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07 A1 BS06 Notes 6

MATHEMATICAL METHODS

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Sanapala RAJENDRA PRASAD
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07 A1 BS06 Notes 6

MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Uploaded by

Sanapala RAJENDRA PRASAD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Gauss elimination method: (1) Consider the system of equations A.

X = B
(2) Write augmented matrix [A B ]
(3) Reduce augmented matrix [A B ] into upper triangle
matrix by applying suitable elementary row operations
This method is illustrated by taking system of three equations in three unknowns
a11 x + a12 y + a13 z = b1
a 21 x + a 22 y + a 23 z = b2 ………………………….(I)
a 31 x + a 32 y + a33 z = b3

The matrix form of above system is A.X = B where


a11 a12 a13  x  b1 
 
A = a 21 a 22 a 23  , X =  y  , B = b2 
a 31 a 32 a 33   z  b3 
a11 a12 a13 b 
 1

Now the augmented matrix of A.X = B is given by [A B ] = a 21 a 22 a 23 b2 
 b 
a 31 a32 a 33 3 
Now reduce the above matrix into upper triangular matrix by applying suitable row
a11 a12 a13 b1 
 
operations, the reduced matrix is given by [A B ] ≈ 0
1 1 1
a 22 a 23 b2 
 11 11 
0 0 a 33 b3 

a11 x + a12 y + a13 z = b1


1 1 1
The equivalent system of equations are given by a 22 y + a 23 z = b1
11 11
a33 z = b2

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11
Case: 1 If a33 ≠ 0 then the above system has unique solution, the unique solution is
given by back substitution
11
b2
z = 11
a 33
1 11 1 11
(b1 a 33 − a 23 b2 )
y= 1 11
a 22 .a33
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(b1 a33 a 22 − a13 a 22 b2 − a12 b1 a33 + a12 a 23 b2 )
x= 1 11
a 22 a 33
11 11
Case: 2 If a33 = 0, b3 = 0 then the above system has infinite number of solutions
11 11
Case: 3 If a33 = 0, b3 ≠ 0 then the above system has no solution

Example1: Solve the system of equations


x + 2 y + z = 3, 2 x + 3 y + 2 z = 5, 3 x − 5 y + 5 z = 2, 3 x + 9 y − z = 4 by Gauss elimination
method
Solution: The matrix form of given system of equations is A.X = B where
1 2 1 3 
2 3  x  5 
2
A= , X =  y , B =  
3 − 5 5  2
   z   
3 9 − 1  4
1 2 1 3 
 
 2 3 2 5
The augmented matrix [A B ] = R : R − 2 R1 , R3 : R3 − 3R1 , R4 : R4 − 3R1
3 − 5 5 2 2 2
 
3 9 − 1 4
1 2 1 3
 
0 −1 0 −1 
≈ R : R − 11R2 , R4 : R4 + 3R2
0 − 11 2 − 7  3 3
 
0 3 − 4 − 5 
1 2 1 3
 
 0 −1 0 − 1
≈ R4 : R4 + 2 R3
0 0 2 4
 
0 0 − 4 − 8

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1 2 1 3
 
0 −1 0 − 1
≈
0 0 2 4
 
0 0 0 0 

x + 2y + z = 3
Now the equivalent systems of equations are −y = −1
2z = 4
By backward substitution we get
z=2
y =1
x = −1
Example2: Solve the system of equations
2 x − y + z = 4, 3 x − y + z = 6, 4 x − y + 2 z = 7, − x + y − z = 9
Solution: The matrix form of above system of equations is A.X = B where
 2 − 1 1  4
 3 − 1 1 x 6 
A=    
, X =  y , B =  
 4 − 1 2 7 
   z   
− 1 1 − 1 9 
 2 −1 1 4
 
3 −1 1 6
Now the augmented matrix is [A B ] = 
 4 −1 2 7
 
− 1 1 − 1 9 
R2 : 2 R2 − 3R1 , R3 : 2 R3 − 4 R1 , R4 : 2 R4 + R1
2 −1 1 3
 
0 1 −1 0 
≈ R3 : R3 − 2 R 2 , R 4 : R 4 − R 2
0 2 0 − 2
 
0 1 − 1 22 
2 − 1 1 3 
 
 0 1 −1 −1 
≈
0 0 2 −2
 
0 0 0 22 
In the above equivalent matrix a 43 = 0, b4 ≠ 0
∴ the above system of equations has no solution
i.e. the given system of equations are inconsistent

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