UNIT 1

Algebra

Student’s Companion (Mathematics)

Congratulations dear learners….
You are in MYP year 5
Dear learner, I see you as

Efficient Inquirer Leader Self disciplined Problem solver

Thinker Researcher Communicator Visionary

Ask yourself
Why do I need to learn Mathematics?

What will happen if we do not learn Mathematics?

‘Mathematics is everywhere’. My opinion is here……..

What is interesting about Mathematics for me? My sharing with my peers.

All the best dear learner

Hope you will find it interesting to develop abilities for Mathematical inquiries learning through
the designed concepts.

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 UNIT 1 Algebra
Purpose of the unit

Dear students
In this unit we will be understanding the interconnectedness of human-made systems and
communities like schools and students, Banks and account holders, railways and passengers,
Markets and consumers etc. We will be observing the patterns and model these
interconnectedness through logical structure in various algebraic expressions, equations and
representations.

In this unit we shall be learning Systems of linear equations in two variables, Polynomials &
Quadratic Equations, Arithmetic Progression.
Key words:

Human made systems - organisations like educational institutions, financial

bodies, societies, administrative bodies, laws , defence etc.

Algebraic techniques - linear equations in two variables, Polynomials , Quadratic

Equations, Arithmetic Progression

Model - Depictions of real-life events using expressions, equations or graphs.

Pattern -Sets of numbers or objects that follow a specific order or rule.

Objectives of this unit

Inquiry questions

1. Factual Questions
● Which algebraic techniques are used to understand the interconnectedness of man made
systems and communities?

2. Conceptual Questions
● How do various algebraic techniques model the interconnectedness of man made systems
and communities ?
● How do the patterns lead to model the interconnectedness of man made systems and
communities?

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3. Debatable questions
● Do patterns help to model the effect of man made systems on communities through
algebraic techniques.
● Can algebraic techniques provide solutions for having a sustainable global system with
diversified communities.

Thresholds concepts
1. How to find an unknown entity?
2. What are Expressions?

a. Numerical

b. Algebraic

c. polynomials
3. What are Equations?

a. linear equations

b. linear equations in two variables

4. Think of graphical representation of the algebraic expressions and equations.

S.no. Content

1. System of linear equations in two variables.

Knowledge and skills:
General form
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2
Problem solving Methods
● Graphical
● Algebraic
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Cross Multiplication
Conceptual Understanding

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 ● Consistency of System of linear equations in two variables
● Solutions of System of linear equations in two variables

2 A. Equations reducible linear equations in two variables. (word

problems)
Polynomials-
Knowledge and skills:
1. Polynomials of one variable and its types-
2. General form

1 2
𝑃 𝑥 +𝑃 1𝑥 +𝑃 2𝑥 + ⋯……………………+
0
𝑃0 𝑥
OR
𝑃0 𝑥 0 + 𝑃1 𝑥 1 + 𝑃2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ … … … … … … … … … … + 𝑃 𝑥

3. Drawing graph of a polynomial and concept of

zeros
B. Conceptual Understanding
1. Factorise and find of zeros of polynomial
2. Formation of Quadratic and cubic polynomials and
Relationship between Zeros and coefficients

3
Quadratic Equation-
Knowledge and skills:
1. General form of a quadratic equation
2. Solution of Quadratic Equation
A. Factorization method
B. Completing square method
C. Quadratic formula
D. Conceptual Understanding
3. Concept of roots and Nature of roots
4. Discriminant

4 Arithmetic Progression
1. Knowledge and skills:

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 I. Sequence
II. Series
2. Conceptual Understanding
I. nth term of an AP
II. Sum of n terms of an AP

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

Task 1.1
How can we study the connection between these organisations and communities?
Can these graphical representations help in it?How?

● What are Linear Equations?

● What are linear equations in two variables?
● Try to write the general form of a linear equation in two variables.

Task 1.2
Solving a system of linear equations in two variables.
1. Graphical Method.
Group Activity:
Write down a system of linear equations in two variables, plot the graph of both linear equations in a cartesian plane. Share your observations
and reflect upon the process.

System of linear equation Plotting on the cartesian Observation Reflections

plane

1) x + y = 10 and x – y = 6

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 2) x + y = 12 and x + y = 6

3) 2x + y = 15 and
𝑥+ 𝑦=

4) 2x + 3y = 5 and
3x + 2y = 5

2. Substitution method:
write any pair of linear equations with two variables x and y.
Expressing x in the form of y or vice-versa.
Then substituting its value in another equation to get the value of one variable.
then put the value of the known variable to get the value of the second variable to get the solution of the system of linear equations.
3. Elimination method:
Think and work upon to solve

56.5

ROHAN

76

SEEMA

SONU

4. Cross Multiplication method:

Constructing formula
𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑦 =𝑐 Eq (1)
𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑦 =𝑐 Eq (2)
Solving for x
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑎 𝑦=𝑐 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑎 𝑦=𝑐 𝑎
- - -
_____________________________ On Subtraction
(𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 )𝑦 = (𝑐 𝑎 −𝑐 𝑎 )

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 (𝑐 𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑎 ) (𝑐 𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑎 )
𝑦= =
(𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 ) (𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏 )

or = Eq 3
( ) ( )

( )
similarly 𝑥 =
( )

or = Eq 4
( ) ( )

Combining eq 3 and Eq 4 we get

= =
( ) ( ) ( )

Try to make your own analogy to remember the formula.

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WORKSHEET 1.1

1. State 4-5 statements for the following algebraic equation.

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 48 Commented [1]: Please Reframe:

State 4 - 5 statements about the following equation

2. Draw the graph for at least 5 equations of the form y = mx + c where m ≠ 0 , putting different Commented [2R1]: Done
Commented [3R1]: I am working on the copy , will share
values of constant ‘c’ . Reflect on what you have observed during the process. soon
Commented [4]: If the value of m is not known, the child will
not be able to draw the graph.

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3. Cost of 2 mobile covers and 5 pen drives is Rs 3600, while cost of 5 mobile covers and 7 pen
drives is Rs 5150. Find the cost of 7 mobile covers and 12 pen drives.

4. What can you reflect on the value of p for the following system of linear equations in two
variables that have no solution.

4𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦 = 3; 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2

5.

Preetika: I can visualise linear equations graphs in the minute hand of this clock.
Navya: I can visualise linear equations graphs in the hour hand of this clock also.
Now enquire upon the above and answer the following.
I. Write down 5 possible linear equations which both of them can visualise.
II. What can be the time when both could be observing the same equation.
III. When the minute hand is moving how the linear equation is changing? Annotate on the
situation.
IV. What will be the solution of the system of any two linear equations observed by Preetika and
Navya?
V. Discuss upon the system of linear equations observable around you.

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 SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

WORKSHEET 1.2

1. Solve the following system of linear equations using any two methods and advocate the
selection of that method.

−7𝑥 − 𝑦 = 14 ; 2𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 10

2. The taxi charges in a city consist of a fixed charge together with the charges per km for the
distance covered. For a distance of 10 km, the charges paid are Rs 105 and for a journey of 15
km, the charges paid are Rs 155. What are the fixed charges and the charge per km? How much
does a person have to pay for travelling a distance of 25 km?

3. The sum of a two-digit number and the number obtained by reversing the digits is 66. If the
digits of the number differ by 2, find the number. How many such numbers are there?

4. Solve following system of equations

10 15 35 5 5 5
− = ; − =
3 2( ) 3( ) 2

5. Two friends Suraj and Rahul went to a stationery shop ‘aggarwal stationery’. Suraj bought 33
note books and 17 pencils while Rahul bought 43 note books and 15 pencils. Suraj and Rahul
paid Rs 1297 and Rs 1665 respectively to the shopkeeper.

I. What will Mehnaz pay if he wants to buy a set of 35 notebooks and 12 pencils from the
same stationary shop.

II. Write the equations obtained above in the form of y = mx + c.

III. Rahul on the very next day purchased 9 note books and 5 pencils for Rs 357 from another
shop ‘Meenal Stationery’. Enquire percentage of loss or profit as compared to first day
shopping separately on pencil and notebook.

IV. Radha wants to buy 23 notebooks and 6 pencils, from where she should buy them.

1 2 3 2 5
V. Frame a word problem from following system of linear equation = ; =
2 3 2 7

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 SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

WORKSHEET 1.3

Home Task
Mathematical writing
1. Explore the journey of linear equations from the internet and write your viewpoints on this
journey and use of linear equations in two variables in real situations.

During /After the learning process

MIND MAP My Learnings

POLYNOMIALS
Task 2.1
● Writing 4-5 polynomials
● Deduce the general form of a polynomial in one variable. ie
𝑃𝑥 +𝑃 𝑥 +𝑃 𝑥 +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +𝑃 𝑥
OR

𝑃 𝑥 + 𝑃 𝑥 + 𝑃 𝑥 +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +𝑃 𝑥
and Explain .

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Task 2.2
Drawing graph of a polynomial and concept of zeros

Draw the following graphs of polynomial of your own choice 📝

1- linear polynomial 2- quadratic polynomial 3- cubic polynomial 4- bi-quadratic polynomial

zeros of a polynomial is__________________________________

Task 2.3
Factoring and finding of zeros of a polynomial
How can you find zeros of a polynomial without using the graph?

other ways to find the zeros of a polynomial are _____________________________________________

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WORKSHEET 2.1

1 2
1. Write following equations in form of 𝑃 𝑥 + 𝑃 1𝑥 +𝑃 2𝑥 + … … … … … … … … … + 𝑃0
4 2
i) 𝑥 + 3𝑥 – 4x + 6598
45
ii) 𝑦 7 − 7𝑦 4 + 73 𝑦 2 − 37𝑦

2. Draw the graph of a polynomial 2𝑥 2 + 𝑏 by taking 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑏 for any value of b and reflect on
the changes you observe graphically when you change the value of b periodically.
3. Construct a quadratic formula to find zeros of a quadratic polynomial.
4. Identify this famous personality and write a short note on his work on polynomials.

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 Short note

Name of this famous personality

______________________________

√5
5. Write three quadratic polynomials whose zeros are −2√3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3
and annotate on their
graphical representation.

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 POLYNOMIALS

WORKSHEET 2.2

1. Find zeros of 𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 + 6.
2. Find all zeros of the polynomial 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 2 if it's two zeros are √2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − √2
3. What is the relationship between zeros and coefficients in a quadratic polynomial and cubic
polynomial, Discuss.
4. Can we use an alternate method other than factor theorem to find all zeros of a cubic
polynomial. Maximise your efforts through examples.

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 POLYNOMIALS

WORKSHEET 2.3

Q 1 A fighter plane takes off from an air force station. Relation between height from ground and
time can be represented by a polynomial −2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2. Find the time between takeoff and
lending.
Q 4 A sea plane and a submarine take off and dive respectively at the same time. Relation
between height and time in case of plane is given by – 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 8 while relation between dive
depth and time in case of submarine is given by 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10. Now tell either plane will return
first or submarine. Also find time differences.
Q 2 A flyover has been build in the form of a parabola of polynomial – 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3 between two
destinations on a road. Assuming both destinations lie on x axis, find the length of the straight
cycle track between two destinations.
Q 3 Write down five situations where you think polynomials are used in realistic situations.
Q 4 Annotate on the following graph.

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 POLYNOMIALS
Q 5. Annotate upon the following graphical representation.

Q6 Write mathematical essays on the following topics in 300 words.

a. How is Algebra related to other branches of Mathematics ?

b. Write a brief note on any one Indian mathematician who worked on Algebra.

c. Write a brief note on Euclid”s work in geometry and arithmetic

Q 7 A big box is in the form of a cuboid which has some cube shaped chalk boxes with no space
left in the box. Now the length of the cuboid is double than the height of the cuboid and the
breadth of the cuboid is 4 units less than its length. If the volume of the cube is 1536 cubic
units. Find the side of the chalk box and number of chalk boxes in the box.

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 POLYNOMIALS

Mathematical talking

1. How algebraic expressions/polynomials are related to yourself directly or indirectly. Write 10

value points you got while discussing with your peers.

During /After the learning process

MIND MAP My Learnings

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Task 3.1
Imagination and Observation of various situations like throw of Balls, Arrows, Stones and Missiles

Throwing and jumping actions by the learners, visualising the movements, representing and recording the observations.
Think of the similar movements and represent on graph

WORKSHEET 3.1

1. Let us experience/imagine the actions given and try to respond as follows .

Actions by Visualise Draw on Graph Observations Reflections

students

Throw a softball

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Jump

Similar
movements

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Task 3.2 Concept of roots and Nature of roots

Peer engagement
Discuss with your peers about following questions/situations.
1. What are the roots of a quadratic equation?
2. Tell the maximum number of roots of a quadratic equation?
3. Discuss whether we always get both roots the same?
4. Discuss whether we always get the different roots?

Task 3.3 Nature of roots

Recall the quadratic formula and write.Fill in the blanks and learn with the hints.
x = ____________

D = ___________

x = ____________ when D = 0 (real roots)

x = ____________ when D > 0 (real roots)

x = ____________ when D < 0 (unreal roots)

Is there any impact on the nature of roots due to discriminant? Explain in your own words.

● How can the nature of roots of a quadratic equation decide the existence of a situation?

● How can we differentiate real roots and unreal roots?

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

WORKSHEET 3.2

Answer the following:

1. Quadratic equation is a _________of two linear equations in one variable. (product/sum)
2. Roots of a quadratic equation can be ________at most.( two/one/infinite) give a reason for
your answer.
3. On factorising a quadratic equation, we get two ___________ in one variable as factors.
(linear equations/constants)
4. Why do we call quadratic equations ‘quadratic’?
5. “Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation depends on the discriminant”. Describe.

Task 3.4
Discuss about the various methods of finding the solution to a quadratic equation.
1. graphical method
2. Factorization method
3. Completing square method
4. using quadratic formula
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Reflection:
Which method is most suitable for you?
How do you select the method of solving a quadratic equation?

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

WORKSHEET 3.3

Learners can find solutions first and determine the nature of roots of the quadratic equation.
Or
You can also determine the nature of roots first, find the solution and then verify.
Hope you will enjoy this exercise.
S.No. Quadratic Nature of roots Solution Method used to Reflections
equation reach the
solution
1 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0

2 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0

3 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 10 = 0

4 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 = 0

5 𝑥 2 + 2√2𝑥 + 6 = 0
6 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 = 0

Reflection:
1. How do you know the nature of roots?
2. How do you know the nature of roots without solving the equation?
3. How do you know the nature of roots without using discriminant?
4. Which method is better to solve a quadratic equation?
5. How do you decide to select the method to solve a quadratic equation?
The speed of a motor boat is 20 km/hr. To cover the distance of 15 km the boat took 1 hour
more for upstream than downstream. Discuss.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

WORKSHEET 3.4

1. The diagonal of a rectangular field is 60 metres more than the shorter side. If the longer
side is 30 metres more than the shorter side, find the sides of the field.
2. A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5 km/h more, it would
have taken 1 hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the train.
3. Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 sq m. If the difference of their perimeters is 24 m,
find the sides of the two squares.
4. A pole has to be erected at a point on the boundary of a circular park of diameter 13 metres
in such a way that the differences of its distances from two diametrically opposite fixed
gates A and B on the boundary is 7 metres. Is it possible to do so? If yes, at what distances
from the two gates should the pole be erected?
5. Is the following situation possible? If so, determine their present ages.The sum of the ages
of two friends is 20 years. Four years ago, the product of their ages in years was 48.
6. Is it possible to design a rectangular park of perimeter 80 m and area 400 sq m.? If so, find
its length and breadth.

During /After the learning process

MIND MAP My Learnings

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

Task 4.1
If a city’s electricity consumption is 30,000 GWh approx. in the year 2022. It was 29,000 GWh approx. in the year 2021.
Suppose it is consistently increasing every year. What will be the requirement in the year 2050? How much consumption will
be recorded during this period ( 2022 - 2050).
- observe a pattern and sequence while putting down the consumption in subsequent years.

WORKSHEET 4.1

Fill in the blanks

1. Sequence is defined as a pattern in some particular___________.
2. The elements of sequence are also known as ____________.
3. Kashvi and Dwij are playing a game of making sequences with some definite order.
4. Would you like to help both of them in designing the sequence? Write down your suggested
sequences.
5. An interior designer got a deal to design a wall in the given pattern which is a combination
of green and yellow square shape tiles.

I. Which kind of sequence can you see in this pattern?

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II. If he will design the wall according to this pattern then how many blue tiles will he use
in the 16th row?
III. If the area of each square shaped tile is 2 square units . Then what will be the total
area of blue coloured tiles in the 7th row?

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
IV. Do you think this pattern is beautiful? Can you suggest any other pattern which follows
the same kind of sequence. Draw that pattern in a colourful way

This is called the Rascal triangle (reference: Chhand Shastra by acharya Pingal in
200 B.C.)

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

Task 4.2
1. How can an Arithmetic Progression be identified?Give reasons.
2.
3. Is AP an arithmetic expression or an algebraic expression?Discuss.

WORKSHEET 4.2

4. Find out 5th term in the sequence an =3n2+5.

5. Write down the first 6 terms of an A when the first term and common difference are given
as follows
I. a = 11 and d = 5
II. a = –2 and d = 1/2
III. a = –2.1 and d = –0.2

6. Which of the following are APs

I. 3,6,9,12…
II. 2,5/2,3,7/2...
III. -3/5,-3/5,-⅗…
IV. B2,b3,b3,b4…
V. √3, √27, √75,√147…….

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

WORKSHEET 4.3

1. Write the AP whose second term is 3.5 and 8th term is -3.5.
2. On the birthday of a child his father decides to give charity to an orphanage home for children
in the following manner. In the name of the first orphan child Rs 5, in the name of the second
Rs 5.5, in the name of the third child Rs 6 and so on. If total children in the orphanage are 24.
What amount will the orphanage home get as charity?
3. Find unknown terms in the following AP.
I. t-3,0.9t-2.9,0.8t-2.8, ? , ?
2 8
II. ? ,? , ,? , ,?
3 3

III. 5th term of AP whose 12th term and 26th term is 25.243
4. The houses of a row are numbered consecutively from 1 to 49. Show that there is a value of x
such that the sum of the numbers of the houses preceding the house numbered x is equal to
the sum of the numbers of the houses following it. Find this value of x.
5. A thief is being chased by a policeman with a starting gap of 10 m. Average speed of that
policeman is 5m/s and the average speed of that thief is 4.5 m/s. After how much time will
the thief be caught ?

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Task 4.3
Observe the following table and share.

AP 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 sum

AP 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 145

AP 28 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 4 1 145
reverse order

SUM 29 29 290

Also complete and reflect on the above table.

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

WORKSHEET 4.4

Story telling
Teacher: Let us listen to a story today.
There was a king .He wanted to appoint a Vice President for his kingdom. So he put a selection
criteria for all participants. The people Who want to participate in the selection process have to
follow the following instructions.
They need to stand on a big square board.

The board will have 9 boxes.

➢ Each box in board has a question and candidate have to give answer
➢ As difficulty level for each question will increase so prize money will also increase in
particular pattern
➢ For first question it’s prize is 200 Rs, prize money for second question is 400 Rs , prize for
3rd question is 600 Rs and so on
WILL YOU HELP THESE PARTICIPANTS IN SOLVING QUESTIONS

1. Find the next 4 terms in the sequence of 2n-5.

2. In the sequence √3,√ 27, √ 75 …… find a and d

3. Find the amount of money for the answer of 7th question

4. Find the total amount for the answer of 9 questions

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HELP BOX

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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

During /After the learning process

MIND MAP My Learnings

Extended learning
a. Reflective
I. If the order of an AP is reversed ,will it be an AP or not ? Justify your answer.
II. “Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation depends on the discriminant”.
Describe.
III. How the graphs of polynomial 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 will behave if the value of constant a
is changing continuously?
b. Further Engagement

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 1. What is the difference between a quadratic polynomial and quadratic
equation?
2. Prove that product of two consecutive integers can not
be –2.
3. Try to construct the formulation of a cubic formula.
4. Find the roots of the cubic equations
I. 𝑥3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
II. 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
III. 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5

Leaning At a Glance

1. Understood the interconnectedness of human-made systems and communities

through various algebraic techniques:
● Systems of linear equations in two variables
● Polynomials
● Quadratic Equations
● Arithmetic Progression

2.Systems of linear equations in two variables

● formation of the equations from familiar or unfamiliar context

● Graphical representation of the equations
● observing the impact of lines’ nature( intersecting/parallel/coincide) on the
solutions (one solution/no solution/many solutions)
● Solving the equations graphically and algebraically (elimination method,
substitution method , cross multiplication method)

3. Polynomial

● plotting the graphs of various kinds of polynomials (linear,quadratic, cubic)

● observing the zeros of polynomials on graph
● finding the zeros of a polynomial without using graph
● relationship between zeros and coefficients of a polynomial

for , 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 or (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽)=0

𝛼 + 𝛽 = − and 𝛼𝛽 =

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 for, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽)(𝑥 − 𝛾) = 0
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 = − , 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = and 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = −

● deriving quadratic formula

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
comparing with
(𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽) = 0
we get
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝛼, 𝛽 =
2𝑎

4. Quadratic equations
● Imagination and Observation of various situations like throw of Balls, Arrows, Stones and Missiles
● representing similar movements graphically

● Concept of roots: Solutions of a quadratic equation

±√
𝑥=

● Nature of roots: Real roots-real equal roots. real distinct roots and unreal roots

● discriminant (D) and its impact on nature of roots of a quadratic equation

𝐷 = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐

i) 𝑥= when D = 0
±√
ii) 𝑥= when D>0

● solving a quadratic equation by - factorisation, completing square method, using quadratic formula and
graphically

5. Arithmetic progression
● Identifying the pattern in an A.P.
● Observing the A.P. in our surroundings
● general term is denoted as
𝑎 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 where First term =a , Common difference= d

Sum of n terms of an A.P> can be denoted as

𝑠 = (𝑎 + 𝑙) where 𝑠 is sum of n terms, n is number of terms, a is first term and l is last term.

● Another aspect if l is unknown then we can use

● 𝑠 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}

or

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 𝑠 = 𝑛 × 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 (𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑)
and
𝑠 = {𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠} (𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛)

Congratulations for completing the unit . Good wishes for exploring more ways to add on
in your learning journey. Your new methods, queries, and discoveries are most welcomed.

● you can received feedbacks for improvements through following ways:

Formative assessments
● Unit test- 20 MCQs
● Mathematical Essay
● Case Study
Unit end assessment
Case Study or Project work

● you are also welcomed for self assessments and sharing with your peers, teachers and
parents

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