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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
All those quantities which can be measured directly or indirectly and in terms of
which the laws of physics can be expressed are called physical quantities.
For example, length, mass, temperature, speed, force, electric current, etc. The
physical quantities are the building blocks of physics in terms of which the basic laws
of physics can be expressed in mathematical forms.
Physical quantities are of two types – fundamental and derived.
(i) Fundamental quantities - The physical quantities which can be treated as
independent of other physical quantities and are not usually defined in terms of other
physical quantities are called fundamental quantities. To give a consistent and
unambiguous description to all physical quantities, we need a minimum of seven
fundamental or base quantities - These are mass, length, time, electric current,
temperature, luminous intensity and amount of substance.
(ii) Derived quantities - The physical quantities whose defining operations are based on
other physical quantities are called derived quantities. All physical quantities other
than the seven base quantities are derived quantities. For example, velocity,
acceleration, force, momentum, etc.
Unit
It is a standard measurement in whose multiple the given magnitude of a physical
quantity is expressed, e.g., kg, metre, second etc.

Types of unit
1. Fundamental (or Base) Units - Units of fundamental physical quantities are called
fundamental or base units, e.g., metre, second etc.
2. Derived Units - are units which are expressed in terms of fundamental units.

Systems of Units
(a) c.g.s. system of units: In this system of units, the unit of length is centimetre, the
unit of mass is gram, and the unit of time is second.
(b) f.p.s. system of units: In this system of units, the unit of length is foot, the unit of
mass is pound, and the unit of time is second.
(c) m.k.s. system of units: In this system of units, the unit of length is metre, the unit
of mass is kilogram, and the unit of time is second.
(d) S. I. units: S.I. is the modernized & developed version of metric system.

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Advantages of S.I. System of unit

(a) Coherent System: All the derived units are obtainable directly from the basic units.
(b) Rational System: Only one unit for one physical quantity.
(c) Metric System: This makes calculations easier.
(d) Universally accepted.

Disadvantages of S.I. system of unit

As it is a coherent system, all the derived units are not practical e.g. 1 coulomb (unit
of electric charge), 1 farad (unit of electric capacitance) are too large units to be
practical.

Fundamental Physical quantities and units

S.No. Basic physical quantity Basic unit Symbol
1. Length metre m
2. Mass kilogram kg
3. Time second s
4. Temperature kelvin K
5. Electric current ampere A
6. Luminous intensity candela cd
7. Amount of substance Mole mol

The seven basic S.I. units are defined as follows :

(i) Metre (m) - One metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in
vacuum during a time interval of 1 299, 792, 458 of a second.
(ii) Kilogram (kg) - One kilogram is the mass of prototype cylinder of platinum-iridium
alloy (whose height is equal to its diameter) preserved at the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures, at Sevres, near Paris.
(iii) Second (s) - One second is the duration of 9, 192, 631, 770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the
cesium 133 atom.
(iv) Ampere (A) - One ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight
parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible cross-section, and placed 1 metre
apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 × 10-7
newton per metre of length.
(v) Kelvin (K) - One kelvin is the fraction 1 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of
the triple point of water. The triple point of water is the temperature at which ice,
water and water vapour co-exist.

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(vi) Candela (cd) - One candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source
that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 hertz and that has a
radiant intensity of l 683 watt per steradian in that direction.
(vii) Mole (mol) - One mole is that amount of a substance which contains as many
elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12 isotope. The entities
may be atoms, molecules, ions etc.
Supplementary S.I. units
S.No. Supplementary quantity Basic unit Symbol
1. Plane angle radian rad
2. Solid angle steradian sr
The two supplementary SI units are defined as follows:
(a) Radian (rad) - It is defined as the plane angle subtended at the centre of a circle
by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle.
(in radians) = =

(b) Steradian (sr) - It is defined as the solid angle subtended at the centre of a sphere
by a surface of the sphere equal in area to that of a square, having each side equal
to the radius of the sphere.
Ω (in steradian) =

Prefixes for powers of ten :

Multiple Prefix Symbol Sub multiple Prefix Symbol
deca Da deci d
hector H centi c
kilo K milli m
mega M micro
giga G nano n
tera T pico p
peta P femto f
exa E atto a

(A). Practical units for measuring small distances

(i) Fermi - It is the small practical unit of distance used for measuring nuclear sizes. It
is also called femtometre.
1 fermi = 1 fm = 10-15 m
The radius of a proton is 1.2 fermi.

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(ii) Angstrom - It is used to express wavelength of light.
1 angstrom = 1 = 10-10 m = 10-8 cm
(iii) Nanometre - It is also used for expressing wavelength of light.
1 nanometre = 1 nm = 10-9 m
(iv) Micron - It is the unit of distance defined as micrometre.
1 micron = 1 m = 10-6 m
(B). Practical units used for measuring large distances
(i) Light year - It is the distance travelled by light in vacuum in one year.
1 light year = Speed of light in vacuum 1 year
8 -1
= 3 × 10 ms × 365.25 × 24 × 60 × 60 s
1 light year = 1 ly = 9.467 × 1015 m
Light year is used in astronomy to measure distances of nearby stars. Alpha centauri,
the nearest star outside the solar system is 4.3 light years away from the earth.
(ii) Astronomical unit - It is defined as the mean distance of the earth from the sun. It is
used in astronomy to measure distances of planets.
1 astronomical unit = 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 m
(iii) Parsec (parallactic second) - It is the largest practical unit of distance used in
astronomy. It is defined as the distance at which an arc of length 1 astronomical unit
subtends an angle of 1 second of arc.
1 parsec = 3.08 × 1016 m = 3.26 y
Relations between astronomical unit, light year and parsec
1 AU = l.5 × 1011 m
1 y = 9.46 × I015 m
1 parsec = 3.08 × 1016 m
1 y = 6.3 × 104 AU
1 parsec = 3.26 y
Clearly, 1 parsec > 1 y > 1 AU
(C). Practical units for measuring areas
(i) Barn - It is used for very small areas, such as nuclear cross-sections.
1 barn = 10-28 m2
(ii) Acre - It is used measuring large areas.
1 acre = 4047 m2
(iii) Hectare - It is also used for measuring large areas.
1 hectare = 104 m2

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(D). Practical units used for measuring large masses

1 tonne or 1 metric ton = 1000 kg
1 quintal = 100 kg
1 slug = 14.57 kg
1 pound = 1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 Chandra Shekher limit = 1 CSL = 1.4 times the mass of the sun.
CSL is the largest practical unit of mass.
(E). Practical unit used for measuring very small masses
Atomic mass unit - It is defined as th of the mass of one atom.
1 atomic mass unit = 1 amu = 1 u = 1.66 × 10-27 kg
The mass of a proton or a neutron is of the order of one amu.
(F). Practical units used for measuring time
(i) Solar day - It is the time taken by the earth to complete one rotation about its
own axis w.r.t. the sun.
(ii) Sedrial day - It is the time taken by the earth to complete one rotation about
its own axis w.r.t. a distant star.
(iii) Solar year - It is the time taken by the earth to complete one revolution
around the sun in its orbit.
1 solar year = 365.25 average solar days
= 366.25 sedrial days
(iv) Tropical year - The year in which there is total solar eclipse is called tropical
year.
(v) Leap year - The year which is divisible by 4 and in which the month of
February has 29 days is called a leap year.
(vi) Lunar month - It is the time taken by the moon to complete one revolution
around the earth in its orbit.
1 lunar month = 27.3 days
(vii) Shake - It is the smallest practical unit of time.
1 shake = 10-8 s
(G). Practical units used for measuring pressure
1 bar = 1 atmospheric pressure = 105 Nm-2 = 105 pascal (Pa)
1 millibar = 102 Pa
1 torr = 1 mm of Hg column
1 atmospheric pressure = 1 bar = 760 mm of Hg column
= 760 torr.

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PARALLAX
Parallax is the apparent shift in the position of an object with respect to another when
we shift our eye sidewise. The closer object always appears to move in the direction
opposite to that of our eye.
To understand parallax, hold a pen O at distance S from the eyes. Look at the pen first
by the left eye L (closing the right eye) and then by the right eye R (closing the left
eye). The position of the pen appears to change with respect to the background. This is
called parallax. The distance between the two points of observation is called basis. In
this case, the distance (LR = b) between the two eyes is the basis.  LOR = is called
parallax angle or parallactic angle.

Distance of a nearby star by parallax method

As shown in figure, suppose N is the nearby star whose distance d from the earth is to
be found. F is a far off star whose direction and position is fixed for all positions of
the earth in its orbital motion. When the earth is at position A, the parallax angle
between distant star F and nearby star N is determined. Let it be . After six months,
the earth is at diametrically opposite position B. The parallax angle,  NBF = is
measured.
Total parallax angle subtended by N on the earth’s
orbital diameter AB is

As =

or d= .

The parallax method is useful for measuring distances

of the stars which are less than 100 light years away
from the earth.

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Describe a method to measure the diameter of the moon or any

planet
Let AB = D be the diameter of the moon (or planet) which is to be measured by an
observer O on the earth. A telescope is focussed on the moon and the angle AOB
subtended by it on the point O of the earth is found.

As =

= =

or D=S
Linear diameter = Distance × angular diameter
Knowing S and , D can be determined.

DIMENSIONS
Seven dimensions of the world
All the derived physical quantities can be expressed in terms of some combination of
the seven fundamental or base quantities. We call these fundamental quantities as the
seven dimensions of the world, which are denoted with square brackets [ ].
Dimension of length = [L]
Dimension of mass = [M]
Dimension of time = [T]
Dimension of electric current = [A]
Dimension of thermodynamic temperature = [K]
Dimension of luminous intensity = [cd]
Dimension of amount of substance = [mol]
Dimensions of a physical quantity
The dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers (or exponents) to which the
fundamental quantities must be raised to represent that quantity completely.

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Dimensional Formulae SI units of some physical quantities

S. Physical Relation with Dimensional
SI unit
No. Quantity other quantities Formula

L×L= =
1. Area Length × breadth
[ ]

Length × breadth ×
2. Volume L×L×L=[ ]
height

3. Density =[ ] kg

Speed
4. = [ ]
or velocity

5. Acceleration =[ ]

6. Momentum Mass × velocity M× =[ ] kg ms-1

7. Force Mass × acceleration M× =[ ] N

×L=
8. Work Force × distance J
[ ]

9. Energy Amount of work [ ] J

10. Power =[ ] W

11. Pressure =[ ] Pa or Nm-2

Moment of force or × L=
12. Force × distance Nm
torque [ ]

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Gravitational ( ) =
13.
constant ‘G’ [ ]

×T=
14. Impulse of a force Force × time Ns
[ ]

15. Stress =[ ]

[ ]
16. Strain
(dimensionless)

Coefficient of
17. =[ ] Nm-2
elasticity

18. Surface tension =[ ] Nm-1

19. Surface energy =[ ] Jm-2

Coefficient of Nm-2s
20. =[ ]
viscosity or Pa s

=1=[ ]
21. Angle Rad
(dimensionless)

22. Angular velocity = =[ ] rad s-1

= =
23. Angular acceleration rad s-2
[ ]

24. Moment of inertia Mass × ( ) =[ ] kg m2

25. Radius of gyration Distance L=[ ] M

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M × LT-1 × L =
26. Angular momentum Mass × velocity ×radius kg m2 s-1
[ ]

T-ratios =[ ]
27.
( ) (dimensionless)

28. Time period Time T=[ ] S

29. Frequency = T-1 = [ ] s-1 or Hz

30. Planck’s constant ‘h’ = =[ ] Js

31. Relative density =1=[ ]

32. Velocity gradient =[ ] s-1

33. Pressure gradient =[ ] Pa m-1

34. Force constant =[ ] Nm-1

35. Heat or enthalpy Energy [ ] J

36. Specific heat J kg-1 k-1

=[ ]

37. Latent heat =[ ] J kg-1

Thermal
38. Js-1 m-1 K-1
conductivity

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=[ ]

=
39. Entropy JK-1
[ ]

Universal gas =
40. J mol-1 k-1
constant [ ]

Boltzmann’s =
41. JK-1
constant [ ]

=
42. Stefan’s constant Js-1 m-2 K-4
( ) [ ]

43. Solar constant =[ ] Js-1m-2

Mechanical =[ ]
44. J=
equivalent of heat
(dimensionless)

45. Electric Potential

46. Resistance

47. Resistivity

48. Wein’s Constant b=

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS

On the basis of dimensions, we can classify quantities into four categories:
1. Dimensional variables:
The physical quantities which possess dimensions and have variable values are called
dimensional variables.
Examples: Area, volume, velocity, force, etc.
2. Dimensionless variables:
The physical quantities which have no dimensions but have variable values are called
dimensionless variables.
Examples: Angle, specific gravity, strain, etc.
3. Dimensional constants:
The physical quantities which possess dimensions and have constant values are called
dimensional constants.
Examples: Gravitational constant, Planck's constant, etc.
4. Dimensionless constants:
The constant quantities having no dimensions are called dimensionless constants.
Examples: , e, etc.

PRINCIPLE OF HOMOGENEITY
The principle of homogeneity is that the dimensions of each the terms of a
dimensional equation on both sides are the same. Any equation or formula involving
dimensions (like mass, length, time, temperature electricity) have the terms with same
dimensions.
APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
The method of studying a physical phenomenon on the basis of dimensions is called
dimensional analysis.
Following are the three main uses of dimensional analysis:
1. To check the correctness of a given physical relation.
2. To derive a relationship between different physical quantities.
3. To convert a physical quantity from one system of units to another.
4. To convert a physical quantity from one system of units to another.

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CONVERSION OF ONE SYSTEM OF UNITS TO ANOTHER

It is based on the fact that the magnitude of a physical quantity remains the same, whatever
may be the system of units. If and are the units of measurement of a physical quantity
Q and n1and are the corresponding numerical values, then
Q= =
Let , and be the sizes of fundamental units of mass, length and time in one system ;
and , , be corresponding units in another system. If the dimensional formula of
quantity Q be , then
=
and =
[ ]= [ ]

or = [ ] [ ] [ ]
This equation can be used to find the numerical value in the second or new system of units.

LIMITATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

1. The method does not give any information about the dimensionless constant K.
2. It fails when a physical quantity depends on more than three physical quantities.

3. It fails when a physical quantity (e. g., s = ut + at2) is the sum or difference of two or
more quantities.
4. It fails to derive relationships which involve trigonometric, logarithmic or exponential
functions.
5. Sometimes, it is difficult to identify the factors on which the physical quantity depends.
The method becomes more complicated when dimensional constants like G, h, etc. are
involved.

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Assignment - 1
1. Deduce the dimensional formulae for the following physical quantities :
(a) Gravitational constant (g) Boltzmann's constant
(b) Power (h) Specific heat
(c) Young's modulus (i) Latent heat
(d) Coefficient of viscosity (j) Gas constant
(e) Surface tension (k) Mechanical equivalent of heat
(f) Planck's constant (l) Coefficient of thermal conductivity
2. Name the physical quantities whose dimensional formulae are as follows :
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
3. Give an example of.
(a) a physical quantity which has a unit but no dimensions.
(b) a physical quantity which has neither unit nor dimensions.
(c) a constant which has a unit.
(d) a constant which has no unit.
4. By the use of dimensions, show that energy per unit volume is equal to the pressure.
5. Show that angular momentum has the same physical units as the Planck's constant h which is
given by the relation E = h .
6. In the expression P = E G-2; E, m, l and G denote energy, mass, angular momentum
and gravitational constant, respectively. Show that P is a dimensionless quantity.
7. Check the dimensional consistency of the following equations:
(i) de-Broglie wavelength, λ = , where h = planck’s constant, m = mass, v = speed.

(ii) Escape velocity, v = √ , where G = universal gravitational marks, M = mass and R

= radius of earth.
(iii) Energy E = m , where m = mass; c = speed of light.

(iv) Time period T = 2 √ , where = length of the string, g = acceleration due to gravity

8. Check whether the following equation is dimensionally correct.

9. Check the correctness of the equation, FS = where F is the force acting on a

body of mass m and S is the distance moved by the body when its velocity changes from
u to v.

10. Check the correctness of the relation = I , where is the torque acting on a body, I is the
moment ofinertia and is angular acceleration.

11. The number of particles crossing a unit area perpendicular to x-axis in unit time is given by
n=–D , where and are number of particles per unit volume for the values of x
meant to be and . Find the dimensions of the diffusion constant D. V.IMP [Ans. L2T-1]

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Assignment - 2
1. If force (F), length (L) and time (T) are chosen as the fundamental quantities, then what
would be the dimensional formula for density? [Ans. FL- 4 T2]
2. Calculate the dimensions of force and impulse taking velocity, density and frequency as basic
quantities. [Ans. v-2, v-3]
3. Find the dimensions of linear momentum and surface tension in terms of velocity v, density
and frequency v as fundamental quantities. [Ans. v-3, v-1]
4. Taking velocity, time and force as the fundamental quantities, find the dimension of mass.
[Ans. FTV-1]
5. If density , acceleration due to gravity g and frequency v are the basic quantities, find the
dimensions of force. [Ans. ]
6. The viscous force 'F' acting on a small sphere of radius 'r' moving with velocity v through a
liquid is given by F = 6 rv. Calculate the dimensions of the coefficient of viscosity.
[Ans. ML-1T-1]
7. The critical velocity of the flow of a liquid through a pipe of radius r is given by
vc = where is the density and is the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid. Check if this
relation is dimensionally correct. [Ans. Correct]

8. Test if the following equation is dimensionally correct: h = where h = height,

S = surface tension, = density, r = radius and g = acceleration due to gravity.
[Ans. Correct]
9. The rate of flow (V) of a liquid flowing through a pipe of radius r and a pressure gradient
(P l) is given by Poiseuille's equation: v = Check the dimensional consistency of this
equation. IMP [Ans. Correct]
( )
10. Find the dimensions of the quantity v in the equation, v = where a is the radius
and l is the length of the tube in which the fluid of coefficient of viscosity is flowing, x is
the distance from the axis of the tube and p is the pressure difference. [Ans. LT-l]
11. An artificial satellite of mass m is revolving in a circular orbit around a planet of M and
radius R. If the radius of the orbit of the satellite be r. Justify by the method of dimensions
that the time period of the satellite is given by : T = √ .

12. Find the dimensions of the quantity q from the expression. T = √ , where T is the time
period of the bar of length l, mass m and Young’s modulus Y. [Ans. L4]
13. lf P, Q, R are physical quantities, having different dimensions, which of the following
combinations can never be a meaningful quantity?
(a) (P - Q)/R (b) PQ - R (c) PQ/R (d) (PR - Q2)/R (e) (R + Q)/P
14. A function f() is defined as:
( ) ….
Why is it necessary for f() to be a dimensionless quantity?

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Assignment - 3
1. Find the dimensions of a/b in the equation: F = a√ + bt2, where F is force, x is distance and
t is time. [Ans. L-1/2 T2]

2. Find the dimensions of a × b in the relation: P = , where P is power , x is distance and t

is time. IMP [Ans. M-1L2T2]

3. The Vander Wall's equation for a gas is ( ) (V – b) = RT, Determine the dimensions
of a and b. Hence write the S.I. units of a and b.
IMP [Ans. ML5T-2, L3, SI units are kg m5 s-2 and m3]

4. In the equation: y = a sin ( t – kx ), t and x stand for time and distance respectively. Obtain
the dimensional formula for and k. IMP [Ans. T-1, L-1]

5. Test the dimensional consistency of the following equations:

(i) v = u + at (ii) s = ut + at2 (iii) v2 – u2 = 2as
[Ans. All relations are dimensionally correct]

6. The distance covered by a particle in time t is given by x = a + bt + ct2 + dt3; find the
dimensions of a, b, c and d. [Ans. L, LT-1, LT-2, LT-3]

7. When white light travels through glass, the refractive index of glass ( = velocity of light in
air velocityof light in glass) is found to vary with wavelength as = A + . Using the
principle of homogeneity of dimensions, find the SI units in which the constants A and B
must be expressed. [Ans. A dimensionless, B= L2and A has no units or SI unit of B is m2]

Assignment - 4
1. The wavelength λ associated with a moving electron depends on its mass m, its velocity v
and Planck's constant h. Prove dimensionally that λ .

2. Obtain an expression for the centripetal force F acting on a particle of mass m moving with

velocity in a circle of radius r. Take dimensionless constant K= l. [Ans. F = ]

3. The orbital velocity v of a satellite may depend on its mass m, the distance r from the centre
of the earth and acceleration due to gravity g. Obtain an expression for its orbital velocity.
[Ans. v = K√ ]

4. A small spherical ball of radius falls with velocity v through a liquid having coefficient of
viscosity · find the viscous drag F on the ball assuming it depends on , r and v. take
K=6 . [Ans. F = 6 ηrv]

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5. The velocity of a freely falling body is a function of the distance fallen through (h) and
acceleration due to gravity g. Show by the method of dimensions that v = K√ .

6. Using the method of dimensions, derive an expression for the energy of a body executing
SHM; assuming this energy depends upon its mass m, frequency v and amplitude of vibration
r. IMP [Ans. E= Kmv2r2]
7. A body of mass m hung at one end of the spring executes SHM. Prove that the relation
T = 2 m/ k is incorrect, where k is the force constant of the spring. Also derive the correct
relation. [Ans. T = K√ ]

8. Assuming that the critical velocity vc of a viscous liquid flowing through a capillary tube
depends only upon the radius r of the tube, density p and the coefficient of viscosity of the
liquid, find the expression for critical velocity. [Ans. vc = ]

9. By the method of dimensions, obtain an expression for the surface tension S of a liquid rising
in a capillary tube. Assume that the surface tension depends upon
(i) mass m of the liquid
(ii) pressure p of the liquid and
(iii) radius r of the capillary tube. Take K = 1 2 [Ans. S = pr/2]

10. The depth x to which a bullet penetrates a human body depends upon (i) coefficient of

elasticity and(ii) kinetic energy Ek· By the method of dimensions, show that: x [ ]
IMP
11. A U-tube of uniform cross-section contains mercury upto a height h in either limb. The
mercury in one limb is depressed a little and then released. Obtain an expression for the time

period of oscillation assuming that T depends on h, and g. [Ans. T = K√ ]

12. The critical angular velocity of a cylinder in side another cylinder containing a liquid at
which its turbulence occurs depends on viscosity , density and the distance d between the
walls of the cylinder. Find an expression for . [Ans. = ]

13. A body of mass m is moving in a circle of radius r with angular velocity . Find expression
for centripetal force acting on it by the method of dimensions. [Ans. F = Kmr ]

14. Consider a simple pendulum. The period of oscillation of the simple pendulum depends on its
length 'l' and acceleration due to gravity 'g'. Derive the expression for its period of oscillation
by the method of dimensions. [Ans: T = 2 √ ]

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Assignment - 5
1. Convert one dyne into newton. [Ans. 10-5newton]

2. Convert one joule into erg. IMP [Ans. 107 erg]

3. If the value of universal gravitational constant in SI is 6.6 × 10-11 Nm2 kg-2, then find its
value in CGS system. [Ans. 6.6 × 10-8dyne cm2g-2]

4. The density of mercury is 13.6 g cm-3 in CGS system. Find its value in SI units.
[Ans. 13.6 × 103 kg m-3]

5. The surface tension of water is 72 dyne cm-1. Express it in SI units. [Ans. 0.072 Nm- 1]

6. An electric bulb has a power of 500 W. Express it in CGS units. [Ans. 5 × 109erg s-1]

7. If the value of atmospheric pressure is 106 dyne cm-2, find its value in SI units.
[Ans. 105Nm-2]

8. In SI units, the value of Stefan's constant is = 5.67 × 10-8Js-1m-2K-4. Find its value in CGS
system. [Ans. 5.67 × 10-5erg s-1cm-2K-4]

9. Find the value of 100 J on a system which has 20 cm, 250 g and half minute as fundamental
units of length, mass and time. IMP [Ans. 9 × 106 new units]

10. If the units of force, energy and velocity are 20 N, 200 J and 5ms-1, find the units of length,
mass and time. [Ans. 10m, 8 kg, 2s]

11. When 1 m, 1 kg and 1 min are taken as the fundamental units, the magnitude of the force is
36 units. What will be the value of this force in CGS system? [Ans. 103 dyne]

12. The value G in CGS system is 6.67 10-8 dyne cm2 g-2. Calculate the value in SI units.
[Ans. 6.67 10-11 Nm2 kg-2]

13. Find the value of 60 J per minute on a system that has 100 g, 100 cm and 1 minute as the base
units. IMP [2.16 × 106 new units of power]

14. In CGS system the value of Stefan’s constant is = 5.67 × 10-5 erg s-1cm-2 K-4. Find its value
in S.I. units. Given 1 J = 107 erg. IMP [Ans. 5.67 10-8 Js-1 m-2 K-4]

15. If the unit of force is 1kN, unit of length 1 km and the unit of time is 100 sec, what will be the
unit of mass? [ ]

16. A new system of units is proposed in which unit of mass is  kg, unit of length  m and unit
of time  s. How much will 5J measure in this new system? [Ans. ]

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