform
temperatures of 70 K and 500 K respectively. The side surface closely approximates a
black body and is maintained at a temperature of 400 K. Find the net rate of radiation
heat transfer at each surface during steady state operation. Assume the view factor from
the base to top surface as 0.38.
5. Two very large parallel planes exchange heat by radiation. The emissivities of the planes
are respectively 0.8 and 0.3. To minimize the radiation exchange between the planes, a
polished aluminium radiation shield is 0.04 on both sides is placed between them. If the
emissivity of the shield is 0.04 on both sides, find the percentage reduction in heat
transfer rate.
6. Derive Wien’s displacement law of radiation from Planck’s law.
7. Calculate the following for an industrial furnace in the form of a black body and emitting
radiation at 2500⁰ C:
(1) Monochromatic emissive power at 1.2 µm length
(2) Wavelength at which the emissive in maximum
(3) Maximum emissive power
(4) Total emissive power.
8. Two equal discs of diameter 200 mm each are arranged in two parallel planes 400 m
apart. The temperature of first disc is 500 ºC and that of second disc is 200 ºC. Determine
the radiant heat flux between them, if there are (i) Black (ii) Gray with emissivity’s 0.3
and 0.5 respectively.
9. Two parallel square plates each of area 4 m2has a temperature of 800 K and 300 K
respectively. The surface emissivity of hot plate is 0.6 and cold plate is 0.9. Find the net
energy exchange by radiation between the plates. If a thin polished metal sheet of surface
emissivity 0.1 on both sides is located centrally between the two plates. What will be its
temperature?
10. The temperature of a black surface 0.25 m2of area is 650⁰ C. Calculate

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(i) The total rate of energy emission.
(ii) Total emissive power
(iii) The wavelength of maximum monochromatic emissive power.
(iv) The intensity of normal radiation.
11. Two parallel square plates each of area 4 m2 have a temperature of 800 K and 300 K
respectively. The surface emissivity of hot plate is 0.6 and cold plate is 0.9. Find the net
energy exchange by radiation between the plates. If a thin polished metal sheet of surface
emissivity 0.1 on both sides is located centrally between the two plates. What will be its
temperature?
12. Discuss how the radiation from gases differs from that of solids.
13. A 20 cm diameter spherical ball at 527°C is suspended in the air. The ball closely
approximates a black body. Determine the total black body emissive power, and spectral
black body emissive power at a wavelength of 3 µm. [2013]

14. Derive the relation for heat exchange between infinite parallel planes [2014]

15. Define the following: [2015]

(i) Black body (v) Specular reflection
(ii) Grey body (vi) Diffuse reflection
(iii) Opaque body

UNIT –V
MASS TRANSFER
PART – A
1. Define molar concentration. [Anna univ 2010]
2. What is mass average velocity? [Anna univ 2010]
3. State the Fick’s law of diffusion. [Anna univ 2012, 13,14]
4. What do you understand by steady state molecular diffusion? [Anna univ 2009]
5. How mass transfer takes through diffusion and convection? [Anna univ 2008]
6. What do you meant by equimolar counter diffusion? [Anna univ 2008]
7. Explain the physical meaning of Schmidt number. [Anna univ 2011,08]
8. Explain Mass Transfer Coefficient. [Anna univ 2007]
9. Define forced convective mass transfer. [Anna univ 1997]
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10. Define Sherwood number. [Anna univ 2012].
11. Give the examples of mass transfer. [Anna univ 2006]
12. Give examples of convective mass transfer. [Anna univ 2004]
13. State the difference between heat and mass transfer. [Dec 2015]

PART-B

1. An open pan of 20 cm diameter and 8 cm depth contains water at 25⁰ C and is exposed to
dry atmospheric air. Assuming the rate of diffusion of water as 8.54 x 10-4 kg/h, find the
diffusion coefficient.
2. Discuss briefly the following:
i) Analogy between heat and mass transfer
ii) Mass convection.
3. Air at 1.01 bar and 30⁰ C flows past a tray full of water with a velocity of 2 m/s. The
partial pressure of water vapour is 0.7 kPa and the saturation pressure is 3.17 kPa. The
tray measures 40 cm along the flow direction and has a width of 20 cm. calculate the
evaporation rate of water if the temperature on the water surface is 25⁰ C. Assume the
following properties for air: density ρ = 1.2 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity ν = 15 x 10-6 m2/s
and diffusivity, D = 0.145 m2/h.
4. Air at 20⁰ C (ρ = 1.205 kg/m3 ; ν = 15.06 x 10-6 m2/s D = 4.166 x 10 -5 m2/s) flows
over tray (length = 32 cm, width = 42 cm) full of water with a velocity of 2.8 m/s. The
total pressure of moving air is 1 atm and a the partial pressure of water present in the air
is 0.0068 bar. If the temperature on the water surface is 15⁰ C, calculate the evaporation
rate of water.
5. CO2and air experience equimolar counter diffusion in a circular tube whose length and
diameter are 1 m and 50 mm respectively. The system of total pressure of 1 atm and a
temperature of 25⁰ C. The ends of the tube are connected to large chambers in which the
species concentrations are maintained at fixed values. The partial pressure of CO2 at one
end is 190 mm of Hg while at the other end is 95 mm Hg. Estimate the mass transfer rate
of CO2 and air through the tube.

6. (i) Define the diffusion coefficient and also specify the similarities between convection heat
and mass transfer.

(ii) Explain the phenomenon of equimolar counter diffusion. Derive an expression for
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equimolar counter diffusion between gases and liquids.
7. Dry air at 27⁰ C and 1 atm flows over a wet flat plate 50 cm long at a velocity of 50m/s.
Calculate the mass transfer co-efficient of water vapour in air at the end of the plate.
Take
the diffusion co-efficient of water vapour in air is DAB = 0.26 x 10-4 m2/s.
8. Estimate the diffusion rate of water from the bottom of a test tube 10 mm in diameter and
15 cm long into dry atmospheric air at 25⁰ C. Diffusion co-efficient of water into air is
0.255 x 10-4 m2/s.
9. Air at 35⁰ C and 1 atm flows over a wet flat plate 50 cm long with velocity of 30 m/s.
Calculate the mass transfer co-efficient of water vapour in air at the end of the plate.
10. Explain different modes of mass transfer and derive the general mass diffusion equation
in stationary media. [2013]
11. Explain equimolar counter diffusion in gases [2014]
12. Derive the general mass transfer equation in Cartesian coordinates. [2015]
13. Air at 20ºC with D = 4.166 x 10-5

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