CLASS – 11

MATHEMATICS

Relations and Functions

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 Page 1 of 12
Cartesian product of Sets
The Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted A × B, is the set of all possible ordered
pairs where the elements of A are first and the elements of B are second.

In set-builder notation, A × B = {(a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B}.

Example: Let A = {H, T} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

A × B = {(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6), (T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)}

B × A = {(1, H), (2, H), (3, H), (4, H), (5, H), (6, H), (1, T), (2, T), (3, T), (4, T), (5, T), (6, T)}

Note that in this case A × B ≠ B × A, i.e., the Cartesian product is not commutative.
Also, note that n(A) × n(B) = 2(6) = 12 = n(A × B).

ORDERED PAIR

An ordered pair is represented as (INPUT, OUTPUT) where input is an element of preset A

and output is an element of post set B.

What is the Relation?

It is a subset of the Cartesian product or a set of ordered pairs between two sets.

In other words, the relation between the two sets is defined as the collection of the ordered
pair, in which the ordered pair is formed by the object from each set.

Example: For set A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 4, 6, 7} and set B = {-3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

R = {(-2, 1), (4, 3), (7, -3)} is a relation usually written in ordered pair form
with curly brackets and is a subset of A x B.
It is a collection of the first values in the ordered pair (Set of all
Domain of Relation : input
(x) values).
It is a collection of the second values in the ordered pair (Set of
Range of Relation : all
output (y) values).

Example :
In the relation, {(-2, 3), {4, 5), (6, -5), (-2, 3)}
The domain is {-2, 4, 6} and range is {-5, 3, 5}.

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 Relations Page 2 of 12
Types of Relations
1. Empty Relations
2. Universal Relations
3. Inverse Relations
4. Reflexive Relations
5. Symmetric Relations
6. Transitive Relations

Empty Relation
When there is no element of set A is related or mapped to any element of A, then the relation
R in A is an empty relation, and also called the void relation, i.e. R = ∅.

For example, if there are 100 mangoes in the fruit basket. There’s no possibility of finding a
relation R of getting any apple in the basket. So, R is Void as it has 100 mangoes and no
apples.

Universal relation
A relation in a set A is called a universal relation if every element of A is related to every
element of A. i. e. R = A × A.

Inverse Relation
If R is a relation from set A to set B i.e. R  A x B.

The relation = {(b, a) : (a, b) ∈ R}.

For Example, If R = {(1, 2) (2, 3)},

Then = {(2, 1) (3, 2)}.

Reflexive Relation
A relation is a reflexive relation if every element of set A maps to itself, i.e. for every a ∈ A,
(a, a) ∈ R.

Symmetric Relation
A symmetric relation is a relation R on a set A if (a, b) ∈ R then (b, a) ∈ R, for all a and b ∈
A.

Transitive Relation
If (a, b) ∈ R, (b, c) ∈ R, then (a, c) ∈ R, for all a, b, c ∈ A and this relation in set A is
transitive.

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 Relations Page 3 of 12

Assignment - 1
1. If (x + y, x - y) = (1, 2), find x and y. (ii) If (11, 3x  y) = (5x + 2y, 11/2) find x and y.

2. Let P = {x, y, z} and Q = {a, b}. Find the number of relations that can be defined from P to Q.

3. If A = {2, 4} and B = {l, 3}, find A  B, B  A, A  A and B  B.

4. Is A  B = B  A?

5. If A = {l, 2}, form the set A  A  A.

6. Express A = {(a, b) : 2a + b = 5, a, b  W} as the set of ordered pairs

7. If A  B = {(a, 1), (b, 3), (a, 3), (b, 1), (a, 2), (b, 2)}, find A and B.

8. Let A and B be two sets such that A x B consists of 6 elements. If three elements of A x B
are: (1, 4), (2, 6), (3, 6). Find A x B and B x A.

9. If a  {−1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and b  {0, 3, 6}, write the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that
a + b = 5.

10. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5} and C = {5, 6}, verify that

(i) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C).
(ii) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
(iii) A  (B – C) = (A  B) – (A  C).

11. If A = {1} and B = {2, 3}, find the power set of A  B.

12. If A, B, C are any three sets prove that:
(i) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C) (ii) A  (B – C) = (A  B) – (A  C).

13. List all the relations on the set A = {0, 1}.

14. If R is the relation "is less than" from A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} to B = {1, 4, 5}, then write down the
solution of R. Also find the inverse relation of R.
15. Find the domain and range of the following functions
(i) R = {(x, y): x  N, y  N and x + y = 10} (ii) R = {(x, y): x, y  N, x2 + y2 = 20}.
16. Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Let R be the relation on A defined by
{(x, y): x  A, y  A and x divides y}.
Find (i) R (ii) domain of R (iii) range of R (iv) R−1.

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 Relations Page 4 of 12

Assignment - 2
1. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {x, y, z}, Consider the subset R  {(1, x), (1, y), (2, z), (3, x)} of A
 B. Is R, a relation from A to B? If yes, find domain and range of R. Draw arrow diagram of
R and represent R in a tabular form.
2. Let A and B be two sets such that n (A) = 3 and n (B) = 2. If (x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1) are in A×B,
find A and B, where x, y, z are distinct elements.
3. Find the domain and range of the following relations:
(i) R  {(1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7), (1, 9)}

(ii) R  {(x, y): x  N, x < 6 and y  4}

(iii) R  {(x, y): y = x - 2, x  Z, x 3}

(iv) R  {(x, y): y = x3, x is a positive prime number less than 10}

(v) R  {(x + 2, x + 4): x  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}

(vi) R = {(x, y): x, y  Z and x - y is an even integer}.

4. Let A = {6, 7, 8, 10}, B = {2, 4, 5}, a  A, b  B and R be the relation from A to B defined
by a R b if a is divisible by b. Write the solution of R and find the inverse relation of R.

5. Find the relation R on Z defined by {(x, y): x, y  Z and x  y}. Also write its domain
and range.
6. Let A = {a, b, c} and B {1, 2}. Consider the relation R = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (c, 1)} from A to B.
Depict R in tabular form.
7. Let A = {1, 2, 3, .…… , 14}. Define a relation on a set A by R = {(x, y): 3x - y = 0, where
x, y  A}. Depict this relationship using an arrow diagram. Write down its domain, co-
domain and range.
8. A = {1, 2, 3, 5} and B = {4, 6, 9}. Define a relation R from A to B by R = {(x, y): the
difference between x and y is odd, x  A, y  B}. Write R in Roster form.

9. If a  {2, 4, 6, 9} and be {4, 6, 18, 27}, then form a relation containing all ordered pairs (a, b)
such that a divides b and a < b.

10. If A and B are two sets having 3 elements in common. If n(A) = 5, n(B) = 4, find n(A  B)
and n[(A  B)  (B  A)].

11. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R = {(a: b) : a  A, b  A, a divides b}. Write R and draw its
mapping.

12. If A = {1, 1}, find A x A x A.

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 Relations Page 5 of 12

Assignment - 3
1. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6}, which of the following are relations from A to B? Give reasons
in support of your answer.
(i) {(1, 6), (3, 4), (5,2)} (ii) {(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 6)}
(iii) {4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1)} (iv) A x B.

2. A relation R is defined from a set A = {2, 3, 4, 5} to a set B = {3, 6, 7, 10} as follows: (x, y) 
R  x is relatively prime to y.
Express R as a set of ordered pairs and determine its domain and range.
3. Let A be the set of first five natural numbers and let R be a relation on A defined as follows:
(x, y)  R  x  y
Express R and R as sets of ordered pairs. Also determine (i) the domain of R1 (ii) the range
1

of R.
4. Which of the following relations are functions from A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} to B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
(i) f = {(3, 1), (5,1), (7,1), (9, 1)}
(ii) f = {(3, 2), (1, 5), (5, 1), (7, 4), (9, 5)}
(iii) f = (1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 2), (5, 4), (7, 3), (9, 2)}
(iv) f = {(1, 2), (3, 3), (5, 4), (7, 5), (9, 1)}
(v) f = {(1, 3), (3, 1), (5, 3), (5, 5), (1, 4)}.
5. Let f: X  Y be defined by f (x) = x2 + 1, for all x  X where X = {0, 1, 2, -2} and
Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Find the range of f. Is f one-one?
6. Let f: N  N be defined by f (x) = x + 3 for all x  N, obtain f 1({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}).
7. Let X = {a, b, c, d} and Y = {p, q, r}, Does there exist a one-one function from X to Y? If not,
give reason.
8. Let X = {a, b, c} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, define a one-one function from X to Y.
9. Let R be a relation from Q to Q defined by R = {(a, b) : a, b  Q and a – b  Z}, Show that
(i) (a, a)  R for all a  Q
(ii) (a, b)  R implies that (b, a)  R
(iii) (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R implies that (a, c)  R.
10. Let R be a relation from Z to Z defined by R = {(a, b) : a, b  Z and  a - b   5}
Show that
(i) (a, a)  R for all a  Q
(ii) (a, b)  R implies that (b, a)  R
(iii) (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R implies that (a, c) R.

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 Functions Page 6 of 12
What is a Function?
Imagine a machine and name the machine as . The machine takes some input and depending
upon its mechanism, it gives an output.
Let the mechanism set inside the machine be , i.e., if we
insert a number into the machine as input, then the machine
gives as output and we denote it by .
Inputs and the corresponding outputs can be represented in
the form of a table and a diagram as follows:

Definition of a function -
A relation from a set to a set is said to be a function if every element of set has
one and only one image in set .
In other words, let and be two non-empty sets. Then, a function from set to set is a
map which associates each element of set to one and only one element of set . If is a
function from set to set , then we denote it by .
Since, every function is a relation. So, we can define the domain, co-domain and range of a
function in the same way as it is defined for a relation.
Domain, Co-Domain and Range of a Function -
In this subsection, we shall discuss the concept of domain, co-domain and range of a
function.
Let be a function, then
(i) the set is called the domain of function .
(ii) the set is called the co-domain of function .
(iii) the set of all images of elements of set under is called range or image set of
under .
Remarks:
1. The range set of under is denoted by .
2. If , then is called -image of or image of under or value of at .
We can also write it as ∈ . Also, we call a pre-image of under .
3. Range is always a subset of the co-domain.
4. Let and be two non-empty finite sets such that and . We map
each element of set to exactly one element of set . Then,

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 Functions Page 7 of 12
st
Number of choices for mapping element of .
nd
Number of choices for mapping element of .
… … … … … … …
Number of choices for mapping th element of .
So, total number of choices for mapping all elements of ⏟ .
times
Number of functions from to

Real Functions
We shall now define real functions and then find the domain and range of some real
functions.
Real-Valued Function: A function is called real-valued function if is a subset of
.
Real Function: A function is called real function if both and are subsets of .
Let us now consider some standard real functions.
Some Standard Real Functions and Their Graphs -
In this subsection, we shall discuss some standard functions and their graphs.

1. Constant Function: The constant function is the function defined as

, for all ∈ , where is a constant.
Properties:
(i) Domain of .
(ii) Range of .
(iii) Graph of is a straight line parallel to -axis, as shown in Figure
If , then the straight line lies above the -axis.
If , then the straight line coincides with -axis.
If , then the straight line lies below the -axis.

2. Identity Function: The identity function is the function defined as

for all ∈

Properties:
(i) Domain of .
(ii) Range of .
(iii) Graph of is a straight line passing through the origin and making an angle of with
positive direction of -axis, as shown in Figure.

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 Functions Page 8 of 12
3. Polynomial Function: The polynomial function is the function defined as
, for all ∈ ,
where are real numbers and is a non-negative integer.

Properties:
(i) Domain of .
(ii) Range of .

4. Rational Function: The rational function is the function defined as

for all ∈

where and are polynomial functions and .

Properties:
(i) Domain of .
(ii) Range of .

5. Linear Function: The linear function is the function defined as

for all ∈
where and are constants.

Properties:
(i) Domain of .
(ii) Range of .
(iii) Graph of a linear function is the curve, shown in Figure.

6. Square Function: The square function is the function defined as

, for all ∈ .

Properties:
(i) Domain of .
(ii) Range of .
(iii) Graph of is a parabola passing through the origin, as shown in Figure.

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 Functions Page 9 of 12
7. Square Root Function: The square root function is the function defined as
√ , for all ∈ .

Properties:
(i) Domain of .
(ii) Range of .
(iii) Graph of is a parabola lying above -axis and passing through the origin, as shown in
Figure

8. Reciprocal Function: The reciprocal function is the function defined as

for all ∈

Properties:
(i) Domain of .
(ii) Range of .
(iii) Graph of is a rectangular hyperbola, as shown in figure.

9. Modulus Function: The modulus function is the function defined as

for all ∈

Properties:
(i) Domain of .
(ii) Range of .
(iii) Graph of has V-shape, as shown in Figure.

10. Greatest Integer Function / Floor Function: The greatest integer function or
floor function is the function defined as
for all ∈
where denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to .
Properties:
(i) Domain of .
(ii) Range of .
(iii) Graph of consists of steps, as shown in Figure.

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 Functions Page 10 of 12
11. Signum Function: The signum function is the function defined as

if
{ if for all ∈
if

Properties:
(i) Domain of .
(ii) Range of .
(iii) Graph of signum function is shown in Figure.

12. Exponential Function: The exponential function with base is the function defined
as
, for all ∈
where is a real number greater than

Properties:
(i) Domain of .
(ii) Range of .
(iii) Graph of is a curve, as shown in Figure.
The following properties of the function can be easily observed from the graph
shown in Figure.
(a) The graph passes through the point .
(b) As we move from left to right on -axis, the graph of the exponential function rises
above. So, exponential function is increasing function.
(c) In second quadrant, the graph of the exponential function approaches -axis but never
meets it.

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 Functions Page 11 of 12

Assignment
1. Express the following functions as sets of ordered pairs and determine their ranges

(a) f : A R, , where 

(b) g : AN, , where  

2. Find the domain for which the functions  and are equal.

3. Is a function? If this is described by the formula,

then what values should be assigned to and ?

4. Given A = {1, 0, 2, 5, 6, 11}, B = {2,-1, 0, 18, 28, 108} and f(x) = x2  x  2. Is f (A) = B?
Find f (A).

5. Let f: R  R be given by f (x) = + 3. Find (a) {x: f(x) = 28}; (b) the pre-images of 39 and
2 under f.

6. Find domain and range each of the of following functions –

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

(v) √ (vi) √

(vii) (viii)

(ix) (x)

(xi) (xii)
√

(xiii) (xiv)
√

7. Find domain of following functions –

(i) (ii) √ (iii) √ (iv)

√

8. Redefine the following functions –

(a)

(b)

(c)

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 Functions Page 12 of 12

9. If find ( )

10. If find ]

11. If ( ) find .

Functions Assignment Answer

1. (a) ; Range

(b)

Range

2. { } 3. 5. (a) (b) ; not possible

6. Domain Range

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(iv) { } { }

(v)
(vi) ] ]
(vii) R
(viii) R

(ix) R [ )

(x) R [ ]

(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)

7. (i) (ii) [( √ )( √ )]

(iii) (iv) { }

9. 10. 11.

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