REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE AND STUDIES

 Criteria in Selecting,
Citing and Synthesizing
Related Literature
The RRL

◼ Involves the critiquing or looking over

again what other researchers have
done in relation to the present study.

◼ This will enlighten the researcher to

the focus and objectives of her study.
According to Tejero
(2004)
◼ “No one has yet written a thesis
worthy of its name without
undertaking a good literature search
or review”.
Doing a literature review
you are able to:
◼ critically summarize the current
knowledge in the area under
investigation.
Doing a literature review
you are able to:
◼ Identify any strength and weaknesses
in previous work

◼ Provide the context within which to

place your study
◼ Planning a house-survey the area,
study the kind of soil-mistake collapse
of the house

◼ Research study-foundation build is the

related literature and studies. This will
guide the researcher to have a fuller
grasp of the problem on hand. It will
ensure that your study is not a
duplication of what had been done
already
Writing Literature
◼ Requires good organization
◼ Develop efficient time
management
◼ Note taking skills

◼ Focus on what is relevant to your

proposed research
Writing Literature
◼ Keep notes on the assumptions
made and important results
◼ Take note on the details of
publication, name of author, page
number and websites
Things to be considered when
searching for studies and literature

1. Materials must be recent as possible

-rapid, social political, scientific and
technological change. What is true
yesterday might not be true today.
Things to be considered when
searching for studies and literature

2. Materials must be as objective and

unbiased as possible.
-some materials are extremely one-sided
-results of research must be based on
observed facts and not opinion
Things to be considered when
searching for studies and literature

2. Materials must be relevant to the

study.
-only material that have some
similarities or bearing to the problem
should be included
Things to be considered when
searching for studies and literature

2. Surveyed materials must have been

based upon genuinely original and true
facts or idea to make them valid and
reliable.
-Hearsay must be totally avoided.
Things to be considered when
searching for studies and literature
1. Materials should not be too few or
many
-A good research study is not based on
how thick the pages of the literature but
rather on how relevant information are
in the literature
GOALS OF LITERATURE REVIEW

1. To demonstrate a familiarity with a body

of knowledge and establish credibility. A
good review increases a reader’s
confidence in the researcher’s
professional competence, ability and
background.
GOALS OF LITERATURE REVIEW

2. To show the path of prior research and

how a current project is linked to it. A good
review places a research project in a context
and demonstrates its relevance by making
connections to a body of knowledge.
 3. To integrate and summarize what is
known in an area. A good review points out
areas where prior studies agree, where they
disagree and where major questions remain.
It also indicates the directions for future
research.

4. To learn from others and stimulate new

ideas. A good review identifies blind alleys
and suggests hypotheses for replication and
gain new insights.
◼ CRITERIA QUESTIONS TO ASK
Accuracy • Is the information reliable?
• Is the information error-free? • Is
the information based on proven
facts? • Can the information be
verified against other reliable sources?
◼ Authority • Who is the author? • Does
he or she have the qualifications to
speak or write on that topic? • Is the
author affiliated with a reputable
university or organization in this
subject field?
◼ Objectivity • What is the intended
purpose of the information? • Is the
information facts or opinions? • Is the
information biased?
◼ Currency • When was the information
published? • Is the information current
or outdated? • Does currency matter
in this topic?
◼ Coverage • Does the information
covered meet your information needs?
• Does it provide basic or in-depth
coverage?
Note-Taking

◼ Every researcher must be able to

develop the skill of taking down notes
◼ Surfing the net, going to the library
◼ Usefulness of data gathered and
information taken depends so much
on how good your are in taking down
notes
◼ Avoid plagiarism (the practice of
claiming works of others as your own)
Note taking

◼ take down notes intelligently

◼ Use note card (index card)-facilitates
easy sorting of the notes collected
◼ According to Sharp (2012(, cited by
Baraceros (2016), there are three
terms used to express your
appreciation and citing people’s
ownership
1. Acknowledgement-it is the beginning part of the
research study where you write the person or
individual who help or contributed something for the
production or during the conduct of your study
2. References or Bibliography
It is a complete list of all reading materials even
information coming from the internet, journals, book,
etc. from where you borrowed information and ideas
came from
1. Citation or In-text citation
-Reference within the main body of the text basically seen
or used in Review of Related Literature
Patterns of citation or
Ways of citing
1. Summary
2. Paraphrase
3. Short Direct Quotation
4. Long Direct Quotation
5. Tense of verbs for reporting
Patterns of citation or
Ways of citing
1. Summary-shortened version of the
original text
Patterns of citation or
Ways of citing
2. Paraphrase-explain what the text
means to you or what you have learned
from the study using your own words
Patterns of citation or
Ways of citing
3. Short Direct Quotation –allowed to
copy a certain part of the author’s
sentence, but not exceed forty words
only
Patterns of citation or
Ways of citing
3. Long Direct Quotation –allowed to
copy the author’s sentence, but not
exceed forty (40) words only to one
hundred (100) words only.

APA style limit eight lines and placed in

the middle of the page with no
indention, the copied line look like they
compose a stanza in a poem
Patterns of citation or
Ways of citing
4. Tense of verb for reporting-are
effective words to use in reporting
author’s ideas.
Past, present and present perfect tense
Example:
Present tense-Cortez explains
Paste tense-Cortez explained
Present perfect tense Cortez has
explained
Plagiarism

Presenting somebody’s else work a your

own
Citation Styles of
acknowledging the source
1. American Psychological Association
(APA)
2. Modern Language Association (MLA)
3. Chicago Manual Style
Presentation of citing

◼ 1. By author or writer
◼ 2. By topic
◼ 3. Chronological
Citation and Citation Style
APA (American Psychological Association)-is
employed by Education Psychology and Sciences
Basic-author’s name, copyright year and page
number

Example:
1. The latest study by (Marquez, 2018) asserts

2. One research study by Cortez (2018) reveals…

3. According to Dela Pena et.al (2017) that…

Citation and Citation Style
MLA (Modern Language Association)

1. The latest study by (Marquez, 12) assert

2. One research study by (Cortez 02)
3. According to (Victoria et.al.:18)
Citation and Citation Style
Chicago/Turabian Style
Employed by Business, History and Fine Arts

-The notes and Bibliography style is preferred by

many in the humanities, including those in the
literature, history and arts
Example:
Note Style: 1. Michael Pollan. The Omnivores
Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New
York: Penguin, 2006), 99-100
Duplicate: 2. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.
Bibliography: Pollan Michael the Omnivore’s
Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New
York: Penguin,2006
THANK YOU