smenuriow wvonocnanns 198 ss Ries welt Ws ta wale widen tai oper maamel, The wor chao we ned ee fee oy fora short while ae. Sach chanel are nunca Sun 8 travel as overland fow israel hort rey ee es, el and i oc in su the formation of fod peat The ower ice sre fom ove ‘ the vada in capai(Chap. 8) In many smal and deat ors na tt es only tom impermeable and strate tes she ie hace ome of the water which infiltrates the soil surface may move laterally the upper soi layers until it enters stream channel This water, called fof subsurface storm flow, moves more slowly than the surface vane! the streams later (1. The proportion of total runoff which occurs as depends on the ph features ofthe basi. thin sil cover overly hardpan, or plowbed a short distance below the wail srface favors jal quantities of interiow, whereas uniformly permeable sol ere, ward percolation fo groundwater. Although aveling mere doaly und flow, interlow may be much larger in quanitys expecially i intensity, and hence may te the principal factor in the = ses of streamfiow. st ¢ precipitation may percolate downward until it reaches the water the stream channel by any >. 6). This groundwater accretion may eventually discharge into the hes the earth as precipitation din as groundwater flow (also called base low and dry-weather flow) i the ig the stream soon after its ble intersects the stream channels of the basin. The groundwater con- e soil surface and flows ¢ streamflow cannot fuctuate rapily because of is very low ow some cases, more than ? years is required [2] fora given accretion to be discharged into the steams. On the other hand, watet jacent toa channel intersected bythe water table may contribute Felatively quickly (3). Permeable surface sols and large, effuent groundwater high low throughout the year, witha relatively small flow and mean flow. Basins wih surface sails of low per- luent groundwater bodies have higher ratios of peak to average ow or zero flows between foods. Hydrograps foreach type of "Hat Creek drains voleaic terrain with largeStee wrLow wromocnaras 198 ponents of ow are arbitrary complete its tip tothe may surface where hits journey to the ently m "For conven to only two vhactaly flowed. i ‘on the Direct of the Com 72) at yp hytogrph Petemae River ot Shephesoun, WV, lerstics of the storm causing the rise. On large basins subect to jing rainfall over only a part of the basin, the recesion may vary orm to storm, depending on the particular area of runa generation, If joecurs while the recession from a previous storm isin progress, the will naturally be distored. However, the recession curve fora basin {col in hydrology. umber of functions have been used to describe the recession curve, OF ‘ure [4]. the one in general use being . a= ake oy isthe flow at any time. 4, isthe ow onetime unit later. and K, isa stant which is less than unity. Equation 7-1) canbe written ia the Torms as = WK = ae on flow 1 time units after qa, ¢ is the mapieian base, and time unit is frequently taken as 24 hr, although on smal basins ‘be necessary. The numenscal value of K, depends onthe time Bg, (7-2) and remembering that the volume of water Aime dt is di and is equal tothe decrease in storage ~d5 |. we see that the storage Sj remaining in the basin at : 03) Se straight line on semilogarithmic paper with on ye recession of & sifeam rise is. potted on Tsu usualy not straight ine butagainst Some Bedtime ater Fig. 79, Fite poted data would indicate sanity ening gradual change inthe vache ey fig to 4 line as 7 appreaches og hod usta in Fig 7-4 maybe used a cone recess for of diet runof. For base ow recesses enema fo Js several days ar the pea o's food so tarts eset fo direct roi included. Afr te te wre itcan be projected bck iderthe hydopaphionseaner nee od peak andthe diference between project tse hoe ond Heo phased to develop directuma recerion cine ect Eq. (7-1) were strictly Normally, however, a ls. This curve becomes tothe next Pai i sore surpasing. seerane varyingints deviating to the forthe directs the method of Separation pif remains relatively constant ed by terminating the direct runo rule of thumb. the time in “experience, Ni probably better Keeping in mind that the / a ae ne ‘and unteaconable rprocedre tia 3 he 7), Hencen Saal Jex hydrographs sai es a peed as tom SABC of Fig 781s tobe wed line ABC of, 74 1 ews tion of this ype i impracticable unless tere are wo clearly wih 4 shor scam of recesionflonog he ha irae Bis in eror consequences re veuly ony cert ach antl volume forthe wo evens wie scanke ee (Fe. 74) wo suitable for complex tyurogeonsanenecat ee Gn Fi. 78 woul esl i an umeaoneie perniree et cietiods have been develored or analyzing hydrographs smiar 76) which ae particularly sifu for tacts set nie sis frequent shot 7,8, They may aso vem dessins poundwater isa eaively important component of fone ad kee fairly quickly. jon of Total Runoff of analysis (see Sec. 5-1) there is need to determine the total {direct runof plus groundwater) resulting from «particular storm or forms. This can be done by computing the total volume of flow during a period beginning and ending with the same discharge nd ig the rise under consideration, making certain that groundwater: ditions prevail at both times. The runof values in Fig. ©8 were his manner. Implicit in the technique isthe assumption that bese tive ofthe total water stored inthe basin, principally groundwater SYNTHESIS thod of estimating peak flows fr design was by using empirical red unacceptable for engineering applications today, and river based on gage relations. Efforts wo syathesize the hydrograph timating hydr shape. The unit hydrograph has been the Mod fyrateps, bt foo ouing tha chap. 9) ot accuracy in many aplestins, Methods of exiting in Chay. andthe moresophatcted echges esened in Chup. 12re Bpdrowrsph i commeoly ajdt 1 mo mm) eqalet the catchment ves ene be wrong to imply that on typical bydogaph would suis fr Alou he py sl characteris ae fae eae ee Bike yarubl characteris of rms es Nydrogpte. The sorm she tem aeai isbn ofa 9 of rain. Theoretically, the ideal unt hydrograph has « duration ap- ing 2er0. the instantancous unit hydrograph (See. 7-10). More commonly bait ydrograph has been derived for a finite duration. A unit bydrogvaph fe developed! for a short duration (say I hy) and ht, and a pot =25 percent in durations usually acceptable. Thus only few unit phs are actually required. Where computer solution is used, a ‘unit hyrosraph is preferable, ty patern. If one attempted to derive separate unit hydrograph 3 ible time-intensity pattern, an infinite number of unt hydrographs “point C) and the volume in : eqired. Paciclly. unt hydrographs can te based ely en 2 mation, an any te element ‘of uniform intensity of runoff. However, large variations in rain ait sor ine, Bot ence ru rate) during a stor are elected inthe shape of the Seat an seesin Ehsrogrnh The ine sale of nes varatone hat ea rif osu dtrin, tainly on basin size. Rafal burs lasing only few mines may ni to on defined peaks nthe hydroraph fom a basin of few hectares, ; changes lasting for hour are required to cause appesatc hydrograph from basins of several hundred square klmeter. I pftaps fra basin are aplcable to storms af shorter dren ‘runoff. The areal pattern of runoff can cause variations in spe the area ofhigh unl is nea the basi ole, a ap se ‘and a lower, broader peak, Unit hydrographs have ‘runoff patterns, eg., heavy upstream, uniform, oF Melee dineh ter. aah pecause of the subjectivity he vis vdeo mets oly eee eae a e pee cess Coes, rae cs ach e500 in? ld te eae atl predomi, oe ae ears ees at tl ae ec [Sa be sume Graton bu diferent magnites hs derived from Yery small evens trom lager storms, This may te be rin fea surface ronfl an relatively more ne. he larger events or beeause channel flow time is enced ona catchment, its relatively he assumption of linearity by comparing ragtodes. If important onlinearts ony for reconstructing evens aes Changes in unt hydroeraph StMEAMFLOow wvonocRAnis 205 pret of ant hseor ah, ion of Unit Hydrographs foi eed toa e hpneuee of rt ea nea Cron of Gee ah ds trey lg fiw sp 710 spt flow dest Me Ce! ats cacais wt ie leer fh are divided by observed runoff depth. The adjusted. ated fom dig te Besa oa ingests roy, : desirable to average unit hydrographs from several storms of ‘should not be an arithmetic average of superim- , since if peaks do not occur at the same time, the peak so lower han he nda peaks The rope proce time to peak, The average unit hydrograph is‘Siatasriow wyonooeaes 207 haracterisic hydrosraph for? units of rainfall excess and 2+ e-he Dividing the ordinates by 2 yields the 2 ihr unt hydrograph tn the fer unit hydrographs the average of ty he wnt Ryo. lageed hr with respect ro the previous one. Unfortunatel ple 10 convert Lo shorter duratin® and to longer nes that aFe not A unit hydrograph canbe converted to one of shorter (or ion by application of the S-curve, or summation curve, metho fre is the hydrograph that would rest from an infite seres of unt mens. Thus, cich $ curve applies to a specie duration witha it of roi generated. The 5 curve convreted by adding ries of unt hydrographs, each lagged te hr ith respect to the ge (Fg. 7-13). Ifthe time base ofthe unit hydroprah is Fh then 2 is ainfall producing one uit of run every peod woul develop & fuilow atthe end of Tr. Thus only T/tz ont hydrographs need be produce an curve which should each eqitrum st Row gc ee osthe unit hydrograph and S curve are identical (columns 2 and 4). Additions (column 3) are the ordinates of the S curve set ahead 6 fan S-curve ordinate is the sum of all concurrent unit-hydrograph ombining the S-curve additions with the initial unit hydrograph is ‘unit in thr, the runoff volume represented by ‘units. Thus the ordinates of the unit hydro- ‘computed by multiplying the S-curvediflerences bythe ratio COR eee es ne ea wenenig euler he o from the instantaneous application of unit rain-srmeasrLow omega 201 is simpy the average Now during the previous fsb. age flow can be taken asthe average of flows at the beprning and end aed. except when these flows bridge the peak praphs can be derived as described in previous sections only if fae available. Since only a relatively small portion of catchments are pe means of deriving unit hy rs to basin charactenstis, transposition of unt hy: ind storage routing (Sec. 9-10). Basin characteristics formulas ust- "to time of peak, peak flow, and time base ofthe unit hydroeraph features are established, the hydrograph can be sketched to pro- sary unit volume. Ina study of basins inthe Appalachian Mowe found the basin lg (in hours) 1 bea function of basin ty = CALL 8) ‘the main stream distance from outlet to divide and Li the stream outlet to point opposite the basin centroid. With distances in vefcient C, varied from 1.4 to 17. Snyder found thatthe wit 1g could be estimated from en 9) e drainage area. The coefcient , ranged from about 0.15 to 0.19 reklometers and gin cubic mete per sed. Snyder adopted 25 of the wnit hydrograph (days) T=3438 7-10)Fig. hydrologic characteristics. fan ungaged catchment wag of 1 (eno of 3 unithydrpgraph using the Soi Dis I2he (10 + 2) 62 a tan stmeasetow wvonocnarns 213 elon hetecen bso a etning fan jas ~ 0) and sn hater fay of os Anes. CaM 10'S Caps gers) fp Ihr ~ 12x 60 608 = 432 108s, scr e > pc Ms tes from Fig. 7-15 at intervals 1/f, ~ 0.33) multiplied by $9 com the required +he unit hydrograph, tion of Unit Hydrographs Wilustrats the use of a 3-h unit hydropraph to sythesize the storm fiom a series of rina periods with varying intensity. The inte- for successive Vir periods ae computed using rel lations hydropraph of dizect rund resulting from each hr istements ving the unit hydrogaph bythe period rune. The ttl by. sum fall the incremental hydrographs and estimated bese flow. ler the unt hydeograph hasbeen mainstay af the hyarlogist me of the techniques discussed in Chap. 12 may ofer more accuracy in many applications. There area number of restos for Ul taken not to apply the uit hydograph without consi and disadvantages of other techniques. Perhaps because mations inerent inthe concep, unit hydrographs Sand ransposton meio fem oe of inte ae oh ep Raf acresel Gar aia hs woot cal Veer peatnoting that ¢ = O when y = 0, we have += &(p-2) os ym y = O10 y= Dand dividing by D gives the mean velocity 5 “D w= Be 6 er unit width oD or a= on jm coctcient involving slope and viscosity {Chézy- Manning forma for turbulent ow (Eq 4) a-ope 8 fonction of slope andthe roughness coefficient. Thus the general ow is a= to 19) 167 << 3.0 for mined fow. It wil be noted from Eqs. 7-17) and pat depth increases more rapidly to accommadat increased Bow inthe | extensive early experiments on overland flow were those of Iz {ests on long fumes at various slopes and with various surfaces the time 16 equilibrium is ‘volume of water in surface detention at equilibrium. The units librium flow q, must be consistent. From a I-m stip,ow (without simulated rain) in the laboratory, smooth of sce, flow was laminar up to some critical Reynolds mumbers (1500 with slope) and turbulent above. The values of m Were ted from the above equations ying simulated rain in the laboratory, some characteristics of| Mow were observed at relatively lower discharges, bul the most. effect of impacting drops was to retard Row and increase depth for en dscharee. [dinvestigations, m ranged from 1.0 to 2.50, averaging 1.45 compared ¢ ugh-surface tests in the laboratory. Depths of flow were Moly greater in the Feld tests, most likely as a result of topoeraphic 0.25 fc iivn in Tale 7.2 sydrograph can be pre ind q. known, the 4/4, hydrorraph. The ofthe receding aos Bowie 29 320 Pater! = 0. : 20 ye dealt with the pat ‘results can be 5 ra ‘20 ve labortry and . tn er abd eteine renin constant oF . tou of ech of he hee compene i stmeasrson nvonoce sens 219 does 124 nit dopey Contact e125 threo Cont hee Sane by tig tin eas othe and hr nt bsvoger, it mprogrph of storm 3. Prob 7, dhe ea ow rating om or of atl prodsng 089,22), 35h and 18cm of enrages eae ane Yi ed rr, en yuh at gh Ph 25 i = 1k ig Snes td ith C= 15.6» reat dats or in hie by Jour anc, he wnt oa slur, fo Sayers meh nad est? eit enti ym cl Storage and Unit Hrograph Sti, Trans Am. Gear