The Psychometric Properties of Attentional Control Scale
The Psychometric Properties of Attentional Control Scale
Original Article
Abstract
Objectives: The attentional control scale is a self- report questionnaire that assesses individual differences in
attentional control. Despite its extensive use, the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ACS are not well
understood. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of the attentional control scale
and its relationship with symptoms of anxiety and depression in Iranian population .
Method: Using quota sampling, we asked a community sample of 524 to respond to Attentional Control Scale,
mindfulness, emotion regulation, social anxiety, depression, generalized anxiety, worry, and rumination. SPSS (Version
23) was used for data analysis .
Results: Exploratory factor analysis yielded 2 factors of focusing and shifting, which accounted for 30.93% of the total
variance. The results of convergent validity revealed that reappraisal, as an emotion regulation strategy and mindfulness
facets, had a positive relationship with focusing, shifting, and the total score of the attentional control scale. Furthermore,
worry, rumination, depression, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety symptoms all had negative relationships with
focusing, rumination, and the total score of the attentional control scale. In addition, the results of incremental validity
revealed that focusing, not shifting, uniquely predicted depression and generalized anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, both
focusing and shifting uniquely predicted social anxiety symptoms. Test- retest reliability of focusing and shifting was 0.80
and 0. 76, respectively.
Conclusion: Attentional control scale has been demonstrated to have acceptable validity and reliability in Iranian
population. However, further studies are needed to evaluate other aspects of the ACS like CFA.
Attention and attentional control are 2 mainly related Attentional bias towards negative stimuli or information
interferes with the flexible use of emotion regulation
constructs associated with emotion regulation, and are
strategies and contributes to depression (6).
considered as emotion regulation strategies in anxiety
Over the last 3 decades, most studies have highlighted
and mood disorders (1-3). Attentional control as
the role of attentional biases and attentional control in
voluntary control of emotion is central to emotion
psychopathology including anxiety (7), social anxiety
regulation, as the process model of emotion regulation
disorder (8), trait anxiety (9), depression (10),
posits that individuals regulate their emotion in the
generalized anxiety disorder (11), rumination (12), and
situation-attention-appraisal-response sequence and that
worry (13); and various treatments have been developed
attentional deployment is a cardinal emotion regulation
to control them in people suffering from several anxiety
strategy in developing and maintaining emotional
and depression symptoms (14-16).
disorders (4, 5).
Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
*Corresponding Author:
Address: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, kodakyar Avenue, Daneshjo Blvd, Evin, 1985713834, Tehran, Iran.
Tel: +98-21-22180045, Fax: +98-21-22180045, Email: [email protected]
Article Information:
Received Date: 2016/11/07, Revised Date: 2017/01/17, Accepted Date: 2017/02/25
Abasi, Mohammadkhani, Pourshahbaz, et al.
Attentional control is regulated through the anterior approach system, positive affect, and adaptive emotion
system that is viewed as the executive system regulation strategies (19). Furthermore, attentional
responsible for more voluntary and flexible cognitive control was negatively correlated with worry and social
functions such as attentional control (3). Based on the anxiety disorder (21).
description of anterior system and its utility in research Attentional control is known as an emotion regulation
and clinical settings, Derry berry and Reed developed a strategy that is related to variety of anxiety and mood
scale named attentional control scale (ACS) to assess disorders (23), thus, understanding its relationship to
the differences in voluntary attentional control. The psychopathology is helpful in improving o case
ACS comprises of 20 items that initially appeared to conceptualization and treatment of various mental
have 2 subscales: attentional focusing as the capacity disorders, particularly refractory mental illnesses.
to intentionally hold the attentional focus on desired Furthermore, it is the only questionnaire that assesses
channels, resisting unintentional shifting to irrelevant attentional control despite the suitable reliability and
or distracting channels, and attentional shifting as the validity of the ACS in other countries, thus, these
capacity to intentionally shift the attentional focus to results could not be generalized to all the population of
desired channels, avoiding unintentional attention on Iran, and its psychometric properties is unknown in the
particular channels (17). Factor analyses of the ACS in Iranian population. Therefore, the present study aimed
a study indicated 3 sub factors: (1) focus attention, (2) at assessing the psychometric properties of the ACS
shift attention between tasks, and (3) flexibly control (including factor structure, test retest reliability, and
thoughts. validity indexes) and determining the relationship
The psychometric properties of the ACS have been between attentional control and anxiety (including
assessed and reported in various studies in different generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety
countries. Factor structure analyses of the Dutch disorder) and depression symptoms.
version of the ACS in a sample of 18 year- old children
and adolescents have supported 2 factors, but omitted 2 Materials and Methods
items (Items 9 and 10) from the analysis, with internal Participants
consistency of α = 0.70 for focusing scale and α = 0.63 This was a cross sectional study. Using quota sampling,
for shifting scale (18). A study on the Polish version of 554 participants were recruited from a community
the ACS, using factor analysis, revealed 1-factor sample in Tehran. Participants were classified
solution and then 3, 4, and 5 factor solutions using according to statistical data obtained from the statistical
varimax and oblimin rotations. However, the 1-factor center of Iran. Data were collected according to age,
solution (KMO =.88, the total variance explained activity status, and education level, so our sample had
35.4%) and 3-factor solution (KMO =.87, the total the same proportions of individuals as the entire
variance explained 47.8%) emerged as most suitable population with respect to aforementioned phenomena.
for psychological interpretation. Three factors were Because the main aim of the present study was to
identified as follow: (1) attentional focusing, (2) assess the reliability and validity of the ACS, a large
attentional shifting, and (3) divided attention (19). sample size was selected, (24). Data clean up and
Another study on the Icelandic version of the ACS on omitting 30 outliers using Mahalabonis and other
undergraduate students, using confirmatory factor methods to detect the outliers revealed 524 participants
analysis, yielded 2 factors of focusing and attention, (46.4% females and 53.6% males). The mean age of
which explained 35.13% of the variance. Furthermore, the participants was 35.24 (SD =10.71) with 20 as the
confirmatory factor analysis revealed a reasonable fit minimum and 60 as the maximum age. With respect to
of this 2-factor model (20). The result of this study is in marital status, 31.7% of the participants were single,
line with another research that showed 2- factor 65.5% married, and 2.9% were divorced. Of the
structure of the ACS using exploratory factor analysis, participants, 14.9% did not have a high school diploma,
which explained 29.01% of the variance. Moreover, 41.6%, 29.4%, 11.3%, and 2.9% held diploma, a
confirmatory factor analysis revealed a superior fit bachelor’s degree, a master’s degree, and doctoral
compared to the Icelandic version. Furthermore, degree, respectively. Considering the activity status,
internal consistency of the subscales were adequate, α 50.2% of the participants were employed, 7.1%, 25%,
= 0.82 for focusing and α = 0.71 for shifting (21). 11.5%, and 6.3% were unemployed, housekeepers,
Attentional control was positively related to students, and had income without having a job,
extraversion and negatively related to neuroticism . respectively. The statistical results of the study
Considering the convergent and divergent validity of variables are presented in Table 1.
the ACS, the total score of the ACS was related to Measures
diary ratings of intrusive thoughts (22); moreover, Attentional control scale was used as the main
shifting subscale was a significant predictor of questionnaire. Furthermore, Five Facet Mindfulness
depression, and focusing subscale was a significant Questionnaire, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire,
predictor of anxiety (20). Also, attentional control was Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Beck Depression
negatively related to behavioral inhibition system, Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item
negative affect, and maladaptive emotion regulation Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and
strategies, and it was positively related to behavioral Rumination Response Questionnaire were used in the
107
110 Iranian J Psychiatry 12:2, April 2017 ijps.tums.ac.ir
Psychometric Properties of ACS in Iranian Sample
present study to evaluate convergent, divergent, and rating scale. The internal consistency and test-retest
incremental validity of the ACS . reliability were α = 0.92 and r = 0.83, respectively. The
Attentional Control Scale (ACS, (3): ACS is a self- cutoff point of 10 has been identified with optimized
report 20- item questionnaire rated on a 4 point Likert sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%) (35). Cronbach
scale (1 = almost never to 4 = always) that assesses alpha of GAD-7 was α = 0.89 in the present research .
attentional control and attentional shifting. The internal Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ, (36)):
consistency is reported to be as α = 0.88 (3) and test- PSWQ is a 16-item self-report questionnaire that
retest reliability of the ACS items varies from 0.45 to assesses worry on a 5 point response scale ranging
0.73 and it is 0.61 for the total score (19). from 1 (not at all typical of me) to 5 (very typical of
Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ, (25)): me). It was demonstrated that the scale has very good
FFMQ is a self-report 39- item questionnaire rated on a internal consistency (α = 0.93) and high test-retest
5 point Likert response scale ranging from 1 (never or reliability (r = 0.74-0.93) (36). The psychometric
very rarely true) to 5 (very often or always true). properties of the Iranian version of the scale has been
FFMQ includes 5 subscales: observing, describing, act demonstrated to have high internal consistency (α=
aware, nonjudging, and nonreacting. Alpha coefficient 0.88) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.79) (37).
of all facets of FFMQ reported to be as < 0.7 (26). The The Ruminative Response Scale (RRS, (38): RRS is a
internal consistency of the subscales is 0.83, 0.91, 0.87, 22- item self-report questionnaire that assesses the
0.87, and 0.75, respectively in the Chinese version of tendency to ruminate in response to depressed mood
the questionnaire. Furthermore, the correlation between and is rated on a 4-point Likert-type scale that is varied
the subscales and BDI, STAI-State, STAI-Trait, and from 0 to 3. Internal consistency (α = 0.89) and 5-
SCL-90 is agreeable (27). The internal consistency of month test- retest reliability have been reported
the Five Facets and the total score of FFMQ in the acceptable (39). The internal consistency of the Iranian
Iranian population was α = 0.71, α = 0.83, α = 0.81, α = version was reported to be 0.81 (40).
0.73, α = 0.55, and α = 0.80; and the test-retest Procedure
reliability was r = 0.84, r = 0.83, r = 0.68, r = 0.57, r = At first, the questionnaire was translated into Persian
0.71, and r = 0.80, respectively (28). and back translated into English by bilingual experts in
Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ, (29)): ERQ English language. Then, the two versions of the ACS
is a 10-item self-report questionnaire which is rated on were compared by another person who was adept in
a 7 point scale. ERQ consists of 2 subscales: English language. At that point, the translated
reappraisal and suppression. The internal consistency questionnaire was edited according to the comments,
of the 2 subscales has been reported 0.79 and 0.73, and the final translated ACS questionnaire was
respectively (29). The psychometric properties of the approved by 3 professors of University of Social
Iranian version have good alpha coefficient for both Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences who were familiar
subscales, α = 0.75 (30). Reappraisal subscale was used with attentional control concept. After preparing the
in the present study. final version of the Iranian ACS and obtaining approval
Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS, (31)): SIAS is from an institutional review board, we informed the
a 20-item self-report questionnaire which is rated on a participants about the goals of the study, ensured them
5 point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all about the confidentiality of their private information,
characteristic or true of me) to 4 (extremely and notified them they were not obliged to participate
characteristic or true of me). The internal consistency in the study. The participants filled in the questionnaire
of SIAS in social phobia sample, community sample, package, which included all the study questionnaires .
and undergraduate sample has been reported to be as Data Analyses
0.86, 0.95, and 0.85, respectively (31). The The primary goal of the present study was to conduct
psychometric properties among Iranian population has an exploratory factor analysis of a set of items
been demonstrated to have acceptable internal assessing ACS. The second aim of the study was to
consistency of α = 0.90, and test-retest reliability of r = assess test-retest reliability, internal consistency,
0.79 (32). convergent, divergent, and incremental validity of the
Beck Depression Questionnaire (BDI-II (33)): BDI is a ACS. It was hypothesized that rumination, worry,
self-report 21- item questionnaire that assesses severity social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and depression
of depression disorder. Each item is scored from 0 to 3. were negatively and mindfulness and reappraisal
The internal consistency of BDI is reported as 0.86 in positively correlated with attentional control.
psychiatric populations and 0.81 in nonpsychiatric Furthermore, we hypothesized that attentional control
populations. Test-retest reliability was also reported to could predict depression beyond its relationship with
be r = 0.86 (33). A study on 354 recovered depressed rumination and could predict social anxiety disorder
patients in Iran demonstrated internal consistency of α beyond its relationship with anxiety and rumination.
= 0/91 (34) . After checking the outliers and meeting the normality
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD- and linearity, factor analysis, bivariate correlation, and
7(35)): GAD-7 is a self-report 7- item questionnaire regression analysis were conducted to evaluate the
that rates the severity of generalized anxiety disorder hypotheses. SPSS Version 23 was used for data
and is rated on a 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day) analysis.
107
112
110 Iranian J Psychiatry 12:2, April 2017 ijps.tums.ac.ir
Psychometric Properties of ACS in Iranian Sample
Table2. Exploratory Factor Analysis of the attentional control scale in Iranian Sample
a
Items Focusing Shifting r
1. It is very hard for me to concentrate on a difficult task when there are noises 0.58 0.02 0.54
around.
2. When I need to concentrate and solve a problem, I have trouble focusing my 0.67 0.14 0.65
attention.
3. When I am working hard on something, I still get distracted by events around 0.61 0.15 0.60
me.
4. My concentration is good even if there is music in the room around me. 0.25 0.38 0.44
5. When concentrating, I can focus my attention so that I become unaware of 0.13 0.37 0.39
what's going on in the room around me.
6. When I am reading or studying, I am easily distracted if there are people talking 0.57 0.17 0.59
in the same room.
7. When trying to focus my attention on something, I have difficulty blocking out 0.63 0.13 0.61
distracting thoughts.
8. I have a hard time concentrating when I am excited about something. 0.52 0.11 0.54
9. When concentrating I ignore feelings of hunger or thirst. -0.2 0.23 -0.02
10. I can quickly switch from one task to another. -0.09 0.31 0.33
11. It takes me a while to get really involved in a new task. 0.35 0.16 0.41
12. It is difficult for me to coordinate my attention between the listening and 0.52 0.27 0.55
writing required when taking notes during lectures.
13. I can become interested in a new topic very quickly when I need to. 0.02 0.47 0.47
14. It is easy for me to read or write while I'm also talking on the phone. 0.18 0.41 0.45
15. I have trouble carrying on two conversations at once. 0.17 0.14 0.2
16. I have a hard time coming up with new ideas quickly. 0.36 0.16 0.4
17. After being interrupted or distracted, I can easily shift my attention back to 0.2 0.52 0.51
what I was doing before.
18. When a distracting thought comes to mind, it is easy for me to shift my 0.24 0.41 0.44
attention away from it.
19. It is easy for me to alternate between two different tasks. 0.22 0.63 0.59
20. It is hard for me to break from one way of thinking about something and look 0.19 -0.05 0.09
at it from another point of view.
Table3. Descriptive Statistics and Scale and Factor Intercorrelations in attentional control scale
M SD Skewness Kurtosis 1 2
**
1.Focusing 25.28 4.59 -0.38 -0.16 (0.78) 0.30
2.Shifting 19.08 3.88 0.35 0.20 0.18 (0.66)
Note: Alpha reliabilities of the subscales are found on the diagonal. Correlation coefficients for scale values appear below
the diagonal, and factor correlations appear above the diagonal. **P<0.01.
Table4. Correlations of the Subscales of attentional control scale and Its Total Score and Criterion
Measures
2
r R
Variable ACS (short) Focusing Shifting ACS (short) Focusing Shifting
** ** *
BDI -0.29 -0.35 -0.1 0.08 0.12 0.01
** ** *
GAD -0.3 -0.37 -0.1 0.09 0.13 0.01
** ** **
FFMQ 0.52 0.44 0.4 0.28 0.19 0.16
** ** **
Reappraisal 0.22 0.11 0.25 0.04 0.01 0.06
** ** **
PSWQ -0.43 -0.49 -0.19 0.19 0.24 0.03
** ** *
RRS -0.3 -0.37 -0.09 0.06 0.14 0.01
** ** **
SIAS -0.48 -0.46 -0.31 0.23 0.21 0.09
**
P<0.01
*
P<0.05
ACS (short): ACS full scale, with reduced items (17 items).
B SE B β t
Dependent variable: depression
Step 1
2
R =0.32
Constant -11.38 1.64
**
RRS 0.53 0.03 0.56 15.81
Step 2
2
R =0.34
Constant 1.51 3.6
**
RRS 0.47 0.03 0.5 13.26
**
Focusing -0.38 0.09 -0.16 -4.02
Shifting 0.02 0.1 -0.008 -0.21
Discussion
In line with previous studies indicating 2 separate subscales were different from some studies (3, 20).
subscales (3, 20, 21), the exploratory factor analysis in However, there was a substantial overlap between the
the present study yielded 2 factors: the focusing factor, factor structures in the present study and that of Judah
assessing the ability to keep attention when facing with et al., Almost all items were loaded on the same factors
distractors or external stimuli irrelevant to the major except Items 4, 5, 11, 14, and 16 that were not retained
task at hand (44), and the shifting factor, assessing the in the EFA in study of Judah et al. However, in the
ability to shift between 2 tasks. Focusing items were present study, aforementioned items were included in
more homogenous, explaining 20.30% of the total the remaining analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis
variance, with acceptable internal consistency (α = conducted to evaluate the fitness indices of the
0.78); and in contrast, the shifting subscale items were empirical model in a study by Judah et al. suggested
more heterogeneous, explaining 10.63% of the total good fit to the data, χ2(53) = 78.96, p = .01, CFI = .96,
variance, with lower and not agreeable internal TLI = .95, RMSEA = 0.05, AIC =152.96 (21).
consistency (α = 0.66). Items 9, 15, and 20 were Focusing and shifting factors were moderately
deleted from the remaining analysis because of loading correlated (r = 0.52, P<0.01), which is in line with
lower than 0.3. Results of the loading items on the previous research (20, 21). Furthermore, there are some
107
110
114 Iranian J Psychiatry 12:2, April 2017 ijps.tums.ac.ir
Psychometric Properties of ACS in Iranian Sample
discords among the studies examining the factor with focusing and unique relationship of depression
structure of the ACS, and as the present study’s results with shifting (20, 21). This discrepancy may be due to
demonstrated, more explorations are needed to inspect the low reliability of the shifting subscale in the present
different structures of the ACS, and to add, or delete study. Furthermore, there was a moderate to high
some items, or develop new tools for assessing the correlation between the shifting and focusing subscale
broad aspects of attentional control. To use the ACS in in the present study, and some studies have suggested
the Iranian population, we recommend computing to treat ACS as a solitary dimension of effortful
items related to each factor indicated in EFA (Table 2); emotional control (19), and this may indicate that using
and as the shifting factor does not possess enough attentional control full scale may be more useful and
reliability, we recommend using the full scale score reliable in different analyses .
along with its subscales for various analyses.
The second aim of the present study was to evaluate the Limitations
validity of attentional control using measures that Concerning limitations of the present study, a
theoretically or empirically are associated with the community sample was used in the present study, so it
construct of attentional control. Anxiety and depression was unclear to what extent the present findings could
vulnerabilities are characterized by attentional bias to be generalized to broader and clinical population.
threat. Attentional bias modification trainings have Furthermore, all study variables including attentional
reduced the attentional bias to threat (14). In line with control were assessed by self-report questionnaires, and
these findings, depression, generalized anxiety as these types of scales may be biases, future research
disorder, social anxiety disorder, worry, and rumination should use more precise procedures or tools,
were used to evaluate the divergent validity of performance based tasks (43), and physiological
attentional control. Results indicated acceptable measures to evaluate the attentional control. To our
negative correlation between the variables. Consistent knowledge, this was the first study to evaluate the
with the findings of the present research, fear of psychometric properties of ACS in Iranian population,
performance negatively affects individuals with low so we recommend future studies to repeat this EFA in
attentional control. Moreover, attentional control as a another sample and conduct CFA to assess the fitness
self-regulation strategy acts as a buffer in performance of the multicomponent nature of attentional control.
anxiety (45). Moreover, impaired attentional control Finally, attentional control is a construct whose factors
and high attentional bias towards threat in social are not clearly known, so other studies are required to
anxiety disorder have been highlighted in several add other items to increase the reliability and validity
studies (46, 47). Besides, the relationship between of its factors. Furthermore, because attentional control
anxiety and depression symptoms and attentional and its subscales, especially focusing, were related to
control have been indicated through different anxiety and depression, some investigations that
methodologies using a wide range of questionnaires or illuminated the various pathways of attentional control
tools (16, 48). Also, the inability to control worry and its different roles in psychopathology may turn on
related negative thoughts and rumination is related to dark points in psychopathologies and treatments.
deficiency in attentional control (12, 13). To evaluate
the convergent validity of attentional control,
mindfulness facets and reappraisal were used. These Conclusion
constructs were moderately and positively associated Attentional control scale is a sole self- reported
with attentional control, which is in line with the measure that assesses attentional control and it has
findings demonstrating the moderating role of suitable psychometric properties to be used in Iranian
attentional control in the relationship between population. Furthermore, attentional control can be
difficulties in emotion regulation and distress tolerance regarded as an emotion regulation strategy or as a
(2), correlation between attentional control, emotion mechanism that may contribute to anxiety and
regulation strategies (19), and mindfulness (49). depression and may be a protective factor, and can be
The final goal of the present study was to evaluate the enhanced in psychotherapies instead of dealing with
incremental validity of attentional control full scale and repetitive negative thoughts (like worry and
focusing and shifting subscales in predicting rumination) directly.
depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and social
anxiety disorder. Attentional control full scale and Acknowledgment
focusing, not shifting, predicted depression and This research is based on the first author’s doctoral
generalized anxiety symptoms after controlling for the dissertation.
shared variance between anxiety and depressive
symptoms, and worry and rumination. Attentional
control full scale, shifting, and focusing predicted Conflict of Interest: All authors declare that there
social anxiety symptoms beyond the shared is no conflict of interest.
relationship between anxiety and worry and
rumination. The findings are inconsistent with previous
findings showing the unique relationship of anxiety
116
107 Iranian J Psychiatry 12:2, April 2017 ijps.tums.ac.ir
Psychometric Properties of ACS in Iranian Sample
29. Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in symptoms of anxiety and depression.
two emotion regulation processes: implications Cognition & emotion 2013; 27: 430-40.
for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers 44. Friedman NP, Miyake A. The relations among
Soc Psychol 2003; 85: 348-362. inhibition and interference control functions: a
30. Abasi I, Fata L, Sadeghi M, Banihashemi S, latent-variable analysis. Journal of
Mohammadee A. A Comparison of experimental psychology: General 2004; 133:
Transdiagnostic Components in Generalized 101.
Anxiety Disorder, Unipolar Mood Disorder and 45. Jones CR, Fazio RH, Vasey MW. Attentional
Nonclinical Population. International Scholarly control buffers the effect of public-speaking
and Scientific Research & Innovation 2013; 7: anxiety on performance. Social psychological
803-811. and personality science 2012; 3: 556-561.
31. Heimberg RG, Mueller GP, Holt CS, Hope 46. Bantin T, Stevens S, Gerlach AL, Hermann C.
DA, Liebowitz MR. Assessment of anxiety in What does the facial dot-probe task tell us
social interaction and being observed by about attentional processes in social anxiety?
others: The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale A systematic review. Journal of behavior
and the Social Phobia Scale. Behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry 2016; 50:
Therapy 1992; 23: 53-73. 40-51.
32. Tavoli A, Allahyari A, Azadfallah P, Fathi 47. Gorlin EI, Teachman BA. Threat interference
Ashtiani A, Melyani M, Sahragard M. [Validity biases predict socially anxious behavior: The
and Reliability of the Farsi Version of Social role of inhibitory control and minute of stressor.
Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) (persion)]. Behavior therapy 2015; 46: 493-509.
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical 48. Dedovic K, Giebl S, Duchesne A, Lue SD,
Psychology 2012; 18: 227-232. Andrews J, Efanov S, et al. Psychological,
33. Beck AT, Steer RA, Carbin MG. Psychometric endocrine, and neural correlates of attentional
properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: bias in subclinical depression. Anxiety Stress
Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Coping 2016; 29: 479-496.
psychology review 1988; 8: 77-100. 49. Wolkin JR. Cultivating multiple aspects of
34. Dabson K, Mohammadkhani P. Psychometric attention through mindfulness meditation
characteristics of Beck depression inventory–II accounts for psychological well-being through
in patients with major depressive disorder. decreased rumination. Psychology research
JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION 2007; 8: 82- and behavior management 2015; 8: 171.
88.
35. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A
brief measure for assessing generalized
anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med
2006;166: 1092-1097.
36. Meyer TJ, Miller ML, Metzger RL, Borkovec
TD. Development and validation of the Penn
State worry questionnaire. Behav Res Ther
1990; 28: 487-495.
37. Borjali A, Sohrabi F, Dehshiri G, Golzari M.
[Psychometrics Particularity of Farsi Version of
Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire for
College Students (persion)]. J clin psychol
2009; 4: 67-75.
38. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Responses to depression
and their effects on the duration of depressive
episodes. J Abnorm Psychol 1991; 100: 569-
582.
39. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Parker LE, Larson J.
Ruminative coping with depressed mood
following loss. J Pers Soc Psychol 1994; 67:
92-104.
40. Asadi S, Abedini M, Poursharifi H, Nikokar M.
[The Relationship between Intolerance of
Uncertainty and Rumination with Worry on
Student Population (persion)]. Journal of
Clinical Psycology 2013;4: 83-92.
41. Bartlett MS. A note on the multiplying factors
for various χ 2 approximations. Journal of the
Royal Statistical Society Series B
(Methodological). 1954; 16: 296-298.
42. DeVellis RF. Scale development: Theory and
applications: Sage publications; 2012.
43. Reinholdt-Dunne ML, Mogg K, Bradley BP.
Attention control: Relationships between self-
report and behavioural measures, and