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Contemporary World Reviewer

Contemporary world (University of Southern Mindanao)

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THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Metaphors in the Concepts of Globalization

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO THE a. Heavy – pre-industrial and industrial

STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION societies
- difficult to move
Globalization – interactive movement in
different spheres such as political, social,
cultural, economic, and technological. b. Light – brought by the advances in
transportation and technology which made
everything lighter.
Globalization brought us to become sociable
and increases our awareness of technological
aspects. c. Weightless – an era lighter than light,
increasingly weightlessness.
Solidity – common characteristics of people,
things, information, places, and objects before
the global age.
Different Definitions of Globalization from
- People, things, information, places, and Different Authors
objects tended to harden over time before the
global age. 1. Hamilton, 2008
Globalization is the worldwide integration of
- characteristic of being limited to one place. economic, technological, political, cultural, and
social aspects between countries.
- refers to the persistence of barriers that
prevented the free movement of people, 2. Appelbaum and Robinson, 2005
information, and objects in the said period.
“Globalization is reshaping how we have
traditionally gone about studying the social
Liquidity – the face of the global age. world and human culture and a field of
globalization studies is now emerging across
- where solid has tended to melt and become the disciplines.”
increasingly mobile to turn into liquid.
- Globalization is the result of opening up the
global economy and concomitant increase in
e.g technological developments in trade between nations.
transportation and communication enabled far
greater global movement of what was - When countries with hitherto close to trade
previously solid. and foreign investments open up their
economies and go global, the result is
- Globalization is increasingly characterized by increasing interconnectedness and integration
flows of what was liquid phenomena including of the economies of the world.
people, objects, decisions, information, and - Globalization can also mean that countries
places. liberalize their import protocols and welcome
foreign investment into sectors that are
- Globalization bypasses many locales in the mainstays of their economy
less developed world and flows more easily
through developed ones – something that
characterizes great inequality in spite of
greater liquidity.

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c. Globalization in Culture – transmission of

ideas, meanings, and values around the world
3. Schirato and Webb, 2003 in such a way as to extend and intensify social
“Globalization as a ‘discursive regime’, a kind relations.
of machine that eats up anyone and anything - marked by the common consumption of
in its path. They suggest that globalization cultures that have been diffused by the
functions as a set of texts, ideas, goals, values, internet, popular culture media, international
narratives, dispositions, and prohibitions, a level, and colonization.
veritable template for ordering and evaluating
activities, which is ‘filled in’ or inflected with the d. Globalization in Religion – the impact of
interest of whoever can access it.” globalization has brought into religious
pluralism and it provides a fertile ground for a
- Globalization is used to refer to the ongoing variety of noninstitutionalized religious
growth of interconnections and manifestations and for the development of
interdependencies in economics, politics, and religion as a political and cultural resource.
culture in which social ties across boundaries
have become more regularized and routinized. e. Globalization in Technology – speeded in
technological diffusion.

4. Mittelman, 2000
Global Issues
“Manifestation of globalization includes the
spatial reorganization of production, the 1. Population
interpenetration of industries across borders,
the spread of financial markets, the diffusion of 2. Food Production
identical consumer goods to distant countries, 3. The Energy
and massive transfers of population.
4. Military Issues
5. Economics
6 CORE CLAIMS OF GLOBALISM (Steger, 2005)
6. Environmental
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and
global integration of markets. 7. Poverty

2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.

3. NOBODY is in charge of globalization. Impact of Globalization

4. Globalization benefits everyone. Effects of Global Awareness:

5. Globalization furthers the spread of - growth of illicit cross-border activities –

democracy. facilitated the illegitimate transaction of
activities (i.e black market, human trafficking).
6. Globalization requires global war on terror.
- for people in deprived parts of the world –
increase expectations and lower their tolerance
FACTS ABOUT GLOBALIZATION in their situation.

a. Globalization in Economics – refers to the - for people in richer countries – helps to forge
prevalent international movement of goods, a sense of global community and transnational
capital services, technology, and information. solidarity.

b. Globalization in Politics – can take place - for unskilled and indigenous people – high
above the state through political integration rising building and increase mobility of
patterns. economic enterprise lead them to be displaced

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and massive dislocation, environmental capital around the world. It led to the creation
degradation, and violations of human rights. of various global economic structures.
ITO – International Trade Organization
THEORIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION GATT – General Agreement on Trade and
Tariffs
1. Imperialism – describes various methods
employed by one country to gain territorial or WTO – World Trade Organization
geographical control over another.
GATS – General Agreement on Trade and
2. Colonialism – more formal mechanisms of Services
political control.
Bretton Woods led to the creation of
Decolonization – the process of revealing and International Monetary Fund in order to create
dismantling colonialist power in all its forms. a stable monetary system.
3. Neo-Liberalism - neo-liberal and laissez- Hamilton, 2008 “Economic globalization
faire economic ideologies favor free trade, free involves trading and investing between
circulation of capital, and freedom to invest countries.”
anywhere.
Global trade operates through various
economic networks such as supply chains,
international production networks, global
commodity chains, and global value chains.
CHAPTER II: STRUCTURES OF Global value chains follow the creation of value
GLOBALIZATION through different stages – from the creation of
a product to its disposal after use.

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Commodities are the first link to this chain.

Economy – basic foundation which should be “Race to the bottom” – is a result of some
given importance and it also influences the countries stimulating trade and investment
condition of society as well as politics. through low prices and low wages.

Economic mobility – is considered as the major However, some theorize that after a point,
factor in competing in the global arena. where there is a move towards industrial “upgrading”.
the rich become richer and the poor become
poorer.
CHARACTERISTICS COMPRISING THE
GLOBAL ECONOMY
Economic Relationship was established when:
- The Philippines bartered goods with China International Trade – exchange of goods and
(i.e porcelain, silk and other goods) services between different countries.
- The Galleon Trade which is implemented by International Finance – transfer of money
Spaniards in the Philippines between countries.
- The Silk Road was introduced by China as - one of the primary features of a global
the oldest international trade route. economy.
- Bretton Woods System in 1944 was an Global Investment – an investment strategy
attempt to create institutional structures which that is not constrained by geographical
would foster international economic boundaries.
cooperation and encourage the free flow of

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- mainly takes place by foreign direct

investment (FDI)
Microeconomics – refers to the study of the
behavior of households, individuals, and firms ACTORS OF GLOBALIZATION
with respect to the allocation of resources and
decision-making.
Category of Organization:
- a branch of economics that studies how
people make decisions, what factors affect a. Intergovernmental Organizations or
their decisions, and how these decisions affect International Organization
the price, demand, and supply of goods in the - composed primarily of sovereign states or of
market. other intergovernmental organizations.
How does the global economy work? - established by a treaty that acts as a charter
- transactions creating group.

- transaction mainly comprise trade taking - treaties are formed when lawful
place between different countries representatives of several states go through a
ratification process, providing the IGO with an
international personality.
BENEFITS OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
a. Free trade – is an excellent method for  WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
countries to exchange goods and services. It
allows countries to specialize in the production - regulates and facilitates international trade
of goods in which they have a comparative - the only international organization dealing
advantage. with the global rules of trade.
b. Movement of labor
c. Increased economies of scale –  WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
specialization of goods produced in most
countries has led to advantageous economic - responsible for providing leadership on global
factors such as lower average costs and lower health matters, shaping the health research
prices for customers. agenda, setting norms and standards,
articulating evidence-based policy options,
d. Increased investment – due to the presence providing technical support to countries, and
of a global economy, it has become easier for monitoring and assessing health trends.
countries to attract short-term and long-term
investments.
 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
FACTORS AFFECTING THE GLOBAL
ECONOMY
b. Supranational Organization
1. Population
- extends beyond the borders of three or more
2. Human Capital states that seeks to promote economic,
political, or cultural unity between members.
3. Natural Resources
 UNITED NATIONS
4. Infrastructure
- aims to maintain international peace and
5. Technology security, the promotion of the well-being of the
6. Law people of the world, and international

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cooperation to these ends, develop friendly  INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF

relations among nations, promote social COMMERCE
progress, better living standards, and human
rights. - aims to foster international trade and
commerce to promote and protect open
 INTERNATIONAL LABOR UNION markets for goods and services and the free
flow of capital.
- devoted to promoting social justice and
internationally recognized human and labor
rights, pursuing its founding mission that social
justice is essential to universal and lasting d. Multinational Corporation (MNC)
peace. - global corporation
 EUROPEAN UNION - an entity that owns and controls the
- created to ensure, peace, prosperity, and production of goods and services in one or
stability on the continent more countries aside from their home country.

aims to: e. Transnational Corporation (TNC)

- offer European Union freedom, security, and - a commercial enterprise that operates
justice, without internal borders, while also substantial facilities that do business in more
controlling external borders than one country.

- work towards the sustainable development of Two Characteristics of TNCs

Europe, promoting equality and social justice 1. large size
- establish an economic union, with the euro as 2. their worldwide activities are centrally
its currency controlled by parent companies

They are often:

c. International Non-Government
Organizations - importing and exporting goods and services
- organizations which extends the concept of a - making significant investments in a foreign
non-government organization to an country
international scope
- buying and selling licenses in foreign markets
- independent of governments and can be seen
as two types of advocacy: (1) to influence - engaging in contract manufacturing –
government with a specific goal, and (2) permitting local manufacturer in a foreign
provide services country to produce their products

- opening manufacturing facilities or assembly

 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL operations in foreign countries
- campaign to end abuses of human rights
 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF
THE RED CROSS MODERN WORLD SYSTEM

- aims to protect and assist victims of armed World System Theory – social system is known
conflict and promote understanding and as world system which one that has
respect for international humanitarian law. boundaries, structures, member groups, rules
of legitimation and coherence. (Wallerstein.
1979)

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- its life is made up of conflicting forces which 3. Foreign Direct Investment – an investment in
hold it together by tension and tear it apart as the form of controlling ownership in a business
each group seeks eternally to remold it to its in one country by an entity based in another
advantage. country.

- a way of categorizing the countries in our 4. Trade Liberalization – removal or reduction

world based on their economic power of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange
of goofs between nations.
- countries are categorized as either
Barriers: tariffs and nontariff
core countries – capitalist countries that exploit
peripheral countries for cheap labor and raw 5. Regional Integration – the process by which
materials. two or more nation-states agree to co-operate
and work closely together to achieve a good
- hold a disproportionate amount of power on flow of goods, services, capital and ideas.
the world economic and social stage.

peripheral countries – dependent on core

countries for capital and have underdeveloped MARKET INTEGRATION
industry
- a phenomenon in which markets of goods
- they hold far less power on a global scale and services that are somehow related to one
than their counterparts. another to experience similar patterns if
increase or decrease in terms of the prices of
semi-peripheral – nations that hold some those products.
characteristics of core countries and some
characteristics of peripheral countries Effects of Integration on Market
Development

- provides an opportunity to expand market

THE BRANDT LINE coverage by selling local products in the global
market
- an invisible line across the world that divides
the rich north from the poor south. - helps reduce market failure

- corresponds with the divide between - the difference in the prices in the integrated
economically developed and industrialized market should be equal if they are well
countries and those countries that are less integrated
economically developed.

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTES TO
GLOBAL ECONOMIC GROWTH The central banks of countries except the
United States were given the task of
1. Privatization – the transfer of ownership, maintaining fixed exchange rates between their
property or business from the government to currencies and the dollar which they did by
the private sector. intervening in foreign exchange markets.

2. Deregulation – process of removing or In terms of:

reducing state regulations of laws and
demands of governmental control a. global trade – unconditional most favored
nation which required governments to offer the
same trade concessions to all.

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example: reduction and trade barriers, non- GATT was simply a forum for the meeting of
discrimination against a nation’s products representative countries while the WTO is an
independent organization.
b. monetary order – the goal was to provide
security as well as the flexibility to the GATT focused on tariff reduction, and WTO
monetary order. focus more on non-tariff-related barriers to
trade.
c. global investment – a key development in
terms of investment involved MNCs, especially
American-based firms in fields like automobiles
and computers, constructing their own plans International Monetary Fund (IMF)
and/or investing in indigenous companies in
other countries. - macroeconomic stability for both member
nations and the global economy

World Bank
General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) - a specialized agency of the UN

- an agreement made by the member states to - officially the International Bank for
eliminate restrictions on the use of currency for Reconstruction and Development
international trade.
- the most important element of the World Bank
Trade-Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Group
Rights (TRIPS)
- was established in 1944 at Bretton Woods
- involves intangible ideas and knowledge, and and began operations in 1946
expressions that require their users to be
approved by their owner.

example: movies, books, music recordings, ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CORPORATION

and computer software
Global Corporations – governed by laws of the
Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) country where they are incorporated.

- range of operating or performance measures - it is the one that has significant investments
that the host country governments impose on and facilities in multiple countries and lack
foreign firms to keep them from having a dominant headquarters
distorting effect on trade in goods and services.
Global Business – connects its talent,
World Trade Organization (WTO) resources, and opportunities across political
boundaries.
- a multilateral organization headquartered in
Geneva, Switzerland with 152 member nations A global corporation is more invested in its
(as of 2008) overseas locations and can be more sensitive
to local opportunities and vulnerable to threats.
- focus on trade places at the heart of
economic globalization and has made it a Global Companies or MNCs operate on a
magnet for those opposed either to the broader global scale which means they have huge
process of trade liberalization and promotion or assets in almost all countries they operate.
to some specific aspect of WTO operations
management of offices in other countries is
GATT vs WTO controlled by one head office located in the
home country.

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one of the most effective survival strategies of - a relatively modern phenomenon in human
global corporations is spending a huge amount history whereby it is composed of two non-
of money on marketing, advertising, and interchangeable terms: nation and state
promotional activity.
Nation – an imagined community that does not
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF go beyond a given “official boundary”
GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
- limited and sovereign
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES State – refers to a country and its government
where a community of persons more or less
- the investment of - least concern for numerous occupying a definite territory
foreign capital priorities of host completely free of external control and
countries possessing an organized government to which
- generation of
the great body of inhabitants render habitual
employment - adverse effect on
obedience.
domestic enterprises
- use of advanced
technology - change in culture
PRINCIPLE OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM
- growth of ancillary
units Nationalism – a doctrine and/or a political
movement that seeks to make the nation the
- increase in the
basis of a political movement that seeks to
exports and inflow of
make the nation the basis of a political
foreign exchange
structure.
- healthy competition
Internationalism – the desire for greater
cooperation and unity among states and
people
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
- a political principle that places the interests of
- a system of competing and allying states the entire world above those of individual
nations and argues for cooperation among
Attributes of Global System nations for the common good.

- countries or states are independent and

govern themselves;
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON
- these countries interact with each other GOVERNMENT
through diplomacy
- Political Globalization
- international organizations facilitate these
interactions - Nation States and Intergovernmental
Organization
- international organizations also take on lives
of their own - The End of Nation State

NATION-STATES INSTITUTIONS GOVERNING

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

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International Institutions – form a vital part of United Nations was created for many
contemporary international relations. they are reasons:
the central focus of policy-making efforts
around the world these are organizations with - there should be peace and security after
an international membership, scope or WW2
presence
- countries should be friendly to each other

- countries should help each solve problems

Two types of international organizations:
- human rights should be respected
- International non-governmental organizations everywhere in the world
(INGO)
Main Organs of United Nations:
- Intergovernmental organizations (IGO)
- General Assembly
- Security Council
INTERNATIONALISM vs. GLOBALISM - Economic and Social Council

Internationalism involves the decisions of other - Trusteeship Council

nations to cooperate with one another in - International Court of Justice
political, economic, and cultural aspects for the
promotion of the common good and welfare - UN Secretariat

Globalism is an ideology based on the belief all the above-mentioned organs were
that people, goods, and information ought to be established in 1945 when the UN was founded.
able to cross national borders unfettered. It is
putting the interest of the entire world above Achievements of United Nations:
the interest of individual nations. - UN has helped many countries become
democratic and peaceful states.
Contemporary Global Governance
- UN plays an important role in protecting our
Governance – establishment of policies and environment.
continuous monitoring of their implementation
by members of the governing body. - the International Atomic Energy Agency is a
UN organization that controls over nuclear
Global Governance – a collection of weapons of countries and sees to it that they
governance-related activities, rules, and don’t build an atomic bomb.
mechanisms, formal and informal, existing at a - since 1950, the UN has given help to over 50
variety of levels in the world. million refugees.
Effective global governance – allow us to end - UN has given African countries money and
armed conflict and achieve levels of prosperity other kinds of help so that they can feed
and progress. people and give them work to do.

Roles and Functions of the United Nations - helps give developing countries safe and
clean water
United Nations – intergovernmental
- fights drug abuse and improve lives of
organization that promotes international
children who live in poverty
cooperation and creates and maintains
international order. - helps people learn how to read and write.

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- helps farmers in poor countries where it is too

hot or too dry.

Challenges of Global Governance in

the 21st Century CHAPTER III: A WORLD OF REGIONS

The goal of global governance, roughly

defined, is to provide global public goods,
particularly peace and security, justice, and Global Divides
mediation systems for conflict, functioning
markets, and unified standards for trade and The North-South Divide – the socio-economic
industry. and political division that exist between the
wealthy developed countries, aka “the North”,
5 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE GAPS and the poorer developing countries (least
(Weiss,2015)
developed countries) or “the South”.
- knowledge
The North – mostly correlated with the Western
- normative world and the First world, along with much of
the Second World.
- policy
The South – corresponds with the Third world
- institutional and Eastern world.

- compliance The two worlds are often defined in terms of

SOME OF THE PROBLEMS OF THIS TIME: their drifting levels of wealth, development,
income inequality, democracy, political and
- terrorism economic freedom, as defined by freedom
- nuclear proliferation indices.

-humanitarian crises
- climate change
North and South
- development aid
- considered as a socio-political division which
- human rights created a development gap among nation-
borderless diseases (pandemic) states.

- the division between rich and poor countries

Berucci,2001 – “to ensure that globalization where:
benefits are enjoyed equally by both developed
and developing countries, good governance is most of the developed countries are located at
a must. the Northern Hemisphere

most of the developing countries is in the

Northern Hemisphere.

The North-South Divide is a socio-economic

and political division of Earth popularized in the
late 20th century and early 21st century.

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Global North – characterized by established

democracy, wealth, technological
advancement, political stability, aging Global South vs. The Third World
population growth, and the dominance of world
trade and politics. Global divide was made official during Cold
War, with the West Power (US and Allied
Global South – refers to the less developed countries) and the East Power (Soviet Union
countries of the world. Tend to be characterized and China)
by turmoil, war, conflict, poverty, anarchy, and
tyranny. The World was divided into three categories:
First World, Second World, Third World

Third world – referred as underdeveloped or

GLOBAL NORTH developing countries.

- comprised of only one quarter (25%) of the - non-aligned world, distinct from the First
total global population world (capitalist) and Second
(socialist/communist).
- richer and more economically developed
region - became a quick-and-easy referent for the
“poor world” because it has been
- accounts for over 90% of all manufacturing underdeveloped by the rich or first world,
industries through processes of globalization and
capitalist expansion.
- about 95% of the population have enough
basic needs and have access to functioning
education systems.
The “Three Worlds Theory”

First World – composed of industrialized and

GLOBAL SOUTH democratic countries, which most members are
assumed to be allied with the US against
- accounts for three quarters (75%) of global Soviet Union. (Canada, Australia, Japan,
population BUT only accounts a fifth (20%) of Western Europe, etc.)
globally earned income
Second World – former communist countries
- poor and less developed region that aren’t quite in poverty but aren’t
prosperous either. (East Germany, Georgia,
- relatively low GDP and high population Poland, Ukraine, etc.)
- only 5% of country’s population has enough Third World – non-aligned world and as the
food and shelter global realm of poverty and under-
development. (Afghanistan, Latin America,
-source of raw materials and labor for “the
Asian countries, etc.)
North”

- economies of most countries in the South rely

on imports from the North and have low The “three world theory” made no longer sense
technological penetration in 1989-1991 – second world ceased to exist
as the Soviet Union collapsed.

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The demise of second world brought about areas, and to promote the use of surplus and
new terms for the socio-economically divided marginal lands.
planet – that is the wealthy “Global North” and
the impoverished “Global South”. Characteristics of Developed Country

Global North mostly covers the First World, - Human Development Index
with mush of the Second World. - Per Capita Income

Global South covers countries from Third - Industrialization

World. - Political Stability
The emergence of the term Global South is - Freedom
normally used to mean countries that are faced - Better Living Conditions
with social, political, and economic challenges.
- Gross Domestic Product
- Education
Major Indicators of Socio-economic
Development
1. Material Living Conditions Common Characteristics of Developing
Economy
2. Education and Work
- Low Per Capita Income
3. Economic Risks
- High Population Growth Rate
4. Health
- High Rates of Unemployment
5. Social Relations
- Dependence on Primary Sector
6. Participation and Trust
- Dependence on Exports of Primary
7. Safety Commodities
8. Environment

Characteristics of LDCs
Socio-economic Factors - Inadequate Technology and Capital
1. Occupation - Low Saving Rates
2. Education - Dual Economy
3. Income - Varying Dependence on International Trade
4. Wealth - Rapid Population Growth (1.6% to DC’s 0.1%
5. Where someone lives yearly)

- Low Literacy and School Enrollment Rates

Socioeconomic benefits are expected from the - Unskilled Labor Force
development of new markets to promote
regional economic structures to provide - Poorly Developed Institutions
alternative sources of employment in rural

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Regionalism – political process characterized

by economic policy cooperation and
coordination among countries (Claudio, 2018)

Asian Regionalism
Difference between Regionalization and
- is the product of economic interaction, not
Globalization
political planning.
REGIONALIZATION GLOBALIZATION
NATURE divides and area promotes
- it does not only make Asian economies richer
into smaller integration of
but also make Asian countries closer together. segments called economies
regions across state
borders around
the world
MARKET monopolies are allows many
Asia was colonized by variety of major powers
more likely to corporations to
that had left behind specific social, political, develop – one trade on
and economic legacies. producer control international
supply of good or level; allows
The multiplicity of colonial experiences served services, and entry free market
to emphasize differences among countries and of new producer is
societies of Asia. prevented of highly
restricted.
Cold War also divided the Asian Region. does not support Acceleration to
CULTURAL multiculturalism multiculturalism
ASEAN – the first major regional player to AND through free
emerge and has been the center of regional SOCIETAL
and
RELATIONS
developments, including: APEC, ARF, ASEAN inexpensive
Plus Three, and the East Asian Summit. move of people
regionalized area globalized
does not get international
involved in the communities
Regionalization vs. Globalization AID affairs of other are more willing
areas. to aid countries
Processes of globalization and regionalization stricken by
reemerge during the 1980s and heightened disasters
after the end of Cold War in the 1990s. advance globalization
TECHNOLOGICAL technology is has driven
Globalization – global. The increased flows of ADVANCEMENT rarely available in great advances
goods, services, capita, people, and one country or in technology
region
information across borders. (Jacoby and
Meunier, 2010)
Regionalization – regional. The societal Integration of Asia
integration and often undirected process of
Regional Integration – process by which two or
societal economic interaction. (Hurrell, 2007)
more nation-states agree to co-operate and
- is the formal process of intergovernmental work closely together to achieve peace,
stability, and wealth.
collaboration between two or more states
(Ravenhill, 2008) In Asia, Southeast Asian countries have
already formed:

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ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian

Nation), including APEC (Asia Pacific
Economic Council), ARF ( ASEAN Regional
Forum) ASEAN Plus Three and the East
Asian Summit.
The regional power block appears to work fine,
member states fit very well together due to the
following factors that leads the Asian Region
into greater Integration:

1. TRADE – world economy is intertwined with

each other and we all want and need
something from each other, including global
trade facilities. And since these nations are
geographically located near each other, they
can readily supply each other’s needs.
2. SIMILAR CULTURES - cultures of Asia is
diverse, but they do share many things. This
makes it an easier fit during times of
negotiations.
3. COMMON GOALS – Asian region
recognizes the mutual benefit of a slow
integration, and that is to accelerate economic
growth, social progress and cultural
development and to promote peace.
4. SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS – aside from
small localized rebels, this association needs
only to contend with foreign-supported terrorist
groups which are usually handled well.

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