User manual

Version 20.0.0
Contents

1 Calculation 8
1.1 Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.1 Performing a calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.2 Navigating the calculation history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3 Using the most recent result in a new calculation . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.4 Using an element from the calculation history in a new calculation 9
1.1.5 Deleting line items in the calculation history . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Performing calculations with complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.1 Choosing the complex format of the results . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.2 Calculating values with complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Performing calculations with matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.1 Entering a matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.2 Storing a matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.3 Performing calculations with matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.4 Operations and important values of matrices . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Performing calculations with lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.1 Creating a list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.2 Storing a list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4.3 Call an entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.4 Performing calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.5 Computing statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.6 Performing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5 Performing calculations with units and constants . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5.1 Entering a calculation with units and constants . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5.2 Converting units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6 Displaying additional results on a calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6.1 Additional results for integer solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6.2 Additional results for solutions with fractions . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1
CONTENTS 2

1.6.3 Additional results for basic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.6.4 Additional results for calculations using trigonometric functions 18
1.6.5 Additional results for solutions with complex numbers . . . . . 18
1.6.6 Additional results for matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.6.7 Additional results for vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.6.8 Additional results for calculations with units . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2 Grapher 20
2.1 Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.1 Viewing the graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.2 Viewing the table of values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Using the Expressions tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.1 Adding an element to the list of expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.2 Editing an expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.3 Changing the plot restriction of a function or curve . . . . . . . 22
2.2.4 Plotting inverse functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.5 Plotting piecewise functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.6 Plotting polar and parametric curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.7 Plotting inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.8 Enabling or disabling an element in the list . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.9 Removing an element from the list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.10 Renaming a function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.11 Changing the color of a graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.12 Obtain additional information about a conic or a line . . . . . . 24
2.3 Using the Graph tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.1 Displaying interest points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.2 Adjusting the display window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.3 Moving the cursor in the graph window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.4 Moving the cursor to a point on the graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.5 Displaying the value of a derivative of a function at a point . . . 27
2.3.6 Using the Find menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4 Using the Table tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.1 Reading the table of values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.2 Setting the interval in the table of values . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.3 Entering values of x into the table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.4 Deleting table values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.5 Displaying exact values for the output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.6 Displaying the derivative function values . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CONTENTS 3

3 Equations 33
3.1 Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.1 Solve an equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.2 Solving a system of equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4 Statistics 36
4.1 Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.1.1 Entering data into the table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.1.2 Viewing graphical representations of your data . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.1.3 Displaying statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2 Using the Data tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.1 Deleting a row from a data table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.2 Clearing a column from a data table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2.3 Generating a list with a formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2.4 Sorting a list by increasing values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.2.5 Displaying cumulative frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.2.6 Hiding a data set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.3 Using the Graph tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.3.1 Selecting a graphical representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.3.2 Viewing data with histogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.3.3 Viewing data with a boxplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.3.4 Viewing data with a cumulative relative frequency graph . . . . 41
4.3.5 Viewing data with a normal probability plot . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.4 Using the Stats tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5 Regression 43
5.1 Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.1.1 Entering your data into the table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.1.2 Viewing a scatterplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.1.3 Plotting a regression model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.1.4 Displaying statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2 Using the Data tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.1 Clearing an element from a data table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.2 Clearing a column from a data table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.3 Generating a list with a formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2.4 Sorting a list by increasing values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2.5 Changing the regression model in the Data tab . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.3 Using the Graph tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
CONTENTS 4

5.3.1 Adjusting the display window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

5.3.2 Navigating through the data points of a scatterplot . . . . . . . . 47
5.3.3 Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.4 Using the Stats tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

6 Sequences 51
6.1 Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.1.1 Plotting sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.1.2 Displaying the table of values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.2 Using the Sequences tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.2.1 Adding a sequence to the list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.2.2 Editing the expression of a sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.2.3 Activating or deactivating a sequence on the list . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2.4 Deleting the expression of a sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2.5 Removing a sequence from the list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2.6 Changing the type of sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.2.7 Entering the expression of a recursive sequence . . . . . . . . . 54
6.2.8 Changing the first term index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.2.9 Changing the color of a sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.3 Using the Graph tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.3.1 Moving the cursor in the graph window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.3.2 Adjusting the display window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.3.3 Moving the cursor to a given index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.3.4 Calculating the sum of the terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.3.5 Plotting a cobweb graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4 Using the Table tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.1 Modifying the interval of the table of values . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.2 Entering values of n into the table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.4.3 Deleting all table values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

7 Distributions 60
7.1 Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.1.1 Calculate a probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

8 Inference 64
8.1 Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8.1.1 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8.1.2 Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
CONTENTS 5

9 Finance 66
9.1 Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
9.1.1 Solving a finance problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

10 Elements 67
10.1 Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10.1.1 Find an element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10.1.2 View an element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10.1.3 Change the display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

11 Python 69
11.1 Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.1.1 The script list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.1.2 Adding and removing a script from the list . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.1.3 Renaming a script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.1.4 Editing a script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
11.1.5 Autocompletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
11.1.6 Disabling automatic import into the shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
11.2 The shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
11.3 Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
11.3.1 The math module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
11.3.2 The cmath module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
11.3.3 The matplotlib.pyplot module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
11.3.4 The turtle module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11.3.5 The random module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
11.3.6 The kandinsky module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
11.3.7 The ion module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
11.3.8 The time module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
11.4 Toolbox and var keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
11.4.1 The var key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
11.4.2 The Toolbox key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

12 Settings 80
12.1 Angle measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
12.2 Result format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
12.3 Writing format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.4 Complex format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.5 Brightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.6 Python font size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
CONTENTS 6

12.7 Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.8 Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.9 Press-to-test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.9.1 Activating press-to-test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
12.9.2 What happens when you activate the test mode? . . . . . . . . . 82
12.9.3 Deactivating the test mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
12.10About . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
12.11Reset the calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

13 Variables 83
13.1 The var key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
13.1.1 Storing a variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
13.1.2 Accessing stored variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

14 Toolbox 86
14.1 Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
14.2 Complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
14.3 Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
14.3.1 Combinatorics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
14.3.2 Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
14.3.3 Random . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
14.4 Units and constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
14.4.1 Length and angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
14.4.2 Time and frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
14.4.3 Volume and area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
14.4.4 Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
14.4.5 Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
14.4.6 Force and pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
14.4.7 Energy and power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
14.4.8 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
14.4.9 Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
14.4.10 Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
14.5 Matrices and vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
14.6 Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
14.7 Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
14.8 Trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
14.8.1 Hyperbolic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
14.8.2 Advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
CONTENTS 7

14.9 Decimal numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

14.10Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Chapter 1

Calculation

To enter the Calculation application, highlight the app using the directional keys. Press
the O key to enter the application. This application allows you to perform a variety
of computations involving complex numbers, matrices, trigonometry, combinatorics,
derivatives, integrals, and unit conversions.

1.1 Getting started

1.1.1 Performing a calculation
Begin by entering the Calculation application. Do this by highlighting the app on the
home screen using the arrow keys. Press the O key to confirm.
To enter your first calculation:

1. When you enter the Calculation application, the cursor will begin in the editing
bar at the bottom of the screen. This is where you will enter your expression.

2. Once you have entered the desired expression, press the X key to receive your
result.

The result of your most recent calculation will appear in the calculation history located
just above the editing bar. The history lines include the calculation entered, which
appears on the left, and the result, which appears on the right. You will receive both
an exact result and a decimal result for your calculation when applicable. Exact results
are displayed in black and the decimal results are displayed in gray.

1.1.2 Navigating the calculation history

You may navigate between elements of the calculation history lines by using the UD
and LR keys. Once an element is selected, it will be highlighted in gray. Selecting an

8
CHAPTER 1. CALCULATION 9

element within a history line allows you to view all information relevant to your cal-
culation. For example, calculations using decimal numbers will return only a decimal
result. To view the exact result, select your desired history line and the exact result will
appear.

To facilitate reading, the result of calculations with a decimal number is

1 3
always given in decimal form: 0.1 + 0.3 will return 0.4 while 10 + 10 will give
2
5 .

1.1.3 Using the most recent result in a new calculation

The exact result of your most recent calculation may be used in the expression of a new
calculation. To do this, press the a key. The expression Ans will appear in the editing
line. This expression represents the result of your most recent calculation. You may
then perform calculations on this result.
You may also perform a single operation directly to your most recent result by pressing
an operation key. For example, you can add 5 to your last calculation by pressing the +
key followed by the 5 key. The calculation editor will display Ans+5. Once executed,
the value of your most recent result will replace Ans.

Because the NumWorks calculator only contains one minus key, pressing
the - key will display - to represent a negative value. Press the - again
to display Ans-.

1.1.4 Using an element from the calculation history in a new calculation

Results and previous entries in the calculation history may be used in the expression of a
new calculation. Use the UD and LR keys to highlight your desired element. You may
choose between the exact and approximate results. Once your element is highlighted,
press the O key to confirm. The element is then displayed in the editing bar at the
bottom of the screen.

1.1.5 Deleting line items in the calculation history

Line items in the calculation history may be deleted. To delete a line, use the UD keys
to highlight an item from the line you wish to delete. Press d to delete the line.
To delete all lines of the calculation history, press S followed by d.
CHAPTER 1. CALCULATION 10

1.2 Performing calculations with complex numbers

1.2.1 Choosing the complex format of the results
With the NumWorks calculator, you may calculate using both complex and real num-
bers. Your results may be displayed in three different forms:
√
1. Cartesian: the calculation of −1 will give the result i
√
2. Polar: the calculation of −1 will give the result e1.570796∗i
√
3. Real: the calculation of −1 will give the result “unreal”

When the calculator is using polar form, the angle in the exponent is always
given in radians, even if the calculator is set in degrees mode.

To choose the form:

1. Press to begin on the home screen.

2. Highlight the Settings application with the directional keys.

3. Press the O key to confirm.

4. Choose Complex format and press O to confirm.

5. Select your desired form with the UD keys and confirm with O

1.2.2 Calculating values with complex numbers

The modulus, argument, real part, imaginary part and conjugate can be calculated
while in the Calculation application. There are three ways to calculate these values:

• First option: Toolbox menu

1. While in the Calculation application, press the T key to view the toolbox
menu.
2. Use the UD keys to scroll down the menu.
3. Select Complex numbers.
4. Confirm with the O key.
5. You may now select which value you would like to calculate.

• Second option: Manual entry

You may manually enter the functions used to calculate these values. Enter these
syntaxes to calculate your desired value:
CHAPTER 1. CALCULATION 11

– Modulus : abs(z)
– Argument : arg(z)
– Real part : re(z)
– Imaginary part : im(z)
– Conjugate : conj(z)

• Third option: Additional results

1. Enter a complex number in the editing field.

2. Press the X key.
3. Press the U key to highlight the most recent result.
4. Press the R key to highlight the three dots.
5. Press the O key to open the additional results.
6. Use the directional keys to navigate through all possible additional results.

1.3 Performing calculations with matrices

1.3.1 Entering a matrix
When entering a matrix in the Calculation application, a template will appear in the
editing bar. Grey boxes indicate a space that can be filled with a number. Yellow boxes
indicate a space that must be filled to complete the matrix. There are two ways to enter
a matrix:

• First option: Toolbox menu

1. While in the Calculation application, press the T key to view the toolbox
menu.
2. Use the UD keys to scroll down the menu.
3. Select Matrices and vectors.
4. Confirm with the O key.
5. Select New matrix.
6. Confirm with the O key. The matrix template will appear in the editing bar.
7. Enter your desired numbers.

• Second option: Manual entry

1. Press the S key.

2. Press the e key. You can also press l. The matrix template will appear
in the editing bar.
3. Enter your desired numbers.
CHAPTER 1. CALCULATION 12

1.3.2 Storing a matrix

You may store a matrix and access it in the variables menu. This allows you to use the
matrix in later calculations. To store a matrix:

1. Create your matrix.

2. Use the R key to navigate to the right of your matrix.

3. Press S

4. Press p. An arrow should appear in the editing bar.

5. Enter your desired letter or string. Press A followed by the letter(s).

6. Confirm by pressing X

To use a capital letter, press S then A. Your desired letter will now be
entered as a capital letter.

1.3.3 Performing calculations with matrices

You can perform calculations using more than one matrix:

• Addition of two matrices: M1+M2

• Subtraction of two matrices: M1-M2

• Multiplication of two matrices (matrix product) : M1*M2

You can also perform calculations with a number and a matrix:

• Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar: 4*M1

• Power of a matrix: M1^5

• Inverse of a matrix: M1^(-1)

1.3.4 Operations and important values of matrices

The inverse, determinant, transpose, trace and size can be found for a matrix. There
are three ways to determine these values:

• First option: Toolbox menu

1. While in the Calculation application, press the T key to view the toolbox
menu.
CHAPTER 1. CALCULATION 13

2. Use the UD keys to scroll down the menu.

3. Select Matrices and vectors.
4. Confirm with the O key.
5. Select which option you would like to find. Additional options are found in
the Matrices submenu.

• Second option: Manual entry

You may manually enter the functions used to calculate these values. Enter these
syntaxes to calculate your desired value:

– Inverse : inverse(M)
– Determinant : det(M)
– Transpose : transpose(M)
– Trace : trace(M)
– Size : dim(M)
– Row echelon form: ref(M)
– Reduced row echelon form: rref(M)

• Third option: Additional results

1. Enter a matrix in the editing field.

2. Press the X key.
3. Press the U key to highlight the most recent result.
4. Press the R key to highlight the three dots.
5. Press the O key to open the additional results.
6. Use the directional keys to navigate through all possible additional results.

1.4 Performing calculations with lists

1.4.1 Creating a list
There are three ways to create a list of values:

• First option: Toolbox menu

1. While in the Calculation application, press the T key to view the toolbox
menu.
2. Use the UD keys to scroll down the menu.
3. Select Lists.
CHAPTER 1. CALCULATION 14

4. Select the New list option.

5. Enter the values of your list using the number keys.
6. Use the key to enter a comma between each value.

You can also generate a list using a function:

1. Within the Lists section of the Toolbox, select the {f(k)} option.
2. Enter your function.
3. Enter your upper bound. For example k�5 will create a list of 5 values using
your function.

• Second option: Manual entry

1. While in the Calculation application, press the S key followed by the g

key to start your list.
2. Enter the values of your list using the number keys and a comma between
each value.
3. End your list by pressing the S key followed by the i key.

• Third option: Data tables

Lists are automatically created for the columns of the data tables in the Statistics
(N1, V1, etc) and Regression (X1, Y1, etc) applications.

1.4.2 Storing a list

You may store a list in the variables menu. This allows you to use the list in later calcu-
lations or within other applications. To store a list:

1. Create your list.

2. Use the R key to navigate to the right of your matrix.

3. Press S

4. Press p. An arrow should appear in the editing bar.

5. Enter your desired letter or string. Press A followed by the letter(s).

6. Confirm by pressing X

To use a capital letter, press S then A. Your desired letter will now be
entered as a capital letter.
CHAPTER 1. CALCULATION 15

1.4.3 Call an entry

You can call an element using parentheses. In all lists, the index of the first element is
1. To call the fourth element of the list L, you can therefore type L(4).

1.4.4 Performing calculations

You can perform calculations using one or more lists:
Assume L is a stored list.

• Add a value to each entry of a list: L+2

• Subtract a value to each entry of a list: L-2
• Multiply each entry of a list by a value: L*2
• Divide each entry of a list by a value: L/2

Assume L and R are stored lists with the same number of elements.

• Addition of the corresponding elements of two lists: L+R

• Subtraction of the corresponding elements of two lists: L-R
• Multiplication of the corresponding elements of two lists: L*R
• Division of the corresponding elements of two lists: L/R

1.4.5 Computing statistics

The following statistical values can be computed for a given list:

• Mean : mean(L)
• Standard deviation : stddev(L)
• Sample standard deviation: samplestddev(L)
• Median : med(L)
• Variance : var(L)

To compute a statistical value of a list:

1. Press the T key to view the toolbox menu.

2. Select Lists.
3. Select Statistics.
4. Select the option for the statistical value you need.
CHAPTER 1. CALCULATION 16

1.4.6 Performing operations

The following operations can be performed on a given list:

• List length : dim(L)

• Minimum : min(L)

• Maximum: max(L)

• Ascending sorting : sort(L)

• Sum of elements : sum(L)

• Product of elements : prod(L)

To perform an operation on a list:

1. Press the T key to view the toolbox menu.

2. Select Lists.

3. Select Operations.

4. Select the operation you need.

1.5 Performing calculations with units and constants

1.5.1 Entering a calculation with units and constants
You may use units and constants in your calculations. Once you perform your calcula-
tion, the result will be returned along with the most suitable unit. There are two ways
to enter units and constants:

• First option: Toolbox menu

1. While in the Calculation application, press the T key to view the toolbox
menu.
2. Use the UD keys to scroll down the menu.
3. Select Units and constants.
4. Confirm with the O key.
5. Choose from multiple constants and types of measurement: length and an-
gle, time and frequency, volume and area, mass, electricity, force and pres-
sure, energy and power, temperature, other units and constants.
CHAPTER 1. CALCULATION 17

6. Once you have chosen your desired constant or unit of measurement, con-
firm with the O key.
7. Your constant or unit of measurement will appear in the editing bar. Use the
LR keys to enter the desired numbers before your units, if needed.

• Second option: Manual entry

If you know your desired unit or constantʼs abbreviation, you may choose to enter
your calculation manually. To do this:

1. Press A
2. Enter your unit or constant abbreviation using the alpha keys.

To lock your keyboard in alphabetical mode, press A twice. This will allow
you to enter letters without pressing A each time. Press A to unlock alpha
mode.

1.5.2 Converting units

To convert units, use the arrow on the keyboard accessible via S and then p. For
example, to convert 185 minutes to hours, type: 185min→h.

You may also choose a→b in the toolbox menu.

1.6 Displaying additional results on a calculation

When you complete a calculation, the NumWorks calculator searches for relevant ad-
ditional results.
It is possible to navigate in the calculation history to show additional information on the
results of particular calculations. If three dots appears on the right side of a calculation
when an item is highlighted in the calculation history, additional results are available.
Highlight the three dots and press the O key to display the additional results.

1.6.1 Additional results for integer solutions

When the result is an integer, the calculator gives the following additional results:

• scientific notation
• decimal form
• hexadecimal form
• binary form
• prime factorization
CHAPTER 1. CALCULATION 18

1.6.2 Additional results for solutions with fractions

When the result is a fraction, the calculator gives the following additional results:

• mixed fraction

• Euclidean division of the numerator by the denominator

1.6.3 Additional results for basic functions

When the result is the output of a basic function, the calculator gives the following
additional results:

• a graphical representation of the curve of the basic function

• the point on the curve

• the curve equation

1.6.4 Additional results for calculations using trigonometric functions

When the result or the input involves a trigonometric funcion like sin(x) or arccos(x),
the calculator gives the following additional results:

• a representation of the unit circle on a polar grid

• the angle in both radians and degress

• the value of cosine, sine and tangent evaluated at the angle

1.6.5 Additional results for solutions with complex numbers

When the result is a complex number, the calculator gives the following additional re-
sults:

• a representation in the complex plane

• absolute value (modulus)

• argument

• real part

• imaginary part
CHAPTER 1. CALCULATION 19

1.6.6 Additional results for matrices

When the result is a matrix, and if possible, the calculator gives the following additional
results:

• the determinant

• the inverse

• the row echelon form

• the reduced row echelon form

• the trace

1.6.7 Additional results for vectors

When the result is a vector, the calculator gives the following additional results:

• a graphical representation

• the magnitude

• the corresponding unit vector

• the angle with the positive x-axis

1.6.8 Additional results for calculations with units

When the result contains units, the calculator gives the following additional results:

• results written as an imperial decomposition (for example, a result of 38in will

return 1yd+2in in the additional results window).

• results in base SI units (for example, a result of 38in will return 0.9662m in the
additional results window).

• a comparison with up to two reference values, one larger and one smaller than
your result.
Chapter 2

Grapher

To enter the Grapher application, highlight the app using the directional keys. Press
the O key to enter the application. This application allows you to view the graph of a
function, curve, conic and inequality, view the coordinates of your points, determine
key characteristics, and consult a table of values.

2.1 Getting started

2.1.1 Viewing the graph
To plot a graph or curve, you must first enter the expression. To enter your expression:

1. Highlight Add an element and confirm by pressing the O key.

2. Choose the type of expression you wish to use or select the Empty template.

3. Input or adjust your expression.

4. Confirm by pressing the O key.

5. Select the Plot graph button at the bottom of the screen or the Graph tab at the
top of the screen.

6. Confirm by pressing the O key.

The graph or curve will appear in the Graph tab.

You can begin entering the expression of your function immediately upon
entering the Grapher application.

20
CHAPTER 2. GRAPHER 21

2.1.2 Viewing the table of values

The table of values for an expression can be found in the Table tab. There are two ways
to access it.

• First option: From the Expressions tab

1. Highlight Display values at the bottom of the screen.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key.

The table of values is displayed.

• Second option: From any tab

1. Select the Table tab at the top of the screen.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key.

The table of values is displayed.

2.2 Using the Expressions tab

2.2.1 Adding an element to the list of expressions
You can add several types of elements to the list of expressions: functions, inequalities,
polar curves, conics and more. To add an element:

1. Highlight Add an element at the bottom of the expressions list.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key and choose the type of expression you wish to use.

3. A new item appears in the list. You can directly enter its expression with the key-
board.

You can also create a function in the Calculation application. See the Vari-
ables section.

2.2.2 Editing an expression

You can change an expression in the list by highlighting it and pressing the O key.
The editing field is then displayed at the bottom of the screen. The expression you have
selected will be automatically filled into the editing field.

For function composition, use the name of an existing function in the func-
tion expression. An example of a possible expression: cos(f (x)).
CHAPTER 2. GRAPHER 22

2.2.3 Changing the plot restriction of a function or curve

It is possible to change the plotting domain of a function or curve to restrict its definition
domain. To do so:

1. Highlight the box containing the three dots to the right of the function/curve in
the list of expressions.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key. A menu of options will appear for your expression.

3. Highlight Plot restriction.

4. Press the O key.

5. Edit the values. For example, enter -10 for Xmin and 10 for Xmax

6. Highlight Confirm.

7. Confirm with the O key.

Once you have selected the values for your desired plot restriction, the curve or graph
in the Graph tab will only be visible within the bounds you have set.

2.2.4 Plotting inverse functions

To add an inverse function, add an expression that is a function of y. For example,
x = sin(y)

It is also possible to graph the inverse of a function that is already defined.

For example, if f (x) is defined, you can graph its inverse by adding the ex-
pression x = f (y).

2.2.5 Plotting piecewise functions

To add a piecewise function, use the Piecewise function template and enter the desired
expressions and domains.

Logic statements can be used in the domain field of a piecewise function

and are available in the Logic section of the Toolbox.

2.2.6 Plotting polar and parametric curves

It is possible to work with polar and parametric curves in the Grapher application with-
out changing the mode of the calculator.
The expression of a polar function requires use of the θ symbol as a variable. This
symbol can be entered by pressing the x key.
CHAPTER 2. GRAPHER 23

The expression of a parametric function needs to be typed as a column vector of size

2. The first component is the expression of x(t) while the second component is the
expression of y(t).

Templates for polar and parametric curves are available once Add an ele-
ment has been selected.

2.2.7 Plotting inequalities

To add an inequality, use the Inequality template and enter the desired expression. You
can also create an inequality using the following symbols.

• Less than, <: S followed by r

• Greater than, >: S followed by q

• Less than or equal to, �: Open the T and select �

• Greater than or equal to, �: Open the T and select �

The “less than or equal to” symbol can also be entered by first inputting the
< symbol followed by the = symbol.

2.2.8 Enabling or disabling an element in the list

You can disable an element without deleting it from the expression list. When you dis-
able an element, it will appear in gray in the expression list. You can edit the expression,
but its graph and table of values will not appear in the Graph and Table tabs. To disable
an element:

1. Highlight the box with the three dots to the right of the expression from the ex-
pression list.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key. A menu of options will appear for the expression.

3. Highlight Show in Graph and Table.

4. Press the O key. This will disable the element. To reactivate the element, repeat
these steps.

2.2.9 Removing an element from the list

You can delete an element from the expression list. To delete the element:

1. Highlight the element you wish to delete.

CHAPTER 2. GRAPHER 24

2. Press the d key.

You can also delete an element within the menu opened with the three dots
to the right of the expression.

2.2.10 Renaming a function

You can change the name of a function on the expression list. To rename a function:

1. Highlight the function you wish to rename.

2. Press the O key to open the editing bar

3. Use the navigation keys to move the cursor to the function name.

4. Press d to delete the function name.

5. Enter the new name of the function.

2.2.11 Changing the color of a graph

When you add a new element, a color is automatically assigned and will be used when
plotting the expression. To change the color:

1. Select the box with the three points to the right of the expression you wish to
change.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key to open the options menu.

3. Choose Color and select the color of your choice.

2.2.12 Obtain additional information about a conic or a line

For conic sections and linear expressions, it is possible to view additional details calcu-
lated from the expression (eccentricity, semi-major axis, slope, etc.)

1. Select the box with the three points to the right of the conic or linear expression.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key to open the options menu.

3. Choose Details to access additional information about the conic or line.

CHAPTER 2. GRAPHER 25

2.3 Using the Graph tab

2.3.1 Displaying interest points
When you first view the graph of an expression, the selected curve automatically shows
points of interest in black. Interesting points include maximums, minimums, inter-
cepts and intersections.

2.3.2 Adjusting the display window

You can adjust the display window in the Graph tab to fit your needs. This includes:
editing your X and Y values, zooming in and out, and more. There are three menus that
allow you to adjust your graphing window: Auto, Axes and Navigate. To adjust your
graphing window:

1. Highlight your desired menu. The menus are located underneath the tabs near
the top of the screen.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key.

Auto

The NumWorks graphing calculator will adapt to display the best possible view of your
curve. Once you enter your function, the resulting axes will be chosen automatically.
When Auto is active, a yellow circle will appear to the right of its name. Once you exit
this window, either with the directional keys or by changing the settings, Auto will be
disabled and the yellow circle will disappear.

You can also highlight Auto and press the O key to disabled the Auto mode.

Axes

The Axes menu allows you to make manual changes to the axes of your graphing win-
dow. To make changes to the X or Y values:

1. Highlight Axes.

2. Press the O key to enter the menu.

3. Highlight Values of X or Values of Y

4. Confirm with the O key.

5. Enter your desired Minimum and Maximum values. To allow the calculator to
choose automatically, select Auto at the top of the screen.
CHAPTER 2. GRAPHER 26

6. Highlight Confirm at the bottom of the screen.

7. Confirm with the O key.

You can make your axes equal inside the Axes menu. To do this, highlight Make axes
equal and confirm with the O key. Selecting this option will lengthen the shortest axis
to match the longest. When your axes are not equal, a symbol will appear beside the
Axes menu.

Navigate

Select Navigate to work with the interactive display window:

• L / U / R / D: move the window

• + / -: zoom in/zoom out

You can press + and - at anytime while in the Graph tab to zoom in/out.

2.3.3 Moving the cursor in the graph window

You can move the cursor using the four directional arrows:

• L / R: Move the cursor on a curve to the right or left.

• U / D: Move the cursor to a curve above or below the curve you are on.

When tracing a curve, the cursor automatically snaps to interest points and
the legend indicates what kind of point it is.

2.3.4 Moving the cursor to a point on the graph

You can view the coordinates of any point on the graph. This information will appear
in the legend at the bottom of the screen.
To select a specific point given an x-value:

1. Highlight the Calculate menu.

2. Press the O key to open the options menu. You can also open this menu with the
T or O keys while your cursor is on the curve of interest.

3. Highlight x.

4. Confirm with the O key.

5. Enter the value of X for the point you wish to discover.

CHAPTER 2. GRAPHER 27

6. Confirm with the O key. The cursor is now on the point you requested.

You can also enter the value of X directly in the graphing window. To enter
a negative value, first enter the number and then add the negative symbol
before it.

To select a specific point given an y-value:

1. Highlight the Calculate menu.

2. Press the O key to open the options menu. You can also open this menu with the
T or O keys while your cursor is on the curve of interest.

3. Highlight y or f(x).

4. Confirm with the O key.

5. Enter the value of Y for the point you wish to discover.

6. Confirm with the O key. The cursor is now on the point you requested.

You can also Find X given Y in the Find menu.

2.3.5 Displaying the value of a derivative of a function at a point

You can view the value of a derivative of a function at a point on your curve.

1. Highlight the Calculate menu.

2. Press the O key to open the options menu. You can also open this menu with the
T or O keys while your cursor is on the curve of interest.

3. Select Options.

4. Highlight Value of the derivative.

5. Confirm with the O key. This will toggle the Value of the derivative mode on.

6. Press the B key to return to the graphing window. The value of the derivative will
be located in the legend near the bottom of the screen.

If you would like to no longer display the value of the derivative of a function
at a point, repeat these steps.
CHAPTER 2. GRAPHER 28

2.3.6 Using the Find menu

The Find menu allows you to find x given y, identify intersection points, minima and
maxima and zeros, draw tangents with their equation and calculate integrals and area
between curves. To locate the Find menu:

1. Highlight the Calculate menu.

2. Press the O key to open the options menu. You can also open this menu with the
T or O keys while your cursor is on the curve of interest.

3. Highlight Find.

4. Press the O key.

You can now choose which value you would like to discover. Use the UD keys to scroll
through the menu and the O key to select.

Find X given Y

To determine the X value for a given Y value, use the Find X given Y feature. Enter the
desired Y value and Confirm.
The cursor is now at the point with the Y value you requested. If multiple points exist
for your Y value, you can navigate between them with the RL keys.

For the inverse image to be found the point must be located in the current
graphing window.

Intersection

You can find the intersection of two functions. The Intersection option will appear only
if you are working with two or more functions. Highlight Intersection and press the O
key.
The cursor is now at the point where your curves intersect. If multiple intersection
points exist, you can navigate between them with the RL keys.

Maximum / Minimum

You can find the maximum and minimum of your function. Highlight either Maximum
or Minimum and press the O key.
The cursor is now at the maximum/minimum point. If multiple minimum/maximum
points exist, you can navigate between them with the RL keys.
CHAPTER 2. GRAPHER 29

Zeros

You can find the point(s) where the value of your function is zero. Highlight Zeros and
press the O key.
The cursor is now at a point where the value of the selected function is zero. If multiple
zeros exist, you can navigate between them with the RL keys.

Tangent

You can observe the line tangent to the curve at a point. Highlight Tangent and press the
O key. The line tangent to your selected point will appear. Use the directional arrows
to change the point or manually enter the X value of the point using the keyboard. The
equation of the tangent line is given in the legend at the bottom of the screen.

Integral

You can evaluate an integral. To obtain the value of an integral:

1. Highlight Integral.

2. Press the O key.

3. You will be returned to the graphing window. In the legend, you will be prompted
to Select lower bound. Use the LR keys to position the cursor on the lower
bound. You can also enter the value of the lower bound with the keyboard.

4. Press the O key to confirm your selection.

5. You will now be prompted Select upper bound. Use the LR keys to position the
cursor on the upper bound. You can also enter the value of the upper bound with
the keyboard. Use the B key to return to the previous step if you would like to
change your lower bound.

6. Press the O key to confirm your selection.

7. The value of the integral you wish to evaluate is shown in the legend at the bottom
of the screen. Press the B key to calculate a new integral.

Press the O key if you wish to exit the Integral mode.

Area between curves

If more than one function is plotted, you can find the area between curves. To compute
the area between curves:

1. Highlight Area between curves.

CHAPTER 2. GRAPHER 30

2. Press the O key.

3. You will be returned to the graphing window. In the legend, you will be prompted
to Select lower bound. Use the LR keys to position the cursor on the lower
bound. You can also enter the value of the lower bound with the keyboard.

4. Press the O key to confirm your selection.

5. You will now be prompted Select upper bound. Use the LR keys to position the
cursor on the upper bound. You can also enter the value of the upper bound with
the keyboard. Use the B key to return to the previous step if you would like to
change your lower bound.

6. Press the O key to confirm your selection.

7. The value of the area between the two curves is shown in the legend at the bottom
of the screen. Press the B key to calculate a new integral.

2.4 Using the Table tab

2.4.1 Reading the table of values
When you enter the Table tab, x values will automatically range from 0-10. There will
be a column for the values of f(x) at a given x value. There will be a column for each
function you enter.

2.4.2 Setting the interval in the table of values

You can fill the table of values with values of x in any interval of your choice. To do this:

1. Highlight Set the interval in the Table tab.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key.

3. Enter the desired values of X start and X end.

4. Choose the step value between each x value. For example, the table will have an
initial step value of one.

5. Highlight Confirm.

6. Press the O key to finalize your interval. The table will now display the interval
you have chosen.

You can also highlight the x cell and press the O key to enter the Set the
interval menu.
CHAPTER 2. GRAPHER 31

2.4.3 Entering values of x into the table

You can manually enter values into the x column and receive the corresponding values
in the f(x) column. Highlight the cell you wish to change and enter your desired value
with the numeric keys. Confirm by pressing the O key.

2.4.4 Deleting table values

You can delete single rows as well as the entire first column. To delete a row, highlight
the row you wish to delete and press the d key.
To delete the column of x values:

1. Highlight the x cell at the top of the first column.

2. Press the O key. An options menu will appear.

3. Highlight Clear column.

4. Press the O key.

5. An empty value table appears on the screen. You can now enter values in the x
column manually or with the Set the interval option.

2.4.5 Displaying exact values for the output

You can display the exact values of the output of each expression instead of decimal
approximations. To view exact values:

1. Highlight Exact results in the Table tab.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key. The table will now display exact values.

2.4.6 Displaying the derivative function values

You can display a column of derivative function values in the table. To view this column:

1. Highlight the cell that contains the name of your desired function.

2. Press the O key. An options menu will appear.

3. Highlight Derivative column.

4. Press the O key to toggle on the derivative column.

5. Press the B key to return to the table. The derivative function column will appear
to the right of the function you selected.
CHAPTER 2. GRAPHER 32

If you would no longer like to view the derivative function column, highlight
the first cell of the column and press the O key. Highlight Hide derivative
function and press the O key. The derivative function column is no longer
displayed.
Chapter 3

Equations

To enter the Equations application, highlight the app using the directional keys. Press
the O key to enter the application. This application allows you to solve equations and
systems of equations with both exact and numerical solutions.

3.1 Getting started

3.1.1 Solve an equation
Enter an equation

You can begin entering your equation as soon as you enter the Equations application.
You can also choose to utilize one of the equation templates.
To enter an equation without utilizing a template:

1. Begin entering your equation as soon as you enter the Equations section.

2. You can utilize any lower case letter as a variable. To use x as your unknown value,
press the x key.

3. To input the equal sign, press S followed by the n key. If you confirm without
an equal sign in your equation, = 0 will be added automatically.

4. Press the O key to confirm.

To use an equation template:

1. Highlight Add equation.

2. Press the O key. The list of equation templates will appear.

3. Highlight your desired template.

33
CHAPTER 3. EQUATIONS 34

4. Confirm with the O key. Your equation template will now be located in the editing
field.

5. Use the directional keys and numerical keys to adjust the desired equation as
needed.

6. Confirm with the O key.

Solutions

To obtain the solution(s) of your equation:

1. Enter the equation(s) you wish to solve.

2. Highlight Solve the equation at the bottom of the screen.

3. Press the O key to receive the solution(s).

The solution is given in exact and approximate form. For quadratic and cubic equations,
the discriminant (Δ) is also given.

General case Most often, solutions are computed numerically and their value is often
approximated.
When you press the Solve the equation button, the application may require you to set
an interval in which to search for the solution.
Set the values of Xmin and Xmax and highlight Solve the equation. Confirm with the
O key.
If there are many solutions, the calculator will only display the first ten.

3.1.2 Solving a system of equations

Entering a system of equations

You can enter more than one equation to be solved as a system. To enter a system of
equations:

1. Enter the first equation in your system manually or using a template.

2. Highlight Add equation.

3. Enter the second equation in your system manually or using a template.

4. Continue as needed to complete your system.

You can add up to 6 equations.

CHAPTER 3. EQUATIONS 35

Solutions

The application solves linear systems with real or complex coefficients.

To obtain the solutions, highlight Solve the system at the bottom of the screen and press
the O key.
The application gives the solutions in exact and decimal form. It also indicates if there
are infinitely many solutions or if there is no solution.
Chapter 4

Statistics

To enter the Statistics application, highlight the app using the directional keys. Press
the O key to enter the application. This application allows you to study single variable
data sets and view statistical values relevant to your set: mean, standard deviation, min-
imum or maximum and more. You may also view graphical representations of your data
with boxplots, histograms, cumulative relative frequncy graphs and normal probablity
plots.

4.1 Getting started

4.1.1 Entering data into the table
You must first enter your data into the table. You may add up to 3 data tables.

• In the first column (Value V1), enter the values of your data set.

• In the second column (Frequency N1), enter the frequencies associated with each
value in your data set, i.e. the number of occurrences of each value.

When you begin entering data in the Value VI column, the Frequency N1 column is
automatically filled with the value 1, indicating the value appears only once in the set.
If the value appears more than once in your data set, you can enter the same value
multiple times or change the frequency in the second column.
For example, consider the following data set: 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5.
To enter this statistical data in the table:

Value V1 Frequency N1
1 3
2 1
3 2
4 1
5 2
36
CHAPTER 4. STATISTICS 37

4.1.2 Viewing graphical representations of your data

After entering your data in the Data tab, you may view a graphical representation of
your data. To view a graph:

1. Use the directional keys to highlight the Graph tab at the top of the screen.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key.

3. Select the graph type of interest.

You can view your data using the following graphical representations:

• Histogram

• Boxplot

• Cumulative Relative Frequency Graph

• Normal Probability Plot

4.1.3 Displaying statistics

After entering your data in the Data tab, you can display the statistics: mean, standard
deviation, median, etc. To view the statistics:

1. Select the Stats tab at the top of the screen.

2. Confirm by pressing O.

You can now view all statistics available for your data set.

4.2 Using the Data tab

4.2.1 Deleting a row from a data table
To delete a row from a data table:

1. Highlight a single cell in the row that you wish to delete.

2. Press the d key. The row has been deleted.

To change a value, highlight the desired cell and enter a new value with the
numerical keys.
CHAPTER 4. STATISTICS 38

4.2.2 Clearing a column from a data table

You may clear an entire column from any data table. Clearing the Value V1 column also
clears the Frequency N1 column. Clearing the Frequency N1 column will fill each cell
in the column with the value 1. To clear an entire column from a data table:

1. Highlight the name of the column you want to clear. For example, highlight Value
V1 to clear the first column of the first data table.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key. The column options menu will open.

3. Highlight Clear table V1/N1.

4. Confirm with the O key. The column has been cleared.

You can also clear a column by pressing the d key when a column name
is highlighted.

4.2.3 Generating a list with a formula

You may fill a column of a data table using a formula. To fill a column with a formula:

1. Highlight the name of the column you wish to fill. For example, highlight Value
V2.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key.

3. The column options menu opens. Highlight Fill with a formula.

4. Confirm with the O key.

5. Select a list function from the templates or use the Empty template to create your
own.

6. You can also enter a formula using the name of another column. For example, if
you would like column Value V2 to be filled with the values of V1 divided by 2, use
the Empty template and write V1/2 in the editing field at the bottom of the screen.

7. Confirm with the O key.

To use a capital letter, press S then A. Your desired letter will now be
entered as a capital letter.
CHAPTER 4. STATISTICS 39

4.2.4 Sorting a list by increasing values

You may sort a list in a data table by increasing values. This classification affects the
column associated with the list (Value or Frequency).

1. Highlight the name of the column you would like to sort.

2. Confirm with the O key.

3. The column options menu opens. Highlight Sort.

4. Confirm with the O key. The items of your list have been sorted.

4.2.5 Displaying cumulative frequencies

You may view a column of cumulative frequencies for your data set. To view cumulative
frequencies:

1. Highlight the name of the column for which you would like to see the cumulative
frequencies.

2. Confirm with the O key.

3. The column options menu opens. Highlight Cumulative frequencies.

4. Press the O key to toggle on the option.

5. Press the B key to return to the Data tab and view the column of cumulative fre-
quencies.

4.2.6 Hiding a data set

You may hide a data set so that it does not appear in the graphs or summary statistics.
To hide a data set:

1. Highlight the name of the column you would like to hide.

2. Confirm with the O key.

3. The column options menu opens. Highlight Show in Graphs and Stats.

4. Press the O key to toggle off the option.

5. Press the key to return to the Data tab.

When a data set is hidden, the table and its values will be gray.
To show a hidden data set, repeat the steps above to toggle back on the option.
CHAPTER 4. STATISTICS 40

4.3 Using the Graph tab

4.3.1 Selecting a graphical representation
You can view your data with a boxplot, histogram, cumulative relative frequncy graph
or normal probability plot. To select a graphical representation:

1. Use the directional keys to highlight the Graph tab at the top of the screen.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key.

3. Select the graph type of interest.

Once a graph is selected, you can return to the graph selection menu by selecting the
Type menu.

4.3.2 Viewing data with histogram

Navigating a histogram

When viewing data with a histogram, you will see the interval, frequency and relative
frequency in the banner at the bottom of the screen for each bin.
To navigate between the bins in the histogram, use the LR keys.
To navigate between data sets, use the UD keys.

Setting the histogram parameters

You may change the width and starting value of the histogram bins. To do this:

1. Highlight the Settings menu and press the O key.

2. The histogram settings menu opens. Enter the values for the Bin width and X
start.

3. Highlight Confirm and press the O key.

4.3.3 Viewing data with a boxplot

Navigating a boxplot

When viewing data with a boxplot, the banner at the bottom of the screen will display
a value of the 5-number summary. These values include:

• Minimum

• First quartile
CHAPTER 4. STATISTICS 41

• Median

• Third quartile

• Maximum

To navigate between statistics, use the LR keys.

To navigate between data sets, use the UD keys.

Displaying outliers

By default, outliers will automatically be displayed as individual points on the boxplot.

To disable outliers:

1. Highlight the Settings menu and press the O key.

2. The boxplot settings menu opens. Highlight Display outliers.

3. Press the O key to toggle off the option.

4. Press the B key to return to the boxplot.

4.3.4 Viewing data with a cumulative relative frequency graph

Navigating a cumulative relative frequency graph

When viewing data with a cummulative relative frequency graph, the banner at the
bottom of the screen will display a value and its cumulative relative frequency.
To navigate through values, use the LR keys.
To navigate between data sets, use the UD keys.

4.3.5 Viewing data with a normal probability plot

Navigating a normal probability plot

When viewing data with a normal probability plot, the banner at the bottom of the
screen will display a value and its expected z-score.
To navigate through values, use the LR keys.
To navigate between data sets, use the UD keys.

4.4 Using the Stats tab

The Stats tab displays the statistics calculated using the data entered in the Data tab.
The full name of the descriptive statistic is listed along with a symbol:
CHAPTER 4. STATISTICS 42

• Number of data points: n

• Minimum: Min

• First quartile: Q1

• Median: Med

• Third quartile: Q3

• Maximum: Max

• Range: R

• Interquartile range: IQR

• Mean: µ

• Standard deviation: σ

• Variance: σ2

• Sample mean: x̄

• Sample standard deviation: s

• Sample variance: s2

• Sum of values: Σx

• Mode: Mod

• Mode frequency: Modf

Chapter 5

Regression

To enter the Regression application, highlight the app using the directional keys. Press
the O key to enter the application. This application allows you to perform statistical
computations on two-dimensional data sets.

5.1 Getting started

5.1.1 Entering your data into the table
When you enter the Regression app, you must enter your data into a two-column table.
You may add up to 3 data tables.

• In the first column (X1), enter the values of the first variable of your data set.

• In the second column (Y1), enter the values of the second variable of your data
set.

5.1.2 Viewing a scatterplot

Once you have entered your data into the table, you may view a scatterplot of your data.
To do this:

1. Highlight the Graph tab at the top of the screen.

2. Confirm with the O key.

You will see the points that represent your data. The coordinates of the selected point
will be displayed in the bottom banner along with the correlation coefficent, r.

43
CHAPTER 5. REGRESSION 44

5.1.3 Plotting a regression model

Once you have created a scatterplot, you may plot a regression model. To do this:

1. While on the Graph tab, press the O key to view a list of regression model options.

2. Highlight the model you would like to use.

3. Confirm with the O key.

You can now use the D/U keys to move from a data point to the regression model.
When the model is select, the bottom banner will include the predicted value and the
equation.

5.1.4 Displaying statistical values

Once you have entered your data into the table in the Data tab, you may view the statis-
tical values: mean, standard deviation, median, etc.

1. Highlight the Stats tab at the top of the screen.

2. Confirm with the O key. You will see the table of statistical values.

5.2 Using the Data tab

5.2.1 Clearing an element from a data table
To clear an element from a data table:

1. Highlight the cell that you wish to clear.

2. Press the d key. The cell has been cleared.

To change a value, highlight the desired cell and enter a new value with the
numerical keys.

5.2.2 Clearing a column from a data table

You may clear an entire column from any data table. To clear an entire column from a
data table:

1. Highlight the name of the column you want to clear. For example, highlight X1 to
clear the first column of the first data table.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key. The column options menu will open.
CHAPTER 5. REGRESSION 45

3. Highlight Clear column.

4. Confirm with the O key. The column has been cleared.

You can also clear a column by pressing the d key when a column name
is highlighted.

5.2.3 Generating a list with a formula

You may fill a column of a data table using a formula. To fill a column with a formula:

1. Highlight the name of the column you wish to fill. For example, highlight Y1.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key.

3. The column options menu opens. Highlight Fill with formula.

4. Confirm with the O key.

5. Select a list function from the templates or use the Empty template to create your
own.

6. You can also enter a formula using the name of another column. For example,
if you would like column Y1 to be filled with the values of X1 divided by 2, write
X1/2 in the editing field at the bottom of the screen.

7. Confirm with the O key.

To use a capital letter, press S then A. Your desired letter will now be
entered as a capital letter.

5.2.4 Sorting a list by increasing values

You may sort a list in a data table by increasing values.

1. Highlight the name of the column you would like to sort.

2. Confirm with the O key.

3. The column options menu opens. Highlight Sort by increasing values.

4. Confirm with the O key. The items of your list have been sorted.
CHAPTER 5. REGRESSION 46

5.2.5 Changing the regression model in the Data tab

You may change the regression model youʼll use directly in the Data tab.
To change the regression model you are using:

1. Highlight the name of a column.

2. Confirm with the O key. The options menu will open.

3. Highlight Model.

4. Confirm with the O key.

5. Highlight your desired model.

6. Confirm with the O key.

5.3 Using the Graph tab

5.3.1 Adjusting the display window
You may adjust the display window in the Graph tab to fit your needs. This includes:
editing your X and Y values, zooming in and out, and more. There are three menus that
allow you to adjust your graphing window: Auto, Axes and Navigate. To adjust your
graphing window:

1. Highlight your desired menu. The menus are located underneath the tabs near
the top of the screen.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key.

You may press + and - to zoom in/out while in the Graph tab.

Auto

The NumWorks graphing calculator will adapt to display the best possible view of your
regression. Once you enter your data, the resulting axes will be chosen automatically.
When Auto is active, a yellow circle will appear to the right of its name. Once you exit
this window, either with the directional keys or by changing the settings, Auto will be
disabled and the yellow circle will disappear.

You may also highlight Auto and press the O key to disabled the Auto mode.
CHAPTER 5. REGRESSION 47

Axes

The Axes menu allows you to make manual changes to the axes of your graphing win-
dow. To make changes to the X or Y values:

1. Highlight Axes.

2. Press the O key to enter the menu.

3. Highlight Values of X or Values of Y

4. Confirm with the O key.

5. Enter your desired Minimum and Maximum values. To allow the calculator to
choose automatically, select Auto at the top of the screen.

6. Highlight Confirm at the bottom of the screen.

7. Confirm with the O key.

You may make your axes equal inside the Axes menu. To do this, highlight Make axes
equal and confirm with the O key. Selecting this option will lengthen the shortest axis
to match the longest. When your axes are not equal, a symbol will appear beside the
Axes menu.

Navigate

Select Navigate to work with the interactive display window:

• L / U / R / D: move the window

• + / -: zoom in/zoom out

5.3.2 Navigating through the data points of a scatterplot

You can move the cursor using the four directional arrows:

• L/R : move the cursor from point to point.

• U/D : move the cursor from the data points of one set to another data set.

5.3.3 Regression
Plotting a regression model

Once you have created a scatterplot, you may plot a regression model. To do this:
CHAPTER 5. REGRESSION 48

1. Open the Regression menu.

2. Highlight the regression model you would like to use.

3. Confirm with the O key.

You can now use the U/D keys to move from a data point to the regression model.
When the model is select, the bottom banner will include the predicted value and the
equation.

Viewing regression information

Once a regression model has been plotted, you can view additional information about
the model in the Regression menu including:

• the regression equation

• the correlation coefficent (for linear models only)

• the coefficient of determination, R2

Viewing a residual plot

The Regression menu also gives you access to a residual plot. To view the residual plot:

1. Open the Regression menu.

2. Navigate down to Residual plot.

3. Confirm with the O key.

You can now use the L/R keys to move the cursor to view data points and their corre-
sponding residual value.

Making predictions

You may look for a specific point on the regression model for a given x or predicted y
value. In other words, you may predict a value of Y given X and a determine the value
of X needed for a given predicted Y .

1. Open the Regression menu.

2. Navigate down to Predict Y given X if you know the value of X or Find X given
predictd Y if you want to know the value of X given a predicted Y .

3. Confirm with the O key.

CHAPTER 5. REGRESSION 49

4. Enter your value.

5. Highlight Confirm.

6. Press the O key.

The cursor will move to the desired point. You may view the coordinates of this point
at the bottom of the screen.

Changing the regression model

You may change the regression model you use. The available models are:

• Linear ax + b

• Linear a + bx

• Proportional

• Quadratic

• Cubic

• Quartic

• Logarithmic

• Exponential a*b^x

• Exponential a*e^(bx)

• Power

• Trigonometric

• Logistic

• Median-Median

To change the regression model you are using:

1. Open the Regression menu.

2. While highlighting Model, confirm with the O key.

3. Highlight your desired model.

4. Confirm with the O key. You have now changed the regression model.
CHAPTER 5. REGRESSION 50

Removing a regression

You may remove a regression model from the scatterplot. To remove the regression
model:

1. Open the Regression menu.

2. Navigate to Remove regression.

3. Confirm with the O key.

5.4 Using the Stats tab

The Stats tab displays statistical variables calculated using the data in the Data tab. The
following datas are calculated:

• Mean of xi values and yi

• Sum of xi and yi

• Sum of the squares of xi and yi

• Standard deviation of xi and yi

• Variance of xi and yi

• Sample standard deviation of xi and yi

• Number of data points

• Covariance

• Sum of xi × yi

If a model has been plotted, the Stats tab will also display:

• Regression equation

• Regression equation parameters

• Correlation coefficient r (for linear models)

• Coefficient of determination r2
Chapter 6

Sequences

To enter the Sequences application, highlight the app using the directional keys. Press
the O key to enter the application. This application allows you to plot both recursive
and explicit sequences, view a table of their values and compute the sum of their terms.

6.1 Getting started

6.1.1 Plotting sequences
To plot a sequence:

1. Highlight Add sequence.

2. Confirm with the O key.

3. Highlight which type of expression you would like to enter: explicit expression of
the sequence (based on n), recursive first order (expression based on the previous
term) or recursive second order (expression based on the two previous terms).

4. Confirm with the O key. The editing field will appear at the bottom of the screen.

5. Enter the expression of the sequence you wish to plot. To use the variable n within
the expression of the sequence, press the x key. To use a recursive formula,
use the Toolbox menu shortcuts by pressing the T key. In this case, you must
indicate the value of the first term of the sequence.

6. Confirm with the O key.

7. Highlight the Plot Graph button at the bottom of the screen or the Graph tab at
the top of the screen.

8. Confirm with the O key.

51
CHAPTER 6. SEQUENCES 52

You are now in the Graph tab and your sequence has been plotted. You can move the
cursor using the directional arrows and read the coordinates of the points at the bottom
of the screen.

To view the options menu of the sequence on which the cursor is located,
press the O key. You can also highlight Calculate and press the O key.

6.1.2 Displaying the table of values

The table of values for the sequence can be found in the Table tab. There are two ways
to access it.

• First option: from the Sequences tab

1. Highlight Display values at the bottom of the screen.

2. Confirm with the O key. The table is displayed.

• Second option: from any tab

1. Highlight the Table tab at the top of the screen.

2. Confirm with the O key. The table is displayed.

6.2 Using the Sequences tab

6.2.1 Adding a sequence to the list
You can add up to 3 sequences to the list. To add a sequence to the list:

1. Highlight Add sequence at the bottom of the list.

2. Confirm with the O key.

Then choose the type of sequence you wish to plot and enter its expression.

6.2.2 Editing the expression of a sequence

You can edit the expression of a sequence on the list by highlighting it and pressing the
O key.
The sequence editing field is then displayed at the bottom of the screen.
CHAPTER 6. SEQUENCES 53

6.2.3 Activating or deactivating a sequence on the list

You can deactivate a sequence without completely deleting it from the sequences list.
To do this:

1. Highlight the name of the sequence in the list.

2. Press the O key to open the options menu for the sequence.

3. Highlight Show in Graph and Table and press the O key to toggle the status of the
sequence.

4. Return to the sequence list by pressing B. Repeat the steps to re-activate the se-
quence.

Inactive sequences will appear on the list in gray. You can edit their expres-
sions, but these sequences will not be shown in the Graph and Table tabs.

6.2.4 Deleting the expression of a sequence

You can delete the expression of a sequence and enter a new one. To do this:

1. Highlight the expression of the sequence you want to delete.

2. Press the d key. The expression has been deleted.

6.2.5 Removing a sequence from the list

You can permanently remove a sequence from the list. To delete a sequence:

1. Highlight the name of the sequence you wish to remove from the sequence list.

2. Press the O key to open the options menu for the sequence.

3. Highlight Delete sequence.

4. Confirm with the O key. The sequence will disappear from the list.

You can also delete a sequence from the list by highlighting the name of a
sequence and pressing the d key.
CHAPTER 6. SEQUENCES 54

6.2.6 Changing the type of sequence

There are three types of expressions to use for your sequences. The types of expression
available for use:

• Explicit expression of the sequence: based on n.

• Recursive first order: expression based on the previous term.

• Recursive second order: expression based on the two previous terms.

To change the type of sequence used:

1. Highlight the name of the sequence you wish to change.

2. Press the O key to open the options menu for the sequence.

3. Highlight Sequence type.

4. Confirm with the O key.

5. Highlight the type of expression you would like.

6. Confirm with the O key. The type of the sequence has been changed. If you
chose to define the sequence with a recursive expression, you must provide the
first term.

When you change the type of a sequence, the expression previously entered
for that sequence is deleted.

6.2.7 Entering the expression of a recursive sequence

You can enter the expression of a recursive sequence. For example, enter: un+2 =
un+1 + un . You can use the two previous terms in the expression (un+1 and un ).
To enter the expression of a recursive sequence:

1. Press the T key while editing your expression.

2. Highlight the term you need to complete the expression.

3. Confirm with the O key.

You can also manually enter the term you would like: type u(n+1) for un+1 and u(n)
for un .

When entering a recursive sequence, you must define the first terms of the
sequence. Enter the required terms in the list below the expression of the
recursive sequence.
CHAPTER 6. SEQUENCES 55

6.2.8 Changing the first term index

You can change the first term index of your sequence. To do this:

1. Highlight the name of the sequence to edit.

2. Press the O key to open the options menu for the sequence.

3. Highlight First term index.

4. Enter the desired value.

5. Confirm with the O key.

6. Press the B key to return to the Sequences tab. Your first term index has been
changed.

6.2.9 Changing the color of a sequence

When you add a new sequence, a color is automatically assigned and will be used when
plotting the sequence. To change the color:

1. Highlight the name of the sequence whose color you wish to change.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key to open the Sequence options menu.

3. Choose Color and select the color of your choice.

6.3 Using the Graph tab

6.3.1 Moving the cursor in the graph window
You can move the cursor using the four directional arrows:

• L / R: Move the cursor to the right or left.

• U / D: Move the cursor to a sequence above or below the sequence you are on.

The cursor indicates which sequence is selected. Be sure to have the correct
sequence selected before performing calculations.
CHAPTER 6. SEQUENCES 56

6.3.2 Adjusting the display window

You can adjust the display window in the Graph tab to fit your needs. This includes:
editing your X and Y values, zooming in and out, and more. There are three menus that
allow you to adjust your graphing window: Auto, Axes and Navigate. To adjust your
graphing window:

1. Highlight your desired menu. The menus are located underneath the tabs near
the top of the screen.

2. Confirm by pressing the O key.

Auto

The NumWorks graphing calculator will adapt to display the best possible view of your
sequence. Once you enter your sequence, the resulting axes will be chosen automati-
cally. When Auto is active, a yellow circle will appear to the right of its name. Once you
exit this window, either with the directional keys or by changing the settings, Auto will
be disabled and the yellow circle will disappear.

You can also highlight Auto and press the O key to disabled the Auto mode.

Axes

The Axes menu allows you to make manual changes to the axes of your graphing win-
dow. To make changes to the X or Y values:

1. Highlight Axes.

2. Press the O key to enter the menu.

3. Highlight Values of X or Values of Y

4. Confirm with the O key.

5. Enter your desired Minimum and Maximum values. To allow the calculator to
choose automatically, select Auto at the top of the screen.

6. Highlight Confirm at the bottom of the screen.

7. Confirm with the O key.

You can make your axes equal inside the Axes menu. To do this, highlight Make axes
equal and confirm with the O key. Selecting this option will lengthen the shortest axis
to match the longest. When your axes are not equal, a symbol will appear beside the
Axes menu.
CHAPTER 6. SEQUENCES 57

Navigate

Select Navigate to work with the interactive display window:

• L / U / R / D: move the window

• + / -: zoom in/zoom out

You can press + and - at anytime while in the Graph tab to zoom in/out.

6.3.3 Moving the cursor to a given index

1. When the cursor is on the sequence for which you are looking for a particular
value, press O.
2. The plot options menu opens, select Go to and confirm.
3. Enter the index of the point on which you want to move the cursor.
4. Select the Confirm button and press O.

The cursor is now on the point you requested.

You can also type directly on the keyboard the value of the index to bring it to the re-
quested point.

6.3.4 Calculating the sum of the terms

To calculate the sum of terms for any sequence:

1. Make sure your cursor is located on the sequence you wish to work with.
2. Press the O key. The plot options menu will open.
3. Highlight Sum of terms.
4. Confirm with the O key.
5. Enter the first term. Use the LR keys to position the cursor on the first term. You
can also manually enter the value of n with the keyboard.
6. Confirm with the O key.
7. Enter the last term in the same way.
8. Confirm with the O key. You can return to the previous step by pressing the B
key. If you do this, you will be asked to enter the first term again.
9. The value of the sum you would like to calculate is shown in the display bar at the
bottom of the screen.

To exit the Sum of terms mode, press the O key.

CHAPTER 6. SEQUENCES 58

6.3.5 Plotting a cobweb graph

It is possible to represent a recursive sequence with a cobweb graph to study its conver-
gence. To plot a coweb graph:

1. Make sure your cursor is located on the recursive sequence you wish to work with.

2. Press the O key. The plot options menu will open.

3. Highlight Cobweb graph.

4. Confirm with the O key.

5. Use the RL keys to navigate to the next and previous terms respectively.

6. Press the B key to exit the cobweb graph.

The +- keys allow you to zoom in and out around the selected term.

6.4 Using the Table tab

6.4.1 Modifying the interval of the table of values
When in the Table tab, you can fill the table of values with values of n in any interval of
your choice. There are two ways to do this:

• First option

1. Highlight Set the interval.

2. Confirm with the O key. The options menu will open.
3. Enter the values of N start and N end with the numeric keys.
4. Enter the step value.
5. Highlight Confirm.
6. Confirm with the O key. The new table will reflect the interval you have
specified.

• Second option

1. Highlight the n cell at the top of the first column.

2. Confirm with the O key.
3. Highlight Set the interval.
4. Confirm with the O key. The options menu will open.
5. Enter the values of N start and N end with the numeric keys.
CHAPTER 6. SEQUENCES 59

6. Enter the step value.

7. Highlight Confirm.
8. Confirm with the O key. The new table will reflect the interval you have
specified.

6.4.2 Entering values of n into the table

To manually enter values of n into the table:

1. Highlight your desired cell in the first column (Column n).

2. Enter a value of n using the numerical keys.

3. Confirm with the O key.

6.4.3 Deleting all table values

1. Highlight the n cell at the top of the first column.

2. Confirm with the O key. An options menu will appear.

3. Highlight Clear column.

4. Confirm with the O key. An empty value table will appear on the screen. You can
now enter values in the n column manually or fill automatically.

You can delete a row from the table by highlighting it and pressing the d
key.
Chapter 7

Distributions

To enter the Distributions application, highlight the app using the directional keys.
Press the O key to enter the application. This app allows you to study different proba-
bility distributions such as Binomial, Normal, Chi-squared and many others.

7.1 Getting started

7.1.1 Calculate a probability
The Distributions application allows you to calculate probabilities from a continuous
or discrete probability distribution. It is structured in 3 steps:

Step 1: Choose the probability distribution

Highlight the probability distribution you would like to use with the directional arrows.
Then confirm by pressing O to continue to the next step.
You may choose between 6 continuous distributions and 3 discrete distributions.
Continuous distributions:

• Uniform distribution

• Exponential distribution

• Normal distribution

• Chi-square distribution

• Studentʼs t-distribution

• Fisherʼs F-distribution

Discrete distributions:

60
CHAPTER 7. DISTRIBUTIONS 61

• Binomial distribution

• Geometric distribution

• Hypergeometric distribution

• Poisson distribution

Step 2: Enter the parameters

Now that you have selected a distribution, you must enter your desired parameters. To
do this:

1. Enter the value of the parameter(s)

2. Highlight Next.

3. Confirm with the O key. This will take you to the next step.

The following list includes the parameters for each distribution:

• Binomial

– n : number of trials
– p : success probability

• Uniform

– a, b : bounds of the interval

• Exponential

– λ : parameter

• Normal

– µ : mean
– σ : standard deviation

• Chi-square

– k : degrees of freedom

• Studentʼs t

– k : degrees of freedom
CHAPTER 7. DISTRIBUTIONS 62

• Geometric

– p : success probability

• Hypergeometric

– N : population size
– K : total of items with feature
– n : sample size

• Poisson

– λ :parameter

• Fisherʼs F

– d1 : degrees of freedom of the numerator

– d2 : degrees of freedom of the denominator

Step 3: Calculate probabilities

Calculating a probability To calculate a probability:

1. Highlight the bound in which you need to enter your value.

2. Enter the value.

3. Confirm by pressing the O key.

You may now read the result of the probability calculation.

Modifying the bounds You can modify the type of bounds for your probability calcu-
lations.

•
X≤a

•
a≤X

•
a≤X≤b

•
X=a
CHAPTER 7. DISTRIBUTIONS 63

The last option may only be used for discrete distributions.

To modify the bounds of your probability calculation:

1. Navigate to the image at the top left of the screen.

2. Confirm with the O key.

3. A drop-down menu opens. Choose the type of bounds you would like.

4. Confirm with the O key.

You have changed the type of bounds for calculating your probabilities.

Calculating the inverse You may calculate a in P (a≤X) = p for a given p probability
value. To do so:

1. Highlight the field in which the probability value is located.

2. Enter your value.

3. Confirm by pressing the O key.

The calculator will display the value of a.

Chapter 8

Inference

To enter the Inference application, highlight the app using the directional keys. Press
the O key to enter the application. This app allows you to perform hypothesis tests and
construct confidence intervals.

8.1 Getting started

The first screen of the application allows you to choose between Tests and Intervals.

8.1.1 Tests
This section allows you to perform hypothesis tests. The following types of tests are
available:

• z-test for a proportion or the difference of two proportions

• t-test or z-test for a mean or the difference of two means
• t-test for a slope
• chi-square goodness-of-fit test or chi-square homogeneity/independence test

For each of these tests, the interface first allows you to define your null hypothesis and
your alternative hypothesis (this step is implicit in the chi-square test). You then enter
your sample data.
The calculator then calculates the test statistic and P-value. A graphical representation
is also available with the P-value and rejection region shaded.

8.1.2 Intervals
This section is used to construct confidence intervals. The following types of intervals
are available:

64
CHAPTER 8. INFERENCE 65

• z-interval for a proportion or the difference of two proportions

• t-interval or z-interval for a mean or the difference of two means

• t-interval for a slope

For each of these types of intervals, you are first prompted to enter sample data. The
calculator then provides the critical value, standard error and margin of error. It also
provides the endpoints of the interval as well as a visual representation.

You can then use the copy key to copy the calculated interval and paste it
into another application.
Chapter 9

Finance

To enter the Finance application, highlight the app using the directional keys. Press the
O key to enter the application.

9.1 Getting started

The first screen of the application allows you to choose between Simple Interest and
Compound Interest.

9.1.1 Solving a finance problem

You can choose the parameter to be solved in the context of simple or compound inter-
est and then enter the data so that the calculator calculates the value sought.

1. Choose Simple interest or Compound interest

2. Choose the parameter you want to calculate

3. Enter the known values

4. Select Confirm to solve

66
Chapter 10

Elements

To enter the Elements application, highlight the app using the directional keys. Press
the O key to enter the application. This application offers a periodic table of elements.

10.1 Getting started

10.1.1 Find an element
You can use the directional keys to naviage through the table of elements. You can also
search for an element by typing the name of the element or its atomic number to find
it in the table.
To search for an element:

1. Use the numeric keys to enter an elementʼs atomic number.

2. Alternatively, use the A key followed by an alphabetic key to start entering the
name of the element.
3. The name of the element will start to autocomplete.

• To accept the suggestion, press the R or O key.

• To decline the suggestion, press B or just continue typing.
• To get a new suggestion, press the U or D key.

10.1.2 View an element

The name of the selected element is displayed above the table with its symbol, atomic
number and mass number. The legend at the bottom of the screen indicates the family
of the element.
Pressing O or X allows you to view the information of the selected element. Here you
will find the following properties:

67
CHAPTER 10. ELEMENTS 68

• Atomic number

• Mass number

• Molar mass

• Electronic configuration

• Electronegativity

• Family

• Atomic radius

• State

• Melting temperature

• Boiling temperature

• Volumic mass

• Affinity

• Ionization

10.1.3 Change the display

You can change the display of the table of elements to observe different properties. The
legend at the bottom of the screen will display the value of the selected property for
the selected element. By default, the elements are presented by families: Alkalines,
Alkaline-earth metals, Transition metals, etc.
Other displays include:

• s/p/d/f blocks

• Metals

• Molar mass

• Electronegativity

• Melting temperature

• Boiling temperature

• Atomic radius
Chapter 11

Python

The version of Python available on your NumWorks calculator is MicroPython 1.12,

compatible with Python 3.4.

11.1 Scripts
11.1.1 The script list
When you enter the application, you can see the list of saved scripts. When you first
use the application, four scripts are defined as examples: squares.py, parabola.py,
mandelbrot.py and polynomial.py.

11.1.2 Adding and removing a script from the list

You can add up to 8 scripts on the list.

1. Select the Add a script cell at the bottom of the list.

2. Confirm by pressing O.

A new script appears on the list. You can then enter a name for your new script.
To delete a script, select the settings icon next to the script name and press O. Choose
Delete script and press O.

11.1.3 Renaming a script

To change a script name, select the settings icon next to the script name and press O.
Choose Rename script and press O to confirm. You can now change the name of the
script.

69
CHAPTER 11. PYTHON 70

11.1.4 Editing a script

To write to a script, simply select the script name and press O. The editor opens and
you can write your code inside.
To help you write, press T. A menu will open with some shortcuts to make editing
easier. The menu Loops and Tests offers pre-filled blocks for for and while loops, if
tests and a series of conditions. The menu Catalog lists the functions present in Python
and gives a short description of them. You can also use the V key to display the list of
functions defined in your scripts as well as the global variables.
If you want to copy and paste part of a text, select the characters to be copied by holding
down the S key and using L or R. Then press S and then V to copy the selection.
Press S and then T to paste it.

11.1.5 Autocompletion
The script editor has an autocompletion feature. When you begin typing, the app will
make a suggestion in gray.

• To accept the suggestion, press the R or O key.

• To decline the suggestion, press B or just continue typing.
• To get a new suggestion, press the U or D key.
• All possible suggestions from the prefix you entered are listed in the menu of the
V key.

11.1.6 Disabling automatic import into the shell

Automatic import is automatically enabled for your scripts. This means that the com-
mand from script_name import * is systematically entered when the shell is opened
so that you can use the functions you defined in the scripts inside the console.
To disable automatic import of a script, select the settings icon next to the script name
and press O. Choose Auto import in shell and press O to toggle the switch. The switch
turns grey and the script will no longer be activated automatically.

11.2 The shell

At the bottom of the list of scripts is the Python shell button which allows access to the
interactive shell of Python.
The triple arrows >>> prompt you to enter a command.
You can use the shortcuts on the T menu to make text entry easier. The menu of the
V key displays the list of functions and global variables contained in the imported
scripts.
CHAPTER 11. PYTHON 71

To interrupt the execution of a script, press the B key on the keyboard. If the script is
stuck in an infinite loop, press and hold B and repeat until the script is interrupted.

11.3 Modules
The modules present in this version of Python are: math, cmath, matplotlib.pyplot,
random, turtle, ion, time and kandinsky modules.

11.3.1 The math module

Here is the complete description of the math module. You can get this list on your cal-
culator by pressing T and going to Modules then math.

e The constant e=2.718281828459045.

pi The constant pi=3.141592653589793.

√
sqrt(x) Square root, type sqrt(x) for x.

pow(x,y) Power, type pow(x,y) for xy .

exp(x) Exponential, type exp(x) for ex .

expm1(x) Exponential minus 1, type expm1(x) for ex − 1.

log(x) Natural logarithm: log(x) calculates ln(x).

ln(x)
log2(x) Base-2 logarithm, type log2(x) for ln(2) .

ln(x)
log10(x) Base-10 logarithm, type log10(x) for ln(10) = log(x).

cosh(x) Hyperbolic cosine.

sinh(x) Hyperbolic sine.

tanh(x) Hyperbolic tangent.

CHAPTER 11. PYTHON 72

acosh(x) Inverse hyperbolic cosine.

asinh(x) Inverse hyperbolic sine.

atanh(x) Inverse hyperbolic tangent.

cos(x) Cosine in radians.

sin(x) Sine in radians.

tan(x) Tangent in radians.

acos(x) Arc cosine.

asin(x) Arc sine.

atan(x) Arc tangent.

atan2(y,x) Type atan2(y,x) to calculate atan( xy ).

ceil(x) Ceiling.

copysign(x,y) Returns x with the sign of y, for instance copysign(3,-1)=-3.

fabs(x) Absolute value, fabs(x) returns | x |.

floor(x) Floor, type floor(x) to calculate ⌊x⌋.

fmod(a,b) fmod(a,b) returns a modulo b.

frexp(x) Mantissa and exponent of x: for instance, frexp(10) returns (0.625,4)

because 10 = 0.625 × 24 .

ldexp(x,i) Inverse of frexp(x), that is x × 2i .

modf(x) Fractional and integer parts, for instance modf(5.1)=(0.1,5.0).

CHAPTER 11. PYTHON 73

isfinite(x) Checks if x is finite.

isinf(x) Checks if x is infinite.

isnan(x) Checks if x is NaN.

trunc(x) Returns x truncated to an integer, for instance trunc(6.7)=6.

radians(x) Converts x from degrees to radians, for instance radians(180) returns

3.141592653589793.

degrees(x) Converts x from radians to degrees, for instance degrees(pi) returns

180.

∫x
e−t dt.
2 2
erf(x) Error function, erf (x) = π 0

erfc(x) Complementary error function, erf c(x) = 1 − erf (x).

gamma(x) Gamma function.

lgamma(x) Log-gamma, lgamma(x) = ln(gamma(x)).

11.3.2 The cmath module

This is the complete description of the cmath module. You can get this list on your
calculator by pressing T and going to Modules then cmath.

e The constant e=2.718281828459045.

pi The constant pi=3.141592653589793.

phase(z) Phase of z in radians, for instance phase(1j)=1.570796326794897.

polar(z) Representation of z in polar coordinates: polar(1j) returns (1.0, 1.570796326794897).

rect(z) Representation of z in cartesian coordinates: rect(1,pi/4) returns 0.70710+0.70710j.

exp(x) Exponential function, for instance exp(i*pi/4) returns 0.70710+0.70710j.

CHAPTER 11. PYTHON 74

log(x) Natural logarithm, for instance log(1j) returns 1.570796326794897j.

sqrt(x) Square root.

cos(x) Cosine.

sin(x) Sine.

11.3.3 The matplotlib.pyplot module

This is the complete description of the matplotlib.pyplot module. You can get this
list on your calculator by pressing T and going to Modules then matplotlib.pyplot.

arrow(x,y,dx,dy) Draws an arrow from point (x,y) to point (x+dx,y+dy). It is pos-

sible to use an optional argument to adjust the size of the arrow by writing: head_width
= 0.1. Another optional argument can be used to choose the color of the line by writ-
ing: color="red".

axis((xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax)) Sets the display window to (xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax).

The axis() instruction returns the list of values for the axes boundaries. In addition,
axis("off") or axis(False) hides the axes while axis("on") or axis(True) displays
them. To reset the axes with the automatic setting, you can use the axis("auto") in-
struction.

bar(x,height,bin_width,bottom) Draws a bar plot using the values in the x list and
the counts in the height list. The last two arguments are optional. The bin_width
argument allows you to set the width of the bars whose default value is 0.8. The bottom
argument is the list of the starting ordinates of the bars, set to 0 by default. It is possible
to place an optional argument to choose the color of the line by writing: color="red".

grid() Displays the grid if it is hidden or hides the grid if it is displayed. The grid(True)
and grid(False) instructions allow you to show or hide the grid.

hist(x,bins) Plots a histogram using the values in the x list. The second argument
is optional. If the second argument is an integer, it sets the number of rectangles that
constitute the histogram. This number is 10 by default. If the second argument is a list,
it allows you to choose the bins of the histogram. For example, if bin is [0,1,3,5], the
bins will be: [0,1[, [1,3[ and [3,5]. It is possible to place an optional argument to
choose the color of the line by writing: color="red".
CHAPTER 11. PYTHON 75

plot(x,y) Plots the y list versus the x list. The (x,y) points are connected by seg-
ments. If only one y list is given, the x is assumed to be [0,1,2,3...]. The color
argument is optional. It allows you to choose the color of the line.

scatter(x,y) Plots a scatterplot based on (x,y) values. The arguments of the func-
tion can be numbers or lists of the same length. It is possible to place an optional
argument to choose the color of the line by writing: color="red".

show() Draws the figure.

text(x,y,"text") Displays the text set as an argument at the (x,y) coordinates.

11.3.4 The turtle module

This is the complete description of the turtle module. You can get this list on your
calculator by pressing T and going to Modules then turtle.

forward(x) Move forward by x pixels.

backward(x) Move backward by x pixels.

right(a) Turn right by a degrees.

left(a) Turn left by a degrees.

goto(x,y) Move to (x,y) coordinates.

setheading(a) Set the orientation by a degrees.

circle(r) Circle of radius r pixels.

speed(x) Drawing speed (x between 0 and 10).

position() Return the current (x,y) location.

heading() Return the current heading.

pendown() Pull the pen down.

CHAPTER 11. PYTHON 76

penup() Pull the pen up.

pensize(x) Set the line thickness to x pixels.

write("text") Writes the text placed as an argument at the position of the turtle.

isdown() Return True if the pen is down.

reset() Reset the drawing.

showturtle() Show the turtle.

hideturtle() Hide the turtle.

color('c') or color(r,g,b) Set the pen color.

colormode(x) colormode(1.0) changes the color mode to 1.0 and the colors must be
defined by tuples of type (0.5,1.0,0.5) while colormode(255) changes the color mode
to 255 and the colors are then defined by tuples of type (128,255,128). By default the
color mode is 255.

blue Blue color.

red Red color.

green Green color.

yellow Yellow color.

brown Brown color.

black Black color.

white White color.

pink Pink color.

CHAPTER 11. PYTHON 77

orange Orange color.

purple Purple color.

grey Gray color.

11.3.5 The random module

This is the complete description of the random module. You can get this list on your
calculator by pressing T and going to Modules then random.

getrandbits(k) Returns an integer with k random bits.

seed(x) Initialize the random number generator.

randrange(start,stop) Returns a random number in range(start,stop).

randint(a,b) Returns an integer in [a,b].

choice(list) Returns a random number in the list.

random() Returns a random floating point number in [0,1).

uniform(a,b) Returns a random floating point number in [a,b].

11.3.6 The kandinsky module

This is the complete description of the kandinsky module. You can get this list on your
calculator by pressing T and going to Modules then kandinsky.

color(r,g,b) Defines the color from the values of r,g,b. You can also simply use a
tuple to define a color: (r,g,b).

get_pixel(x,y) Returns the pixel x,y color as a tuple (r,g,b).

set_pixel(x,y,color) Colors the pixel x,y of the color color.

CHAPTER 11. PYTHON 78

draw_string(text,x,y,[color1],[color2]) Displays text from the pixel x,y. The

arguments color1 (text color) and color2 (background color) are optional.

fill_rect(x,y,width,height,color) Fills a rectangle at pixel (x,y) with the color

color.

11.3.7 The ion module

This is the description of the ion module. You can get this list on your calculator by
pressing T and going to Modules then ion.

keydown(k) Returns True if the k key in argument is pressed and False otherwise.
The other items in this menu indicate the syntax used to identify the keys on the key-
board.

11.3.8 The time module

Here is the description of the time module. You can get this list on your calculator by
pressing T and going to Modules then time.

monotonic() Returns the value of the clock at the time the function is called.

sleep(t) Pauses execution for t seconds.

11.4 Toolbox and var keys

11.4.1 The var key
In the script editor, the menu of the V key lists the autocompletion suggestions avail-
able.
In the execution console, the menu of the key V lists all the functions defined in your
imported scripts (not containing any error) as well as the global variables.

11.4.2 The Toolbox key

The T key menu contains four sections for faster editing of your scripts.

Loops and tests Contains instructions for for and while loops as well as if tests.
CHAPTER 11. PYTHON 79

Modules Contains the functions available in the math, cmath, random, matplotlib.pyplot,
ion, time, turtle and kandinsky modules.

Catalog Contains the functions that can be used in Python, especially those of the
modules but also functions like print() and input(). An alphabetical search with the
letters of the keyboard is possible.

Functions Contains instructions for defining a function: def function(argument):

and return.
Chapter 12

Settings

12.1 Angle measure

If you choose Degrees, all arguments of the trigonometric functions will be considered
to be in degrees and the inverse trigonometric functions will give results expressed in
degrees.
If you choose Radians, all arguments of the trigonometric functions will be considered
as being in radians and the inverse trigonometric functions will give results expressed
in radians.
If you choose Gradians, all arguments of the trigonometric functions will be considered
to be in gradians and the inverse trigonometric functions will give results expressed in
gradians.
The unit of angles is displayed in the top banner of the screen as deg, rad or gon.

12.2 Result format

If you choose Decimal, the numerical values will be displayed according to calculator
presets so that they are as appropriate as possible for each application.
If you choose Scientific, the numerical values will be displayed in scientific form. A sci
indicator then appears in the top banner of the screen to indicate that your results are
displayed in scientific notation.
If you choose Engineering, the numerical values will be displayed in engineering form.
An eng indicator then appears in the top banner of the screen to indicate that your
results are displayed in engineering notation.
You can choose the number of digits to display for the results by directly modifying the
value in the section Significant figures. The maximum number of digits that can be
displayed is 14.

80
CHAPTER 12. SETTINGS 81

12.3 Writing format

You may choose the editing mode of mathematical expressions: in one line (linear) or
in two dimensions (natural).

12.4 Complex format

If you choose Real, complex results will not be displayed.
If you choose a + ib, complex results will be displayed in rectangular form.
If you choose reiθ , complex results will be displayed in polar form. In this case, the
argument in the exponential will always be given in radians, even if the angle unit is set
to Degrees.

12.5 Brightness
Adjust the brightness of your calculator with this slider.

12.6 Python font size

The Python font size section allows you to change the font size used in the shell and
editor of the Python applications

12.7 Language
The Language section allows you to change the language you wish to use. You may
choose: English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch, Italian and Portuguese.

12.8 Country
The Country section allows you to change your country. You may choose: Germany,
Canada, Spain, United States, France, International, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal and
United Kingdom.
This setting allows you to define the mathematical conventions used. If you want to use
American mathematical definitions and conventions, choose United States.

12.9 Press-to-test
Press-to-test allows you to deactivate features for class and exams.
CHAPTER 12. SETTINGS 82

12.9.1 Activating press-to-test

Highlight Press-to-test then press O.
Toggle off the features you wish to deactivate.
Navigate down to the Activate test mode button and press O to activate the test mode.
A message appears indicating that the activation of the exam mode will erase the data.
Choose Confirm and press O.
You are now in test mode.

12.9.2 What happens when you activate the test mode?

Enabling the test mode deletes all recorded data: calculation history, variables, func-
tion list, statistical series, Python scripts, etc.
When the test mode is active, the selected features will be disabled and a symbol ap-
pears in the yellow band at the top of the screen.

12.9.3 Deactivating the test mode

You may only exit the test mode by connecting the calculator to a computer via a USB
cable. As soon as you connect the machine, a message will appear that prompts you to
exit exam mode. Highlight Confirm and press the O key.

12.10 About
The About section displays the software version number that is installed, the serial
number of your calculator and the FCC ID.

12.11 Reset the calculator

The Reset the calculator button restarts the calculator as if you pressed the RESET but-
ton on the back of the device. You will lose all data saved on the device and the calcu-
lator will be completely reset.
Chapter 13

Variables

Store expressions, functions, lists, matrices and sequences in Variables for reuse in
future calculations and across applications. Press the V key to access the Variables
menu, where all variables are listed.
Variable names (expression or function) can be chosen using the characters a..z, A..Z,
0..9, and _. A variable name cannot start with a number or contain more than 7 char-
acters.
To enter a capital letter, press S then A followed by the letter you desire.

13.1 The var key

13.1.1 Storing a variable
Press V at any time to store a new variable.
Select Define a new variable and input your value or expression and a variable name.

If a value is highlighted when V is pressed, the Define a new variable will

automatically display with the value filled in.

Expressions

The numeric variables available in the calculator are stored in the Expressions section
in the V menu.
To store a number as a variable to be used later:

1. Enter the desired number.

2. Press S followed by p.

3. Enter the desired variable name.

83
CHAPTER 13. VARIABLES 84

4. Press X to confirm.

Example: to store 5 as a type 5→a. Press X to confirm.

Functions

All stored functions can be found in the Functions section of the V menu.
To store a function as a variable:

1. Enter the function expression you would like to store.

2. Press S followed by p.
3. Enter the desired variable name.

Example: to store f (x) = 2x + 3 type: 2x+3→f(x). Press X to confirm.

Lists

Lists stored as variables can be found in the Lists section of the V menu.
To store a list as a variable:

1. Enter the list you wish to store.

2. Press S followed by p.
3. Enter the desired variable name.
4. Press X to confirm.

Example: to store 1, 2, 3 as L type {1,2,3}→L. Press X to confirm.

Lists are automatically created and stored for the columns of the data tables in the Statis-
tics (N1, V1, etc) and Regression (X1, Y1, etc) applications.

Matrices

Matrices stored as variables can be found in the Matrices section of the V menu.
To store a matrix as a variable:

1. Enter the matrix you wish to store.

2. Press S followed by p.
3. Enter the desired variable name.
( )
1 0
Example: to store in m1 type: [[1,0][0,1]]→m1. Press X to con-
0 1
firm.
CHAPTER 13. VARIABLES 85

Sequences

All stored sequences can be found in the Sequences section of the V menu.
It is only possible to create a sequence in the Sequences application.

13.1.2 Accessing stored variables

Press V at any time when editing text to open the Variables menu. Use this menu to
access all variables stored in the calculator memory.
Press O on the desired variable to insert it in your calculation.
Press d to delete the selected variable.
Chapter 14

Toolbox

The T key gives you access to an organized library of advanced functions. Press the
T key at any time while editing a calculation or expression to view a menu of func-
tions. The advanced functions available in the toolbox menu change according to the
application you are using.
When viewing a graph, the T key gives you access to settings and additional features.
When writing an expression, the first functions in the Toolbox menu include: Absolute
value, n-th root and Logarithm base a. When inputting expressions for the Grapher,
the menu will also include Inequalities. Within the Sequences applicaiton, the Toolbox
menu will also include defined sequences.
The Toolbox menu is then divided into several thematic sub-sections:

• Calculus
• Complex numbers
• Probability
• Units and constants
• Matrices and vectors
• Lists
• Arithmetic
• Trigonometry
• Decimal numbers
• Logic

abs(x) Calculates the absolute value of the argument you enter in parentheses. abs(-4.5)
gives the value of | −4.5 |, that is 4.5.

86
CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 87

root(x,n) Calculates the n-th root of a number. You must enter n and x in parenthe-
√
ses. root(x,n) gives the value of n x. The value of n doesnʼt have to be an integer.

log(x,a) Calculates the logarithm with base a. You must enter a and x in parenthe-
ses. log(x,a) gives the value of loga (x).

14.1 Calculus
diff(f(x),x,a) Calculates the derivative of a function at a point. diff(f(x),x,a)
gives the value of f ′ (a). For example, to calculate the derivative of a square root at 5:
diff(sqrt(x),x,5).

diff(f(x),x,a,n) Calculates the nth derivative of a function at a point. diff(f(x),x,a,n)

gives the value of f n (a). For example, to calculate the 3rd derivative of a square root at
5: diff(sqrt(x),x,5,3).

int(f(x),x,a,b) Calculates the integral of a function between two bounds. int(f(x),x,a,b)

∫b
gives the value of a f (x) dx. For example, to calculate the integral of the square root
between 0 and 5: int(sqrt(x),x,0,5).

sum(f(n),n,nmin,nmax)
∑ max Calculates the sums of terms in n. sum(f(n),n,nmin,nmax)
gives the value of nn=nmin
f (n).

product(f(n),n,nmin,nmax)
∏ max Calculates the products of terms in n. product(f(n),n,nmin,nmax)
gives the value of nn=nmin
f (n).

14.2 Complex numbers

abs(x) Modulus of a complex number. abs(2+3i) gives the value of | 2 + 3i |.

arg(z) Argument of a complex number. arg(2+3i) gives the value of arg(2 + 3i) in
radians.

re(z) Real part of a complex number. For example, re(2+3i) returns 2.

im(z) Imaginary part of a complex number. For example, im(2+3i) returns 3.

conj(z) Conjugate of a complex number. conj(2+3i) returns the conjugate of 2 + 3i,

that is 2 − 3i.
CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 88

14.3 Probability
14.3.1 Combinatorics
binomial(n,k) Number of ways to choose a subset ( )of size k elements, disregarding
n n!
their order, from a set of n elements. For example, returns k!(n−k)! .
k

permute(n,k) Number of different ordered arrangements of a k-element subset of an

n!
n-set. permute(n,k) returns Akn , that is (n−k)! .

n! Returns the product of the entered integer and all integers below it. For example,
5! returns 120.

14.3.2 Distributions
Normal

normcdf(a,µ,�) P (X < a) where X follows the normal distribution N (µ, σ).

normcdfrange(a,b,µ,�) P (a < X < b) where X follows the normal distribution N (µ, σ).

invnorm(a,µ,�) Returns m where P (X < m) = a and X follows the normal distribu-

tion N (µ, σ).

normpdf(x,µ,�) Probability density function of N (µ, σ).

Studentʼs t

tcdf(a,k) P (X < a) where X follows the t-distribution with k degress of freedom.

tcdfrange(a,b,k) P (a < X < b) where X follows the t-distribution with k degress of

freedom.

invt(a,k) Returns m where P (X < m) = a and X follows the t-distribution with k

degress of freedom.

tpdf(x,k) Probability density function of t(k).

CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 89

Binomial

binompdf(m,n,p) P (X = m) where X follows the binomial distribution B(n, p).

binomcdf(m,n,p) P (X ≤ m) where X follows the binomial distribution B(n, p).

invbinom(a,n,p) Returns m where P (X ≤ m) = a and X follows the binomial distri-

bution B(n, p).

Poisson

poissonpdf(m,�) P (X = m) where X follows the Poisson distribution with parameter

λ.

poissoncdf(m,�) P (X ≤ m) where X follows the Poisson distribution with parameter

λ.

Geometric

geompdf(m,p) P (X = m) where X follows the geometric distribution with probability

p.

geomcdf(m,p) P (X ≤ m) where X follows the geometric distribution with probability

p.

geomcdfrange(m,n,p) P (m ≤ X ≤ n) where X follows the geometric distribution

with probability p.

invgeom(a,p) Returns m where P (X ≤ m) = a and X follows the geometric distribu-

tion with probability p.

Hypergeometric

hgeompdf(m,N,K,n) P (X = m) where X follows the hypergeometric distribution with

population size N, number of featured items K and sample size n.

hgeomcdf(m,N,K,n) P (X ≤ m) where X follows the hypergeometric distribution with

population size N, number of featured items K and sample size n.

hgeomcdfrange(m,q,N,K,n) P (m ≤ X ≤ n) where X follows the hypergeometric dis-

tribution with population size N, number of featured items K and sample size n.
CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 90

invhgeom(a,N,K,n) Returns m where P (X ≤ m) = a and X follows the hypergeomet-

ric distribution with population size N, number of featured items K and sample size n.

14.3.3 Random
random() Returns a floating point number in [0,1).

randint(a,b) Returns a random integer in [a,b].

randintnorep(a,b,n) Returns n unique random integers in [a,b].

14.4 Units and constants

This menu contains sub-menus for constants and each type of measurement listed be-
low. Units and constants can be selected from the menu or typed manually.

a→b This menu item is a template that allows you to perform a unit conversion.

14.4.1 Length and angle

Length

Abbreviation Unit
in Inch
ft Foot
yd Yard
mi Mile
au Astronomical unit
ly Light year
pc Parsec

Imperial

Abbreviation Unit
pm Picometer
nm Nanometer
µm Micrometer
mm Millimeter
cm Centimeter
m Meter
CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 91

km Kilometer

Metric

Angle

Abbreviation Unit
° Degree
°'" Degree minute second
rad Radian
gon Gradian

14.4.2 Time and frequency

Time

Abbreviation Unit
ns Nanosecond
µs Microsecond
ms Millisecond
s Second
min Minute
h Hour
day Day
week Week
month Month
year Year

Frequency

Abbreviation Unit
Hz Hertz
kHz Kilohertz
MHz Megahertz
GHz Gigahertz

14.4.3 Volume and area

Volume

Abbreviation Unit
CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 92

tsp Teaspoon
tbsp Tablespoon
floz Fluid ounce
cup Cup
pt Pint
qt Quart
gal Gallon

Imperial

Abbreviation Unit
mL Milliliter
cL Centiliter
dL Deciliter
L Liter

Metric

Area

Abbreviation Unit
acre Acre

Imperial

Abbreviation Unit
ha Hectare

Metric

14.4.4 Mass
Imperial

Abbreviation Unit
oz Ounce
lb Pound
shtn Short ton
CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 93

lgtn Long ton

Metric

Abbreviation Unit
µg Microgram
mg Milligram
g Gram
kg Kilogram
t Metric ton

14.4.5 Electricity
Current

Abbreviation Unit
µA Microampere
mA Milliampere
A Ampere

Voltage

Abbreviation Unit
µV Microvolt
mV Millivolt
V Volt
kV Kilovolt

Resistance

Abbreviation Unit
Ω Ohm
kΩ Kiloohm

Capacitance

Abbreviation Unit
µF Microfarad
mF Millifarad
F Farad
CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 94

Others

Abbreviation Unit
H Henry
C Coulomb
S Siemens
T Tesla

14.4.6 Force and pressure

Force

Abbreviation Unit
mN Millinewton
N Newton
kN Kilonewton

Pressure

Abbreviation Unit
Pa Pascal
hPa Hectopascal
bar Bar
atm Atmosphere

14.4.7 Energy and power

Joule

Abbreviation Unit
mJ Millijoule
J Joule
kJ Kilojoule

Power

Abbreviation Unit
µW Microwatt
mW Milliwatt
W Watt
kW Kilowatt
MW Megawatt
CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 95

GW Gigawatt

Electronvolt

Abbreviation Unit
meV Millielectronvolt
eV Electronvolt
keV Kiloelectronvolt
MeV Megaelectronvolt

14.4.8 Temperature

Abbreviation Unit
K Kelvin
°F Fahrenheit
°C Celsius

14.4.9 Others

Abbreviation Unit
cd Candela

Amount of substance

Abbreviation Unit
µmol Micromole
mmol Millimole
mol Mole

14.4.10 Constants

Abbreviation Unit
c Speed of light in a vacuum
e Elementary charge
G Gravitational constant
g0 Acceleration of gravity
k Boltzmann constant
ke Coulomb constant
me Mass of an electron
mn Mass of a neutron
mp Mass of a proton
CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 96

Na Avogadro constant
R Molar gas constant
�0 Vacuum permittivity
µ0 Vacuum permeability
hplanckx Planck permeability

14.5 Matrices and vectors

New matrix or vector Create a new matrix or vector. This option creates a template.
Enter your numbers using the directional keys.

transpose(M)
[ ] Transpose the matrix M. For instance, transpose([[1,2][3,4]]) re-
1 3
turns .
2 4

dim(M) Size of the matrix M. For instance, dim([[1,2][3,4]]) returns [2,2].

Matrices

det(M) Determinant of the matrix M. For instance, det([[1,2][3,4]]) returns −2.

inverse(M)
[ Inverse
] of the matrix M. For instance, inverse([[0.25,0][0,0.25]])
4 0
returns .
0 4

identity(n) Identity matrix of size n.

trace(M) Trace of the matrix M. For instance, trace([[1,2][3,4]]) returns 5.

ref(M) Returns the scaled shape of matrix M.

rref(M) Returns the scaled form of matrix M.

Vectors

Vectors can be row vectors or column vectors.

dot(U,V) Calculates the dot product of two vectors.

CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 97

cross(U,V) Calculates the cross product of two vectors of size 3.

norm(U) Calculates the magnitude of a vector.

14.6 Lists
New list Create a new list. This option provides opening and closing curly braces.
Enter your elements using the number keys with a comma to separate each element.

List of f(k) for k from 1 to n Create a new list using a function. This option
creates a template. Enter your function f(k) and your upper bound.

Statistics

mean(L) Calculates the mean of L.

stddev(L) Calculates the standard deviation of L.

samplestddev(L) Calculates the sample standard deviation of L.

med(L) Calculates the median of L.

var(L) Calculates the variance of L.

Operations

dim(L) Returns the length of L.

min(L) Returns the minimum element of L.

max(L) Returns the maximum element of L.

sort(L) Sorts the elements of L in ascending order.

sum(L) Calculates the sum of the elements of L.

prod(L) Calculates the product of the elements of L.

CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 98

14.7 Arithmetic
gcd(p,q) Greatest Common Divisor of two integers. For instance, gcd(55,11) returns
11. This function accepts more than two integers as arguments.

lcm(p,q) Least Common Multiple of two integers. For instance, lcm(13,2) returns
26. This function accepts more than two integers as arguments.

factor(n) Integer factorization of n. For instance, factor(24) returns 23 × 3.

Mixed fraction A template to input a mixed fraction.

rem(p,q) Remainder of the Euclidian division of p by q. For instance, rem(50,45)

returns the remainder of the division of 50 by 45 that is 5.

quo(p,q) Quotient of the Euclidian division of p by q. For instance, quo(80,39) re-

turns the quotient of the division of 80 by 39 that is 2.

14.8 Trigonometry
14.8.1 Hyperbolic
sinh(x) Hyperbolic sine.

cosh(x) Hyperbolic cosine.

tanh(x) Hyperbolic tangent.

arsinh(x) Inverse hyperbolic sine.

arcosh(x) Inverse hyperbolic cosine.

artanh(x) Inverse hyperbolic tangent.

14.8.2 Advanced
csc(x) Cosecant

sec(x) Secant
CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 99

cot(x) Cotangent

arccsc(x) Arccosecant

arcsec(x) Arcsecant

arccot(x) Arccotangent

14.9 Decimal numbers

floor Floor function. For instance, floor(5.8) returns 5.

frac(x) Fractional part. For instance, frac(5.8) returns 0.8.

ceiling Ceiling function. For instance, ceil(5.4) returns 6.

round(x,n) Rounds a number to n digits after the decimal point. For instance round(8.6576,2)
returns 8.66.

14.10 Logic
piecewise(-x,x<0,x,x�0 A piecewise template. Input an expression followed by its
domain or conditions

� Less than or equal to

� Greater than or equal to

� Different

and And

or Or (inclusive)

not Not

xor Or (exclusive)
CHAPTER 14. TOOLBOX 100

nor Not or (inclusive)

nand Not and