Cloud Computing Notes1.

Introduction to Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Web

ServicesService-Oriented Architecture (SOA):A design pattern where services are provided to
other components by application components through a communication protocol over a
network.Services are loosely coupled and can be reused across different applications.Web
Services:Basic Architecture:SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol): A protocol for exchanging
structured information in the implementation of web services.WSDL (Web Services Description
Language): An XML-based language for describing the services a web service offers.UDDI
(Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration): A directory for storing information about web
services.RESTful Services:Definition: Web services that use HTTP requests to GET, PUT,
POST, and DELETE data.Characteristics: Stateless, scalable, cacheable, and rely on a uniform
interface.Components and Types: Resources (nouns), Methods (verbs), representations (data
formats like JSON, XML).Cloud Computing Service Models:Software as a Service (SaaS):
Software hosted online and accessed via a web browser.Platform as a Service (PaaS):
Provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage
applications.Organizational Scenarios: Utilizing cloud services for scalability, cost efficiency, and
remote access.Administering & Monitoring: Tools and techniques for managing cloud resources
and services.Benefits and Limitations: Scalability, cost-efficiency, and remote accessibility vs.
dependency on the provider, security concerns.Hypervisors: Software that creates and runs
virtual machines (e.g., VMware, Hyper-V).2. Utility and Elastic ComputingUtility Computing:A
service provisioning model where computing resources are offered and charged on-demand,
similar to utilities like electricity.Elastic Computing:The ability todynamically scale computing
resources up or down based on demand.

- **Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML):**

- **Asynchronous ‘Rich’ Interfaces:** A set of web development techniques to create
interactive web applications by exchanging small amounts of data with the server
asynchronously.

- **Mashups:**
- **User Interface Mashups:** Combining multiple sources of data or functionality to create a
new service.

- **Services Virtualization Technology:**

- **Virtualization Applications in Enterprises:** Using virtualization to create virtual versions of
physical components like servers, storage devices, etc.
- **Pitfalls of Virtualization:** Security risks, performance overhead, and potential licensing
issues.

- **Multitenant Software:**
- **Multi-entity Support:** Ability to serve multiple customers (tenants) with a single instance of
software.
- **Multi-schema Approach:** Each tenant has its own database schema.
- **Multi-tenancy Using Cloud Data Stores:** Using cloud storage solutions to support multiple
tenants.
#### 3. Data in the Cloud
- **Relational Databases in the Cloud:**
- Using cloud-based relational databases like Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL.

- **Cloud File Systems:**

- **GFS (Google File System):** Designed to provide efficient, reliable access to data using
large clusters of commodity hardware.
- **HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System):** A scalable, distributed file system designed for
big data storage and processing.
- **Comparisons:** Both are designed for large-scale data storage, but HDFS is more
commonly used for big data applications.

- **Big Table, HBase, and Dynamo:**

- **Big Table:** A distributed storage system for managing structured data, designed to scale
to a very large size.
- **HBase:** An open-source, non-relational, distributed database modeled after Google's
Bigtable.
- **Dynamo:** Amazon’s highly available key-value store that is used internally for services like
DynamoDB.

- **Map-Reduce and Extensions:**

- **Parallel Computing:** Performing multiple calculations simultaneously.
- **The Map-Reduce Model:**
- **Map Phase:** Processes and filters data.
- **Reduce Phase:** Aggregates the results.
- **Parallel Efficiency:** How effectively the parallel processing is performed.
- **Relational Operations:** Joining, filtering, and aggregating large datasets.
- **Enterprise Batch Processing:** Processing large volumes of data in bulk operations.
- **Examples/Applications:** Used by companies like Google for indexing web pages.

#### 4. Cloud Security Fundamentals

- **Vulnerability Assessment Tools:** Tools for identifying security weaknesses in cloud
environments.

- **Privacy and Security in Cloud:**

- **Security Architecture:** Framework for ensuring secure cloud computing.
- **General Issues:** Data breaches, loss of data control, compliance issues.
- **Trusted Cloud Computing:** Ensuring trust between the user and the cloud service
provider.

- **Security Challenges:**
- **Virtualization Security Management:** Managing security in a virtualized environment.
- **Virtual Threats:** Threats specific to virtual environments, such as hypervisor attacks.
 - **VM Security Recommendations:** Best practices for securing virtual machines.
- **VM-Specific Security Techniques:** Techniques like VM isolation, secure VM
configurations.
- **Secure Execution Environments and Communications:** Ensuring secure execution and
data transfer within the cloud.

#### 5. Issues in Cloud Computing

- **Implementing Real-Time Applications:** Challenges and strategies for running real-time
applications in the cloud.

- **QoS (Quality of Service) Issues:**

- Ensuring reliability, availability, and performance in cloud services.

- **Dependability:** Ensuring cloud services are reliable and available.

- **Data Migration:** Moving data from one cloud service to another or from on-premises to the
cloud.
- **Streaming in Cloud:** Techniques for streaming data in real-time within cloud environments.

- **Cloud Middleware:** Software that connects different cloud services and applications.
- **Mobile Cloud Computing:** Using cloud computing for mobile applications.
- **Inter-Cloud Issues:** Challenges in integrating multiple cloud services.
- **A Grid of Clouds (Sky Computing):** Using multiple cloud services together to form a large
distributed system.
- **Load Balancing:** Distributing workloads across multiple servers to ensure performance and
reliability.
- **Resource Optimization:** Efficiently managing cloud resources to reduce costs and improve
performance.
- **Resource Dynamic Reconfiguration:** Adjusting resource allocation based on current
demand.
- **Monitoring in Cloud:** Tools and techniques for tracking the performance and usage of cloud
resources.
- **Installing Cloud Platforms and Performance Evaluation:** Setting up cloud platforms and
assessing their performance.
- **Features and Functions of Cloud Computing Platforms:** Overview of various cloud
platforms (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud).

### Recommended Books

1. **Distributed and Cloud Computing** by Kai Hawang, Geoffrey C. Fox, and Jack J. Dongarra
2. **Cloud Computing for Dummies** by Judith Hurwitz, Robin Bloor, Marcia Kaufman, and Fern
Halper
3. **Mastering Cloud Computing** by Rajkumar Buyya, Christian Vecchiola, and S. Thamarai
Selvi

### Additional References

1. **Google Apps** by Scott Granneman
2. **Cloud Security & Privacy** by Tim Mather, Subra Kumaraswamy, and Shahed Latif
3. **Cloud Security** by Ronald Krutz and Russell Dean Vines

### Research Journals

1. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing
2. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing
3. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems

These notes cover the fundamental topics and key points in the Cloud Computing syllabus for
your course. They should serve as a good starting point for deeper study and reference during
your exams and assignments.