LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

• Light is a form of energy that produces in us the sensation of sight.

• Reflection of light is the phenomenon of bouncing back of light in the same medium on striking the
surface of any object.
• The two laws of reflection are:
(i) The angle of reflection (r) is always equal to the angle of incidence (i) => ∠r = ∠i
(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal (at the point of incidence), all lie in the same plane.
• In a plane mirror, the image of a real object is always
(i) Virtual, (ii) erect (iii) of same size as the object,
(iv) As far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror.
(v) Laterally inverted.
• Spherical Mirrors
Mirrors whose reflecting surface is a part of a hollow sphere is called spherical mirror.
It is of two types namely; concave mirror and convex mirror.
 Pole (P) of the spherical mirror is geometric centre of its reflecting surface.
 Centre of curvature (C) of a mirror is the centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.
 Radius of curvature (R) is the distance between the pole and centre of curvature.
 Principal axis of a spherical mirror is the line joiningthe pole and centre of curvature.
 Principal focus (F) is a point on the principal axis of the mirror at which the light rays coming parallel
to principal axis actually meet or appear to meet after reflection.
 Focal length (f) is the distance between pole and focus of a spherical mirror.
i.e. f=R/2
• Rules for Image Formation in Spherical Mirrors
 A ray going through centre of curvature which strikes the mirror normally is reflected back along the
same path.
 A ray parallel to principal axis after reflection either actually passes through the principal focus F or
appear to diverge from it.
 A ray passing through the principal focus F or a ray which appears to conv erge at F is reflected
parallel to the principal axis.
 A ray striking at pole P is reflected symmetrically back in the opposite side.
• Linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is

• For a convex mirror, m is +ve and less than one, as the image formed is virtual, erect and shorter than
the object.
• For a concave mirror, m is +ve when image formed is virtual and m is –ve, when image formed is real.
• Sign Convention for Mirrors
(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the light from the object falls on
the mirror from the left-hand side.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
 (iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along + x-axis) are taken as positive while
those measured to the left of the origin (along – x-axis) are taken as negative.
(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along + y-axis) are taken as
positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along –y-axis) are taken as
negative.

Refraction
The following are the laws of refraction of light.
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point
of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant, for the light of a
given colour and for the given pair of media. This law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.
sin 𝑖
If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then, sin 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
  Absolute refractive index (n) of a medium is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum or air(c) to the
speed of light in the medium(v) i.e.

• Refraction of light is the phenomenon of change in the path of light in going from one medium to another.
• In going from a rarer to a denser medium, the ray of light bends towards normal and in going from a
denser to a rarer medium, the ray of light bends away from normal.
• Snell’s law of refraction,

• No refraction occurs, when

(i) light is incident normally on a boundary,
(ii) refractive indices of the two media in contact are equal.

• New Cartesian Sign Convention for spherical lenses:

(i) All distances are measured from optical centre C of the lens.
(ii) The distances measured in the direction of incidence of light are taken as positive and vice–versa.
(iii) All heights above the principal axis of the lens are taken as positive and vice versa.
• The linear magnification produced by a lens is

• Power of the combination of lenses

P = p1 + p2 + p3 ...

NCERT IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED

1. Define the principal focus of a concave mirror.
Ans. It is a point on the principal axis where the rays of light parallel to principal axis meet.
2. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its fucul length?

3. Name a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object.
Ans. Concave mirror.
4. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?
Ans. Convex mirror can cover a wider range and give erect and diminished image. Hence convex mirror is
used as a rear-view mirror to get wider field of view.
5. Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32 cm.
Ans. Radius of curvature R = 32 cm

6. A concave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real image of an object placed at 10cm in
front of it. Where is the image located?
Ans. Object distance u = - 10 cm (concave minor)

7. A ray of light travelling in cur enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towards the normal or
away from the normal? Why?
Ans. The light bends towards the normal on entry into water because water is optically denser than air.
8. Light enters train air to glass having refractive index 1.50. What is the speed of light in the glass? The
speed ref light in vacuum is 3 × 10 8 m/s.
Ans. The speed of light in vacuum is = 3 × 10 8 m/s
Refractive index of glass n g = 1.50

9. Find out from following table the medium having highest optical derisity. Also find the medium with
lowest optical density.

Ans. Diamond has highest optical density i.e., 2.42 and air has the lowest optical density i.e., 1.0003.
10. You are given kerosene, turpentine and water. In which of these does the light travel fastest? Use the
information given in table above.
Ans. Refractive index of kerosene = 1.44; Refractive index of turpentine = 1.47
Refractive index of water = 1.33
Lower the refractive index faster is the speed of light in that medium. Hence light will travel fastest in water.
11. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement?

This means the ratio of the speed of light in the air and the speed of light in diamond is equal to 2.42.
12. Define 1 dioptre of a lens
Ans. 1 dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 metre. 1 D = 1 m -1
13. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of 50 cm from it. Where is the
needle placed in front of the convex lens if the image is equal to the size of the object? Also find the power
of the lens.

14. Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2 m.

Ans. Focal length of concave lens f = -2 m
QUESTIONS FROM NCERT TEXTBOOK
1. Which one of the following materials cannot he used to make a lens?
(a) Water (b) Glass (c) Plastic (d) Clay
2. The Image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than the object.
Where should he the positron of the object?
(a) Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature (b) At the centre of curvature
(c) Beyond the centre of curvature (d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus
3. Where an object should be placed in front of a convex lens to get a real image of the size of the
object?
(a) At the principal focus of the lens (b) At twice the focal length
(c) At infinity (d ) Between the optical centre of the lens and its principal focus
4. A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a focal length of -15 cm. The mirror and the lens
are likely to be
(a) both concave (b) both convex (c) the mirror is concave and the lens in convex.
(d) the mirror is convex but the lens is concave.
5. No matter how far stand from a mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror is likely to be
(a) plane. (b) concave. (c) convex (d) either plane or convex.
6. Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found in a dictionary?
(a) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm. (b) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm.
(c) A convex- lens of focal length 5 cm. (d) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm.
7. We wish to obtain an erect image of an object, using a conca ve minor of focal length 15 cm. What
should he the range of distance of the object from the mirror? What is the nature of the image? Is the
image larger or smaller than the object? Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
Ans. Focal length of concave mirror = 15 cm.
Object should be place in front of given concave minor at a distance less than 15 cm.
Image formed is virtual and erect.
Image size is larger than object.

8. Name the type of mirror used in the following situations.

(a) Headlight of a car (b) Side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle (c) Solar furnace.
Support your answer with reason.
Ans. (a) For headlight of a car- Concave mirror is used to get a powerful beam of light after reflection.

(b) Convex minor is used for side/rear view mirror of a vehicle. Convex mirror forms an erect and
diminished image of vehicles and gives wider view of rear.
(c) In solar furnace concave mirror is used as a reflector, it concentrates sun light at a point where
the temperature increases sharply to 180°C - 200°C.
9. One-half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper. Will this len s produce a complete image of
the object? Verify your answer experimentally? Explain your observations.
Ans. Yes, one-half of a convex lens when covered with a black paper, the lens produces a complete or full
image of an object.
To verify experimentally:
Take a convex lens, cover half part of it as shown in the figure, with a paper. Place it on a stand. Focus a
distant object on a screen, the image obtained on the screen is complete.
Observation and conclusion: Image formed on the screen does not depend on the size of the
lens. The brightness of the image decreases as less number of rays pass through the lens.
10. An object 5 cm in length is held 25 cm away from a converging lens of focal length 10 cm. Draw the
ray diagram and find the position, size and the nature of the image formed.

Ans.

Hence, the image formed at 16.67 cm from the lens on the other side. The size of the image is 3.3
cm, i.e., reduced and inverted.
11. A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10 cm from the lens object placed from the
lens? Draw the ray diagram.
Ans. Concave lens

12. An object is placed at a distance of I0 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the position
and nature of the image.

The image is formed 6 cm behind the mirror, virtual image is formed.

13. The magnification produced by a plane mirror is + 1. What does this mean?
Ans. Magnification, m=+1
+ indicates virtual image.
1 indicates that the object size and image size is same.
14. An object 5.0 cm in length is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a convex mirror of radius of
curvature 30 cm. Find the position of the image, its nature and size.
15. An object of size 7.0 cm is placed at 27 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 18 cm. At what
distance from the mirror should a screen be placed, so that a sharp focussed image can he obtained? Find
the size and the nature of the image.
Ans. Concave minor u = -27 cm, f = -18 cm, h = 7.0 cm

16. Find the focal length of a lens of power - 2.0 D. What type of lens is this?
Ans. P = - 2.0 D

17. A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power +1.5 D. Find the focal length of the lens. Is the
prescribed lens diverging or converging?

Power of the lens is +ve, and it is converging lens i.e., convex lens.

MCQ QUESTIONS
1. An object is placed at a distance of 0.25 m in front of a plane mirror. The distance between the object and image will be
(a) 0.25 m (b) 1.0 m (c) 0.5 m (d) 0.125 m
Explanation: (c) Distance between object and image = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5 m
2. The angle of incidence for a ray of light having zero reflection angle is
(a) 0 (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 90°
Explanation: (a) For reflecting surface ∠i = ∠r
3. For a real object, which of the following can produce a real image?
(a) Plane mirror (b) Concave mirror (c) Concave lens (d) Convex mirror
Only concave mirror can produces a real image for the any position of object between its focus and infinity.
4. Which of the following mirror is used by a dentist to examine a small cavity?
(a) Convex mirror (b) Plane mirror (c) Concave mirror (d) Combination of convex and concave mirror
Explanation: Concave mirror forms erect and enlarged image when held close to the cavity.
5. An object at a distance of 30 cm from a concave mirror gets its image at the same point. The focal length of the mirror
(a) – 30 cm (b) 30 cm (c) – 15 cm (d) +15 cm
Explanation: When object is placed at 2F, the image formed by concave mirror is also at 2F. So 2F = -30 or F = -15 cm.
6. An object at a distance of + 15 cm is slowly moved towards the pole of a convex mirror. The image will get
(a) shortened and real (b) enlarged and real (c) enlarge and virtual (d) diminished and virtual
Explanation: (d) Convex mirror always formed virtual and diminished image.
7. A concave mirror of radius 30 cm is placed in water. It’s focal length in air and water differ by
(a) 15 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 0
Explanation: The focal length of spherical mirror does not depends on the surrounding medium.
8. A concave mirror of focal length 20 cm forms an image having twice the size of object. For the virtual position of
object, the position of object will be at
(a) 25 cm (b) 40 cm (c) 10 cm (d) At infinity

9. The image formed by concave mirror is real, inverted and of the same size as that of the object. The position of object
should be
(a) at the focus (b) at the centre of curvature (c) between focus and centre of curvature (d) beyond centre of curvature
Exp:When object lies at C of a concave mirror, image is also formed at ‘C’ and having same size real and inverted.
10. The nature of the image formed by concave mirror when the object is placed between the focus (F) and centre of
 curvature (C) of the mirror observed by us is
(a) real, inverted and diminished (b) virtual, erect and smaller in size
(c) real, inverted and enlarged (d) virtual, upright and enlarged
Explanation: When object lies between C and F, the real, inverted and enlarged image is formed beyondC.
11. The nature of image formed by a convex mirror when the object distance from the mirror is less than the distance
between pole and focal point (F) of the mirror would be
(a) real, inverted and diminished in size (b) real, inverted and enlarged in size
(c) virtual, upright and diminished in size (d) virtual, upright and enlarged in size
Explanation: Convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect diminished image irrespective of the position of object in front
12. If a man’s face is 25 cm in front of concave shaving mirror producing erect image 1.5 times the size of face, focal
length of the mirror would be
(a) 75 cm (b) 25 cm (c) 15 cm (d) 60 cm

Explanation: In concave shaving mirror, virtual erect and large size image, behind the mirror is obtained, using Hence,
focal length of concave mirror is 75 cm.
13. As light travels from a rarer to a denser medium it will have
(a) increased velocity (b) decreased velocity (c) decreased wavelength (d) both (b) and (c)
Explanation: When light ray travel from rarer to denser medium, its velocity and wavelength both decrease as v = vλ.
14. The angle of incidence i and refraction r are equal in a transparent slab when the value of i is
(a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) depend on the material of the slab
Explanation: (a) When the incident ray falls normally on the glass slab, it will refracted without deviation, i.e. along the
normal in the glass slab. So, ∠i = ∠r = 0
15. The refractive index of transparent medium is greater than one because
(a) Speed of light in vacuum < speed of light in tansparent medium
(b) Speed of light in vacuum > speed of light in tansparent medium
(c) Speed flight in vacuum = speed of light in tansparent medium
(d) Frequency of light wave changes when it moves from rarer to denser medium

16. The refractive index of water is 1.33. The speed of light in water will be
(a) 1.33 × 108 m/s (b) 3 × 108 m/s (c) 2.26 × 108 m/s (d) 2.66 × 108 m/s

Explanation:
17. You are given three media A, B and C of refractive index 1.33, 1.65 and 1.46. The medium in which the light will
travel fastest is
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) equal in all three media
Explanation: So, the light will travel faster in a medium having lower refractive index.
18. Light from the Sun falling on a convex lens will converge at a point called
(a) centre of curvature (b) focus (c) radius of curvature (d) optical centre
Explanation: The parallel ray coming from the sun, after refraction through the convex lens converge at its focus.
19. Large number of thin stripes of black paint are made on the surface of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm to catch the
image of a white horse. The image will be
(a) a zebra of black stripes (b) a horse of black stripes (c) a horse of less brightness
(d) a zebra of less brightness
Explanation: Complete image of the white horse is formed but of less intensity, the light falling on the curved portion will
not react at the image position.
20. A divergent lens will produce
(a) always real image (b) always virtual image (c) both real and virtual image (d) none of these
Explanation: Diverging (concave) lens will always forms a virtual, erect and diminished image.
21. When object moves closer to convex lens, the image formed by it shift
(a) away from the lens (b) towards the lens (c) first towards and then away from the lens
(d) first away and then towards the lens
Explanation: As object moves from infinity towards optical centre of the convex lens image is shifted away from its focal
point and towards infinity.
22. When object moves closer to a concave lens the image by it shift
(a) away from the lens on the same side of object (b) toward the lens
(c) away from the lens on the other side of lens (d) first towards and then away from the lens
Explanation: When object infinity, image is formed at the focus of concave lens of object is moved towards lens, the
image is also moved from its focus towards lens and its size increase.
23. A magnified real image is formed by a convex lens when the object is at
(a) F (b) between F and 2F (c) 2F (d) only (a) and (b) both
Explanation: When object is at 2F, real inverted and same size image is formed by convex lens. So, according to
question option (a) and (b) both are correct.
24. The distance between the optical center and point of convergence is called focal length in which of the following
cases?

Explanation: (c) Parallel rays after refiracting meet at the focus of a convex lens.
25. A 10 mm long awl pin is placed vertically in front of a concave mirror. A 5 mm long image of the awl pin is formed at
30 cm in front of the mirror. The focal length of this mirror is [NCERT Exemplar Problems]
(a) – 30 cm (b) – 20 cm (c) – 40 cm (d) – 60 cm
Explanation: Given h0 = +10 mm = + 0.1 cm hi = – 5 mm = -0.5 cm and for real image, v = – 30 cm

26. Figure shows a ray of light as it travels from medium A to medium B. Refractive index of the medium B relative
to medium A is [NCERT Exemplar Problems]

Explanation: (a) Here, ∠i = 60°, ∠r = 45°

Using Snell’s law of refraction, refractive index of medium B with respect to medium A.

27. A light ray enters from medium A to medium B as shown in figure. The refractive index of medium B relative to A
will be [NCERT Exemplar Problems]

(a) greater than unity (b) less than unity (c) equal to unity (d) zero
Explanation: In medium B, light ray bends away from the normal. It indicates that medium B is optically rarer than
medium A. Hence speed of light in medium B is more than that in medium A. Now, refractive index

28. Beams of light are incident through the holes A and B and emerge out of box through the holes C and D respectively
as shown in the figure. Which of the following could be inside the box? [NCERT Exemplar Problems]
 (a) A rectangular glass slab (b) A convex lens (c) A concave lens (d) A prism

Explanation: Figure shows that emergent ray are parallel to the incident ray and shifted side ward slightly. This can be
done by the rectangular glass slab only.
29. A beam of light is incident through the holes on side A and emerges out of the hole on the other face of the box as
shown in the figurez. Which of the following could be inside the box? [NCERT Exemplar Problems]

(a) Concave lens (b) Rectangular glass slab (c) Prism (d) Convex lens
Explanation: From figure, it is clear that parallel rays converge at a point and emerges from face B. So convex lens would
be possible inside the box.
30. Which of the following statements is/are true? [NCERT Exemplar Problems]
(a) A convex lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(b) A convex lens has -4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(c) A concave lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(d) A concave lens has – 4 dioptre having a focal 0.25 m
Explanation: Positive sign with power and focal length indicates that the given lens is convex. Also f = 1/P=1/4 = 0.25m
ASSERTION –REASONING
1. Assertion(A) : The centre of curvature is not a part of the mirror. It lies outside its reflecting surface.
Reason (R) : The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere. This sphere has a centre. Ans:A
2. Assertion (A) : A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror after reflection, is reflected back
along the same path.
Reason (R) : The incident rays fall on the mirror along the normal to the reflecting surface. Ans: A
3. Assertion (A) : Light does not travel in the same direction in all the media.
Reason (R) : The speed of light does not change as it enters from one transparent medium to another. Ans:C
4. Assertion(A) : The emergent ray is parallel to the direction of the incident ray.
Reason (R) : The extent of bending of the ray of light at the opposite parallel faces (air- glass interface and glass-air
interface) of the rectangular glass slab is equal and opposite. Ans; A
5. Assertion(A) : A ray of light travelling from a rarer medium to a denser medium slows down and bends away from the
normal. When it travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium, it speeds up and bends towards the normal.
Reason (R) : The speed of light is higher in a rarer medium than a denser medium. Ans:D
6. Assertion(A): The mirrors used in search lights are concave spherical.
Reason (R) : In concave spherical mirror the image formed is always virtual. Ans:C
7. Assertion(A) : Light travels faster in glass than in air.
Reason (R) : Glass is denser than air. Ans:D
8. Assertion(A) : For observing traffic at back, the driver mirror is convex mirror.
Reason (R) : A convex mirror has much larger field of view than a plane mirror. Ans:A
9. Assertion(A) : Mirror formula can be applied to a plane mirror.
Reason (R) : A plane mirror is a spherical mirror of infinite focal length. Ans:A
10. Assertion(A) : It is not possible to see a virtual image by eye.
Reason (R): The rays that seem to emanate from a virtual image do not in fact emanates from the image.Ans:D
11. Assertion(A):When object moves with a velocity 2 m/s, its image in the plane mirror moves with a velocity of 4 m/s.
Reason (R) : The image formed by a plane mirror is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.Ans:A
12. Assertion(A) : The height of an object is always considered positive.
 Reason (R) : An object is always placed above the principal axis in this upward direction. Ans:A
13. Assertion(A) : Concave mirrors are used as make-up mirrors.
Reason (R) : When the face is held within the focus of a concave mirror, then a diminished image of the face is seen in
the concave mirror. Ans:C
14. Assertion(A) : Refractive index has no units.
Reason (R) : The refractive index is a ratio of two similar quantities. Ans:A
15. Assertion(A) : The formula connecting u, v and f for a spherical mirror is valid in all situations for all spherical
mirrors for all positions of the object.
Reason (R) : Laws of reflection are strictly valid for plane surfaces. Ans;C
16. Assertion(A): A person cannot see his image in a concave mirror, unless, he is standing beyond the center of curvature
of the mirror.
Reason (R) : In a concave mirror, image formed is real provided the object is situated beyond its focus. Ans:B
17. Assertion(A): Virtual images are always erect.
Reason (R) : Virtual images are formed by diverging lenses only. Ans:C

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (IN NOTES)

Short answer type questions
1. State the laws of reflection of light.
2. What are the properties of the image formed by plane mirror?
3. Define pole and centre of curvature of spherical mirrors.
4. Give the uses of concave mirrors.
5. Give the uses of convex mirrors.
6. Give the laws of refraction of light.
7. What is refractive index?
8. What is absolute refractive index of the medium?
9. Two medium with refractive index 1.31 and 1.50 are given. In which case
(i) bending of light is more?
(ii) speed of light is more?
10. When a ray of light entering from air is incident on the surface of a glass slab at an angle of 90°, what will be the
measure of angle of refraction. Why does a ray change its path when it passes from one medium to another medium?
11. Refractive index of kerosene oil is 1.44 and that of water is 1.33. A ray of light enters from kerosene oil to water.
Where would light ray bend and why?
12. Which is optically denser out of the two medium M1 = 1.71 (refractive index) and M2 = 1.36 (refractive index). How
does speed of light change when it travels from optically rarer to denser medium.
13. Draw a ray diagram of image formed when an object is placed in front of convex lens
(i) beyond 2 f and (ii) between f and 2f.
14. State the mirror formula, lens formula and power of lens.
15. Define power of lens. What is the S. I. unit of power of a lens? If power of lens is +2D. What is the nature and focal
length of the lens?
16. If the speed of light in water is 2.25 × 108 m/s and the speed in vacuum is 3×108m/s. Calculate the refractive index of
water.
17. Draw ray diagrams to show the image formed by a concave lens for the object placed at
(i) infinity (ii) Between f and 2f of the lens.
18. An object of 2 cm high is placed at a distance of 64 cm from a white screen on placing a convex lens at a distance of
32 cm from the object it is found that a distant image of the object is formed on the screen. What is the focal length of
the convex lens and size of the image formed on the screen? Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image
in this position of the object with respect to the lens.
19. A convex lens has a focal length of 10 cm. At what distance from the lens should the object be placed so that it gives a
real and inverted image 20 cm away from the lens? What would be the size of the image formed if the object is 2 cm
high? With the help of a ray diagram show the formation of the image by the lens in this case.
Long answer type questions
1. A convex lens has a focal length of 12 cm. At what distance from the lens should an object of height 6 cm be placed so
that on the other side of the lens its real and inverted image is formed 24 cm away from the lens? What would be the
size of the image formed? Draw a ray diagram to show the image formed in this case.
2. A convex lens has a focal length of 15 cm. At what distance from the lens should the object be placed so that is forms
on its other side a real and inverted image 30 cm away from the lens? What would be the size of image formed if the
object is 5 cm high? With the help of a ray diagram show the formation of the image by the lens in this case.
3. Draw and explain the ray diagram formed by a convex mirror when
(a) object is at infinity. (b) object is at finite distance from the mirror.
4. Name the type of mirror used in the following situations:
(i)Rear view mirror in vehicles. (ii) Solar furnace (iii) Torch (iv) Solar cooker
(v) To get the full length image of tall building.
5. With the help of a ray diagram show the position, size and the nature of the image formed by a convex lens for various
positions of the object.
6. With the help of a ray diagram show the position, size and the nature of the image formed by a concave mirror for
various positions of the object.
7. Explain refraction through glass slab with necessary diagrams
8. It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object using a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm.
(i) What should be the range of distance of the object from the mirror?
(ii) Will the image be bigger or smaller than the object?
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
9. One-half of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm is covered with a black paper.
(i) Will the lens produce a complete image of the object?
(ii) Show the formation of image of an object placed at 2F1 of such covered lens with the help of a ray diagram.
(iii) How will the intensity of the image formed by half covered lens compare with non-covered lens?
10. Draw ray diagrams to represent the nature, position and relative size of the image formed by a convex lens for the
object placed:
(a) At 2F (b) Between F1 and the optical centre O of lens
11. Comment on the size, position of the image formed by a concave mirror of focal length 18 cm when an object is
placed: (i) at 22 cm (ii) 14 cm (iii) 40 cm. (v) in front of mirror without calculations.
13. a) Name a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object.
b) Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?
c) Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32 cm.
d) concave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real image of an object placed at 10 cm in front of it.
where is the image located?

-LANCY
Lecturer in Physics
ST MARY’S UDUPI
[email protected]