TTC

Auxiliary Verbs
WILL

Instructor: Sir, Assadullah Amiri

Model Auxiliary Verbs

 They are also called Defective Verbs. They are used to show different
feelings or attitude of a speaker.
will

 1. It is used for future (tomorrow, next month …)

Ex: I will go home after the class.
Ex: They will bring candy, for they got the first position.
Note: Will is not used for preplanned activities.
Ex: We are going to finish File Two on July fifth. (not we will)
2. Will is used for decision or offering to do something.
Ex: I am hungry. I will cook you cashcow.
Ex: She will call you tonight, ok?
Note: Will is not used for doing things you decided before.
Ex: I am going to watch Polad Alamdar’s serial tonight. (not I will)
Will

 3. For things that we decide to do now. (Rapid Decisions): This is when you make a
decision at the moment, in a spontaneous way.
Ex: I'll call a taxi for you.
Ex: I think we'll go right now. (I just decided this right now)
 4. Shows prediction in the future. This can be based on personal judgment or opinion.
Ex: The president will not be re-elected at the next election.
Ex: I think it will rain later so take an umbrella with you.
 5. To make an offer, a promise.
Ex: You look tired. I'll finish the dishes for you.
 To form a question using will, we reverse the order of the subject and will
Ex: S1: Will they win the cup?
Ex: S2: Yes, they will. / No, they won't
Shall

 1. Suggestion: Notice how each of these can easily be replaced by should

Ex: Shall I get a pizza for dinner tonight?
Ex: Shall we take a taxi home?
 2. Offers / volunteering to do something
Ex: That bag looks heavy. Shall I carry it for you?
Ex: Shall I wait for you or you will come by yourself?
 3. Instructions (asking for or giving)
Ex: What shall I do with your mail when it arrives?
Ex: Where shall I put the books you gave me?
 Might
 1. To express (future) possibility: There is a chance that something is true or
that there is a possibility of something happening.
EX: It might rain later: (it is possible that it will rain)
EX: I might go to the movies tonight. (Though I'm not sure)
 2. Show possibility.
EX: You might leave the table before you have finished your meal.
EX: You might take only one brochure.
 Note: May can be used in the same way as Might.
Ex: I may buy a new car this week. (I might …)
Ex: She may call tonight. ( she might …)
 Can & Could
 1. To express way of doing something.
 Can means to be (physically) able to do something or to know how to do something.
e.g. Birds can fly.
e.g. Elephants can't fly.
 2. They are used to ask someone to do something.
e.g. Can you close the door, please? Or could you … ?
e.g. Could do me a fever? Or can you … ?
 3. Can or Could have: They are used to ask for something.
e.g. Can I have a room, please? Or could I have …?
e.g. Could he join us? Or can he …?
 Can or Could …?: They are used for permission. (is it okay to do something?)
Ex:, can I use your phone? Or could I …?
Ex: Could we go out, mom? Or can we …?
Note: For past time expression like, yesterday, last week, last month and … we use could or could not.
Ex: During the republic government women could go to parks.
Ex: Before this lesson you could not use could in your sentences.
Can & Could

 The Auxiliary Verb "Could"

 1. To express ability in the past:
EX: I could ride a horse when I was younger, but now I can't.
EX: He could read when he was three years old.
 2. Polite word used to ask for permission or to request something (in the
present)
EX: Could we move on to the next topic now, please?
EX: Could you pass me the salt, please?
Must

 1. To express obligation or duty:

EX: I must memorize all of the rules and usages about modal verbs.
EX: People must remain seated until the show is over.
 2. To express sureness.
EX: He must have won the lottery with the new house and car he has just bought.
EX: She must go to bazar, for she is not at home.
 3. Had to: It is used for the past ( yesterday, last week, last year …) but not must.
EX: Student had to hit the books before the test.
EX: You had to watch the Peace movie. It was fantastic.
Should

 1. Is used to give an advice and a recommendation.

EX: Does your tooth still hurt? You should make an appointment with a good dentist.
EX: I think you should study for the test so that you don't fail.
 2. Should not: It is not good to do something.
EX: Mary should not be angry with children.
EX: you should not lie to me.
 3. Expresses a week obligation than have to.
EX: You should stay home because it is raining. (but I think I will go out)
EX: You should not be bothersome in class. (but I think I am)
 Ought to = Should
Ex: We ought to be in the class. ( we should be)
Ex: He ought to turn off the heater. ( he should)
Have To

 Shows necessity.
Ex: I have to leave Afghanistan.
Ex: I do not have to leave Afghanistan.
Ex: Do I have to leave Afghanistan?
Ex: She has to cook varieties of foods for the feast.
Ex: She does not have to clean the house.
Ex: Does Mozhda Jamalzada have to sing?
 Had TO: It is used for past necessity.
Ex: We had to win the game.
Ex: We did not have to win the game.
Ex: Did we have to win the game?
Would you like…?

 It is used for offering.

Ex: Would you like to speak with us?
Ex: What would you like, Farrier or Parado?
 Would like is a polite way of saying I want to.
Ex: I would like to drink a cup of coffee.
Ex: She would like to buy me a suite.
Would you like ? and Do you like to?: They are used for asking opinions but
with a slide different in meaning.
Ex: Do you like playing sport? ( Do you think sport is good)?
Ex: Would you like playing sport? ( Do you want to play sport)?
Would rather
 It means would prefer.
Ex: Would you like to go to park? No, thanks. I would rather to stay home.
Ex: I would rather not stay in Afghanistan.
Ex: Would you rather teach this class?
 Would rather … than … : It is used to prefer one thing to another thing.
Ex: I would rather drink coffee than to drink tea.
Ex: We would rather speak English than to speak Persian.
Causative Verbs

 They are used to cause someone to do something.

 They are like: Let, make, have, get and help.
Let: To permit something to happen.
 Structure: Let + person/thing + verb (base form)
Ex: I let her drive my car.
Ex: Oops! I did not pay attention that it is raining and I let my coat get wet.
 Note: The past tense of let is also let without any change.
 Note: Allow and permit are more formal and (to) is used with them.
Ex: She allows me to use her phone.
EX: I do not permit my students to come late.
Make

 Force someone to take an action.

Structure: Make + person + verb (base form)
Ex: He makes his kid sleep early.
Ex: She made me stay in and not to go out.
Note: When using the verbs force and require, we must use (to + verb).
Ex: Playing football requires to have good breathing system. (rule)
Ex: The government forces everybody to join army. (violence, oblige)
Have & Get

 To give someone the responsibility to do something.

Structure: Have + person + verb( base form)
Ex: I have my spoke man speak on be half of me in the presidents’ meeting.
Ex: I have my brother buy a new car.
Get: To twist someone’s arm to do something.
Structure: Get + person + to + verb
Ex: How can we get everyone to get admission on time?
Ex: The manager got me to teach 10 classes.
Help

 To assist someone to preform something.

Structure: Help + person + (to) + verb
Ex: She helped me solve the problem.
Ex: People helped each other to develop the country.
Present Prefect Tense

 It indicates that something happened or never happened before now or at

unclear time in the past.
 H.V: Have, Has M.V: 3rd .V
 Sub + have/has + m.v + obj/com.
Ex: I have purchased a new car.
 Sub + have/has + not + m.v + obj/com.
Ex: She has not cooked food yet.
 Have/Has + sub + m.v + obj/com + ?
EX: Have we visited Praise?
Note: Adverbs such as, ever, never, already, yet, still and just are often used with
present prefect tense.
Present Prefect Tense

 Present Prefect Tense is used for repetition of actions before now, the exact
time of repetition is not important.
Ex: The students have had grammar five times so far.
Note: For and Since is used to express a situation started in the past and goes
on to present.
Since = Particular Time
Ex: They have been rejoiced since using my car.
For = Duration of Time
Ex: I have taught this class for two semesters.
Past Progressive Tense
 It is used to show that an activity was in progress in the past.
 H.V: Was/Were M.V: 1rst . V + ing
 Sub + was/were + v + ing + obj/com.
Ex: He was watching t.v.
 Sub + was/were + not + v + ing + obj/com.
Ex: They were not chatting.
 Was/were + sub + v + ing + obj/com + ?
Ex: Was I consuming dinner with her?
 Past Progressive Tense is used when two actions are in progress at the same time in this case
(while) is necessary.
Ex: I was singing while others were playing the instruments.
 Past Progressive Tense is used with (always, forever and constantly) to express annoyance.
Ex: Students were always coming late.
 Past Progressive Tense is used when one was in progress and another action happened in the
middle of it.
Ex: I was watching t.v when she knocked the door. When is used with simple past.
Ex: While I was watching t.v she knocked the door. While is used with past progressive.
Future Progressive Tense

 It expresses an action which will be in progress at a time in the future.

H.V: Will/Shall + be M.V: 1rst .V + ing
Sub + H.V + be + M.V + ing +obj/com.
Ex: I will be leaving when you come.
Sub + H.V + not + be + M.V + ing + obj/com.
Ex: She will not be washing the car.
H.V + Sub + be + M.V + ing + obj/com?
Ex: Shall we be studying it tomorrow?
Possessive Form of Be Going to: Be going to + be + v + ing
Ex: Do not call me at 3. I am going to be covering the class.
Future Progressive Tense

 Sometimes there is little or no difference between future progressive and

simple future, especially when the event will occur in an indefinite time.
Ex: Do not worry. She will be calling me soon.
Ex: Do not worry. She will call me soon.
Past Prefect Tense

 It indicates to an action that was completed before another action or time

in the past.
H.V: Had M.V: 3rd . V
Sub + had + M.V + obj/com.
Ex: I had gone to U.K before I received my acceptance from U.S.
Sub + had + not + M.V + obj/com.
Ex: She had not cooked food before I got home.
Had + sub + M.V + obj/com + ?
Ex: Had they already eaten food?
Past Prefect Continuous Tense

 It expresses an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the
past.
H.V: Had been M.V: 1rst . V + ing
Sub + had been + M.V + obj/com.
Ex: They had been studying English for three years before they went to U.S.
Sub + had + not + been + M.V + obj/com.
Ex: She had not been calling me.
Had + sub + been + M.V + ing + obj/com + ?
Ex: Had we been sleeping all the day before the football match started.
Note: This tense may express an in progress action close in time to another action
or time in the past.
Ex: When I got home, I was still tired, for I had been teaching 8 classes.
Future Prefect Tense

 It is used to show an action will be completed before another action or time in

the future.
 Note: By the time introduces a time clause. the simple present is used in the time
clause.
H.V: Will/Shall have M.V: 3rd.v
Sub + H.V + M.V + obj/com.
Ex: By time you see me, I will have bought a car.
Sub + H.V + not +have + M.V + obj/com.
Ex: He will not have study English by the time you come to Kabul.
H.V + sub + have + M.V + obj/com?
Ex: Will we have played game by the time the match starts?
Note: We use by the time in simple present with future prefect.
Future Prefect Progressive Tense

 It emphasizes the duration of an activity that will be in progress before

another time or event in the future.
H.V: Will/shall have been M.V: 1rst . V + ing
Sub + H.V + M.V + ing + obj/com.
Ex: I will have been eating three apples by the time you get home.
Sub + H.V + M.V + ing + obj/com.
Ex: The woman will have been knitting the sweater by the time I get to her
shop.
H.V + sub + have been + M.V + ing + obj/com + ?
Ex: Will they have been finishing the match by the time we get their?