SRM Institute of Science and Technology

Ramapuram Campus
Department of Mathematics
21MAB201T/ Transforms and Boundary Value Problems
Question Bank of UNIT-I
Partial Differential Equations
2024-2025
ODD SEMESTER

Part- B & C

1. Solve (𝐷2 + 5𝐷𝐷′ + 6𝐷′2 )𝑧 = cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 𝑥 2 𝑦

Solution:
The auxiliary equation is
𝑚2 + 5𝑚 + 6 = 0 where 𝐷 = 𝑚, 𝐷′ = 1
⇒ (𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 + 3) = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = −2, −3
The complementary function (C.F.) is
𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝜙1 (𝑦 − 2𝑥) + 𝜙2 (𝑦 − 3𝑥)
The particular integral (P. I):
1
𝑃. 𝐼 = [cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 𝑥 2 𝑦]
𝐷2 + 5𝐷𝐷′ + 6𝐷′2
1 1
= 2 cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 𝑥 2𝑦
𝐷 + 5𝐷𝐷′ + 6𝐷′2 𝐷2 + 5𝐷𝐷′ + 6𝐷′2
= 𝑃. 𝐼1 + 𝑃. 𝐼2
1
𝑃. 𝐼1 = cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝐷2 + 5𝐷𝐷′ + 6𝐷′2
2
Replace 𝐷2 = −1, 𝐷𝐷′ = −2, 𝐷′ = −4
1
= cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
−1 + 5 × (−2) + 6 × (−4)
1
= cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
−1 − 10 − 24
1
= − cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
35
 1
𝑃. 𝐼2 = 2 ′ ′2
𝑥 2𝑦
𝐷 + 5𝐷𝐷 + 6𝐷
1
= ′ ′2 𝑥 2𝑦
5𝐷𝐷 6𝐷
𝐷2 [1 + 2 + 2 ]
𝐷 𝐷
1 2
= ′ ′2 𝑥 𝑦
5𝐷 6𝐷
𝐷2 [1 + + 2 ]
𝐷 𝐷
−1
5𝐷′ 6𝐷′2
[1 + 𝐷 + 2 ]
𝐷
= 2
𝑥 2𝑦
𝐷
−1
1 5𝐷′ 6𝐷′2
= 2 [1 + ( + 2 )] 𝑥 2𝑦
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
2
1 5𝐷′ 6𝐷′2 5𝐷′ 6𝐷′2
= 2 [1 − ( + 2 )+( + 2 ) − ⋯ ] 𝑥 2𝑦
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
2
1 2 5𝐷′ 6𝐷′2 2 5𝐷′ 6𝐷′2
= 2 [𝑥 𝑦 − ( + 2 )𝑥 𝑦 + ( + 2 ) 𝑥 2𝑦 − ⋯ ]
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

1 2 5𝐷′ 2 6𝐷′2 2
= 2 [𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 + 2 𝑥 𝑦 + 0]
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
1 2 5 2
= [𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 0]
𝐷2 𝐷
1 2
5𝑥 3
= [𝑥 𝑦 − ]
𝐷. 𝐷 3
1 𝑥 3𝑦 5𝑥 4
= [ − ]
𝐷 3 3×4
𝑥 4𝑦 5𝑥 5
= −
3×4 3×4×5
𝑥 4𝑦 𝑥 5
= −
12 12
The solution of the given homogeneous equation is
𝑧 = 𝐶. 𝐹. +𝑃. 𝐼1 + 𝑃. 𝐼2
1 𝑥 4𝑦 𝑥 5
∴ 𝑧 = 𝜙1 (𝑦 − 2𝑥) + 𝜙2 (𝑦 − 3𝑥) − cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + −
35 12 12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 2
2. Solve (𝐷2 − 4𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑦
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is
𝑚2 − 4 = 0 where 𝐷 = 𝑚, 𝐷′ = 1
⇒ (𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = −2, 𝑚=2
The complementary function (C.F.) is
𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝜙1 (𝑦 − 2𝑥) + 𝜙2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥)
The particular integral (P. I):
1
𝑃. 𝐼 = 2
[𝑒 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑦]
(𝐷2 − 4𝐷′ )
1 2𝑥
cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) + cos(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)
= [𝑒 ′2
+ ( )]
(𝐷2 − 4𝐷 ) 2
1 1 cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) 1 cos(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 + 2
(𝐷2 − 4𝐷′ ) (𝐷2 − 4𝐷′ ) 2 (𝐷2 − 4𝐷′ ) 2
= 𝑃. 𝐼1 + 𝑃. 𝐼2 + +𝑃. 𝐼3
1
𝑃. 𝐼1 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 Replace 𝐷 = 2, 𝐷′ = 0
(𝐷2 − 4𝐷′ )
1
= 𝑒 2𝑥
22 − 0
1
= 𝑒 2𝑥
4
1 cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
𝑃. 𝐼2 = 2 2
(𝐷 − 4𝐷′ ) 2
2
Replace 𝐷2 = −4, 𝐷𝐷′ = −6, 𝐷′ = −9
1 cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
=
(−4 − 4(−9)) 2
1 cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
=
−4 + 36 2
1 cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
=
32 2
cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
=
64
 1 cos(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)
𝑃. 𝐼2 = 2
(𝐷2 − 4𝐷′ ) 2
2
Replace 𝐷2 = −4, 𝐷𝐷′ = 6, 𝐷′ = −9
1 cos(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)
=
(−4 + 4(−9)) 2
1 cos(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)
=
−4 − 36 2
1 cos(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)
=
−40 2
cos(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)
=−
80
The solution of the given homogeneous equation is
𝑧 = 𝐶. 𝐹. +𝑃. 𝐼1 + 𝑃. 𝐼2 + +𝑃. 𝐼3
1 cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) cos(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)
∴ 𝑧 = 𝜙1 (𝑦 − 2𝑥) + 𝜙2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥) + 𝑒 2𝑥 + −
4 64 80
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
3. Solve (𝐷3 − 7𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′3 )𝑧 = 𝑒 4𝑥+𝑦 + sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 𝑥 2 𝑦
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is
𝑚3 − 7𝑚 − 6 = 0 where 𝐷 = 𝑚, 𝐷′ = 1
1 0 −7 −6
−1 0 −1 1 6
1 −1 −6 0

⇒ 𝑚 = −1, 1. 𝑚2 − 1. 𝑚 − 6 = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = −1, 𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 6 = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = −1, (𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 − 3) = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = −1, −2, 3
The complementary function (C.F.) is
𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝜙1 (𝑦 − 𝑥) + 𝜙2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥) + 𝜙3 (𝑦 + 3𝑥)
The particular integral (P. I):
1
𝑃. 𝐼 =3 ′ 2 ′3
[𝑒 4𝑥+𝑦 + sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 𝑥 2 𝑦]
𝐷 − 7𝐷𝐷 − 6𝐷
1 4𝑥+𝑦
1
= 3 2 𝑒 + 2 sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝐷 − 7𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′3 𝐷3 − 7𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′3
1
+ 3 ′ 2 ′3
𝑥 2𝑦
𝐷 − 7𝐷𝐷 − 6𝐷
= 𝑃. 𝐼1 + 𝑃. 𝐼2 + +𝑃. 𝐼3
1
𝑃. 𝐼1 = 3 ′ 2 ′3
𝑒 4𝑥+𝑦
𝐷 − 7𝐷𝐷 − 6𝐷
Replace 𝐷 = 4, 𝐷′ = 1
1
= 3 2 3
𝑒 4𝑥+𝑦
1 −7×4×1 −6×1
1
= 𝑒 4𝑥+𝑦
1 − 28 − 6
1
= − 𝑒 4𝑥+𝑦
33
1
𝑃. 𝐼2 = 3 2 sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝐷 − 7𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′3
2
Replace 𝐷2 = −1, 𝐷𝐷′ = −2, 𝐷′ = −4
1
= sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝐷2 𝐷 − 7𝐷𝐷′ 2 − 6𝐷′2 𝐷′
1
= sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
(−1)𝐷 − 7𝐷 × (−4) − 6 × (−4)𝐷′
1
= sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
−𝐷 + 28𝐷 + 24𝐷′
1
= sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
27𝐷 + 24𝐷′
1
= sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
27𝐷 + 24𝐷′
1 (9𝐷 − 8𝐷′ )
= × sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
3(9𝐷 + 8𝐷′ ) (9𝐷 − 8𝐷′ )
1 (9𝐷 − 8𝐷′ )
= × sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
3 (81𝐷2 − 64𝐷′ 2 )
1 (9𝐷 sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦) − 8𝐷′ sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦) )
= ×
3 81(−1) − 64(−4)
 1 (9 cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦) − 16 cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦))
= ×
3 −81 + 256
7 cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
=−
525
cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
=−
75
1
𝑃. 𝐼3 = 3 ′ 2 ′3
𝑥 2𝑦
𝐷 − 7𝐷𝐷 − 6𝐷
1
= ′ 2 ′3
𝑥 2𝑦
7𝐷𝐷 6𝐷
𝐷3 [1 − 3 − 3 ]
𝐷 𝐷
1
= 𝑥 2𝑦
7𝐷′ 2 6𝐷′3
𝐷3 [1 − − ]
𝐷2 𝐷3
1
= 𝑥 2𝑦
7𝐷′ 2 6𝐷′3
𝐷3 [1 − ( + )]
𝐷2 𝐷3
2 −1
7𝐷′ 6𝐷′3
[1 − ( 2 + 3 )]
𝐷 𝐷
= 𝑥 2𝑦
𝐷3
2 −1
1 7𝐷′ 6𝐷′3
= 3 [1 − ( 2 + 3 )] 𝑥 2𝑦
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
2 2 2
1 7𝐷′ 6𝐷′3 7𝐷′ 6𝐷′3
= 3 [1 + ( 2 + 3 ) + ( 2 + 3 ) + ⋯ ] 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
2 2 2
1 2 7𝐷′ 6𝐷′3 2 7𝐷′ 6𝐷′3
= 3 [𝑥 𝑦 + ( 2 + 3 ) 𝑥 𝑦 + ( 2 + 3 ) 𝑥 2 𝑦 + ⋯ ]
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
1
= [𝑥 2 𝑦 + 0 + 0]
𝐷. 𝐷. 𝐷
1 𝑥 3𝑦
= [ ]
𝐷. 𝐷 3
1 𝑥 4𝑦
= [ ]
𝐷 3×4
𝑥 5𝑦 𝑥 5𝑦
= =
3×4×5 60
 The solution of the given homogeneous equation is
𝑧 = 𝐶. 𝐹. +𝑃. 𝐼1 + 𝑃. 𝐼2 + +𝑃. 𝐼3
1 4𝑥+𝑦 1 𝑥 5𝑦
∴ 𝑧 = 𝜙1 (𝑦 − 𝑥) + 𝜙2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥) + 𝜙3 (𝑦 + 3𝑥) − 𝑒 − cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦) +
33 75 60
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Solve the PDE (𝐷2 − 2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′2 )𝑧 = 4 sin (x + y) + 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is
𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0 where 𝐷 = 𝑚, 𝐷′ = 1
⇒ (𝑚 − 1)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = 1, 1
The complementary function (C.F.) is
𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝜙1 (𝑦 + 𝑥) + 𝑥 𝜙2 (𝑦 + 𝑥)
The particular integral (P. I):
1
𝑃. 𝐼 = 2 ′ ′2
[4 sin (x + y) + 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 2𝑦)]
𝐷 − 2𝐷𝐷 + 𝐷
1 1
= 2 ′ ′2
4 sin (x + y) + 2 ′ ′2
𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
𝐷 − 2𝐷𝐷 + 𝐷 𝐷 − 2𝐷𝐷 + 𝐷
= 𝑃. 𝐼1 + 𝑃. 𝐼2
1
𝑃. 𝐼1 = 4 sin (x + y)
𝐷2 − 2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′2
2
Replace 𝐷2 = −1, 𝐷𝐷′ = −1, 𝐷′ = −1
1
= 4 sin (x + y)
−1 − 2 × (1) − 1
1
= 4 sin (x + y)
0
1
=𝑥 4 sin (x + y)
2𝐷 − 2𝐷′
4𝑥 1
= sin (x + y)
2 𝐷 − 𝐷′
1
= 2𝑥 sin (x + y)
𝐷 − 𝐷′
1 𝐷
= 2𝑥 × sin (x + y)
𝐷 − 𝐷′ 𝐷
 𝐷
= 2𝑥 sin (x + y)
𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷′
𝐷
= 2𝑥 sin (x + y)
−1 + 1
𝐷
= 2𝑥 sin (x + y)
0
1
= 2𝑥 × 𝑥 × sin (x + y)
1
= 2𝑥 2 sin (x + y)
1
𝑃. 𝐼2 = 2 ′ ′2
𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
𝐷 − 2𝐷𝐷 + 𝐷
1
= ′ 2
𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
(𝐷 − 𝐷 )
Replace 𝐷 = 𝐷 + 1, 𝐷′ = 𝐷′ + 1
1
= 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
(𝐷 + 1 − 𝐷′ − 1)2
1
= 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
(𝐷 − 𝐷′ )2
1
= 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
𝐷2 − 2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′2
2
Replace 𝐷2 = −1, 𝐷𝐷′ = 2, 𝐷′ = −4
1
= 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
−1 − 4 − 4
1
= − 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
9
The solution of the given homogeneous equation is
𝑧 = 𝐶. 𝐹. +𝑃. 𝐼1 + 𝑃. 𝐼2
1
∴ 𝑧 = 𝜙1 (𝑦 + 𝑥) + 𝑥 𝜙2 (𝑦 + 𝑥) + 2𝑥 2 sin(x + y) − 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Solve 𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)
Solution:
Given PDE is 𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦) of the form 𝑃𝑞 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
Here
𝑃 = 𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧), 𝑄 = 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥), 𝑅 = 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)
This form is called as Lagrange’s linear PDE
The auxiliary equations are:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧) 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)
Multiplier Set I:
1 1 1
Taking the 1st set Lagrangian multipliers = ( , , ). We get:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= =
1 1 1
𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧) 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⇒ = =
(𝑦 − 𝑧) (𝑧 − 𝑥) (𝑥 − 𝑦)
Each is equal to
1 1 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 + +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
=
𝑦− 𝑧+𝑧− 𝑥+𝑥− 𝑦 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Hence + + =0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Integrating on both sides
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ ∫( + + )=0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⇒ log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 + log 𝑧 = log 𝑎
⇒ log 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = log 𝑎
⇒ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑎

Multiplier Set II:

Taking the 2nd set Lagrangian multipliers = (1, 1, 1). We get:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧) 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧
 Each is equal to
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 0
Hence 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
Integrating on both sides

⇒ ∫(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧) = 0

⇒𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =𝑏
Therefore, the general solution is
𝜙(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0
⇒ 𝜙(𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Solve 𝑥(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 )𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
Solution:
Given PDE is 𝑥(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 )𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ) of the form 𝑃𝑞 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
Here 𝑃 = 𝑥(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 ),
𝑄 = 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 ),
𝑅 = 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
This form is called as Lagrange’s linear PDE
The auxiliary equations are:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
𝑥(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 ) 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
Multiplier Set I:
1 1 1
Taking the 1st set Lagrangian multipliers = ( , , ). We get:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= =
1 1 1
𝑥(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 ) 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑦
⇒ 2𝑥 = = 𝑧
(𝑧 − 𝑦 2 ) (𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 ) (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
 Each is equal to
1 1 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 + +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
𝑧 −𝑦 +𝑥 −𝑧 +𝑦 −𝑥 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Hence + + =0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Integrating on both sides
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ ∫( + + )=0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⇒ log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 + log 𝑧 = log 𝑎
⇒ log 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = log 𝑎
⇒ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑎
Multiplier Set II:
Taking the 2nd set Lagrangian multipliers = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). We get:
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑧𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑥. 𝑥(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑦. 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 ) 𝑧. 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑧𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
𝑥 2𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2𝑦2 𝑥 2𝑦2 − 𝑦2𝑧 2 𝑦2𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2𝑧 2
Each is equal to
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑥2𝑧2 − 𝑥 2𝑦2 + 𝑥 2𝑦2 − 𝑦2𝑧 2 + 𝑦2𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2𝑧 2 0
Hence 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
Integrating on both sides

⇒ ∫(𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧) = 0

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 𝑏
⇒ + + =
2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑏
Therefore, the general solution is
𝜙(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0
⇒ 𝜙(𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Solve (𝑚𝑧 − 𝑛𝑦)𝑝 + (𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑧)𝑞 = 𝑙𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥
Solution:
Given PDE is (𝑚𝑧 − 𝑛𝑦)𝑝 + (𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑧)𝑞 = 𝑙𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥 of the form 𝑃𝑞 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
Here 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑧 − 𝑛𝑦,
𝑄 = 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑧,
𝑅 = 𝑙𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥
This form is called as Lagrange’s linear PDE
The auxiliary equations are:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
𝑚𝑧 − 𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑧 𝑙𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥
Multiplier Set I:
Taking the 1st set Lagrangian multipliers = (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛). We get:
𝑙 𝑑𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑙 (𝑚𝑧 − 𝑛𝑦) 𝑚 (𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑧) 𝑛(𝑙𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥)
𝑙 𝑑𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
𝑙𝑚𝑧 − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 𝑚𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑚𝑧 𝑙𝑛𝑦 − 𝑚𝑛𝑥
Each is equal to
𝑙𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑑𝑦 + 𝑛𝑑𝑧 𝑙𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑑𝑦 + 𝑛𝑑𝑧
=
𝑙𝑚𝑧 − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑚𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑚𝑧 + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 − 𝑚𝑛𝑥 0
Hence 𝑙𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑑𝑦 + 𝑛𝑑𝑧 = 0
Integrating on both sides

⇒ ∫(𝑙𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑑𝑦 + 𝑛𝑑𝑧) = 0

⇒ 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑎

Multiplier Set II:

Taking the 2nd set Lagrangian multipliers = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). We get:
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑧𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑥. (𝑚𝑧 − 𝑛𝑦) 𝑦. (𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑧) 𝑧. (𝑙𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥)
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑧𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
𝑚𝑥𝑧 − 𝑛𝑥𝑦 𝑛𝑥𝑦 − 𝑙𝑦𝑧 𝑙𝑦𝑧 − 𝑚𝑥𝑧
 Each is equal to
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑚𝑥𝑧 − 𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛𝑥𝑦 − 𝑙𝑦𝑧 + 𝑙𝑦𝑧 − 𝑚𝑥𝑧 0
Hence 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
Integrating on both sides

⇒ ∫(𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧) = 0

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 𝑏
⇒ + + =
2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑏
Therefore, the general solution is
𝜙(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0
⇒ 𝜙(𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Solve (3𝑧 − 4𝑦)𝑝 + (4𝑥 − 2𝑧)𝑞 = 2𝑦 − 3𝑥
Solution:
Given PDE is (3𝑧 − 4𝑦)𝑝 + (4𝑥 − 2𝑧)𝑞 = 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 of the form 𝑃𝑞 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
Here 𝑃 = 3𝑧 − 4𝑦,
𝑄 = 4𝑥 − 2𝑧,
𝑅 = 2𝑦 − 3𝑥
This form is called as Lagrange’s linear PDE
The auxiliary equations are:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
3𝑧 − 4𝑦 4𝑥 − 2𝑧 2𝑦 − 3𝑥

Multiplier Set I:
Taking the 1st set Lagrangian multipliers = (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛). We get:
2 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 4 𝑑𝑧
= =
2 (3𝑧 − 4𝑦) 3 (4𝑥 − 2𝑧) 4(2𝑦 − 3𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 4 𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
6𝑧 − 8𝑦 12𝑥 − 6𝑧 8𝑦 − 12𝑥
 Each is equal to
2𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑦 + 4𝑑𝑧 2𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑦 + 4𝑑𝑧
=
6𝑧 − 8𝑦 + 12𝑥 − 6𝑧 + 8𝑦 − 12𝑥 0
Hence 2𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑦 + 4𝑑𝑧 = 0
Integrating on both sides

⇒ ∫(2𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑦 + 4𝑑𝑧) = 0

⇒ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 𝑎
Multiplier Set II:
Taking the 2nd set Lagrangian multipliers = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). We get:
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑧𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑥. (3𝑧 − 4𝑦) 𝑦. (4𝑥 − 2𝑧) 𝑧. (2𝑦 − 3𝑥)
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑧𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
3𝑥𝑧 − 4𝑥𝑦 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 2𝑦𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑧
Each is equal to
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
=
3𝑥𝑧 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑧 0
Hence 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
Integrating on both sides

⇒ ∫(𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧) = 0

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 𝑏
⇒ + + =
2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑏
Therefore, the general solution is 𝜙(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0
⇒ 𝜙(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Solve 𝑦𝑧 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦
Solution:
Given PDE is 𝑦𝑧 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦 of the form 𝑃𝑞 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
Here 𝑃 = 𝑦𝑧,
𝑄 = 𝑥𝑧,
𝑅 = 𝑥𝑦
This form is called as Lagrange’s linear PDE
The auxiliary equations are:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦
Group I:
Taking the 1st set group:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ =
𝑦 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦𝑑𝑦
Integrating on both sides

⇒ ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑎
⇒ = +
2 2 2
⇒ 𝑥2 = 𝑦2 + 𝑎
⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝑎
Group II:
Taking the 2nd group:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ =
𝑧 𝑦
⇒ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑧𝑑𝑧
Integrating on both sides

⇒ ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧

𝑦2 𝑧2 𝑏
⇒ = +
2 2 2
⇒ 𝑦2 = 𝑧2 + 𝑏
⇒ 𝑦2 − 𝑧2 = 𝑏
 Therefore, the general solution is
𝜙(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0
⇒ 𝜙( 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 ) = 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑦2𝑧
10.Solve 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑞 = 𝑦 2
𝑥

Solution:
𝑦2𝑧
Given PDE is 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑞 = 𝑦 2 of the form 𝑃𝑞 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
𝑥
𝑦2𝑧
Here 𝑃 = ,
𝑥

𝑄 = 𝑥𝑧,
𝑅 = 𝑦2
This form is called as Lagrange’s linear PDE
The auxiliary equations are:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑥𝑧 𝑦 2
𝑥
Group I:
Taking the 1st set group:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑥𝑧
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 =
𝑦 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 =
𝑦 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
Integrating on both sides

⇒ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦

𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑎
⇒ = +
3 3 3
 ⇒ 𝑥3 = 𝑦3 + 𝑎
⇒ 𝑥3 − 𝑦3 = 𝑎
Group II:
Taking the 2nd group:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑦2𝑧 𝑦2
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑧 =
1
𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
⇒ =
𝑧 1
⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧𝑑𝑧
Integrating on both sides

⇒ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧

𝑥2 𝑧2 𝑏
⇒ = +
2 2 2
⇒ 𝑥2 = 𝑧2 + 𝑏
⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑧2 = 𝑏
Therefore, the general solution is
𝜙(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0
⇒ 𝜙( 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 , 𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 ) = 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11.Solve 𝑝𝑧 + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑥
Solution:
Given PDE is 𝑝𝑧 + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑥 of the form 𝑃𝑞 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
Here 𝑃 = 𝑧,
𝑄 = 𝑦,
𝑅= 𝑥
This form is called as Lagrange’s linear PDE
The auxiliary equations are:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
𝑧 𝑦 𝑥
Group I:
Taking the 1st set group:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑧 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Integrating on both sides

⇒ ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

𝑥2 𝑧2 𝑎
⇒ = +
2 2 2
⇒ 𝑥2 = 𝑧2 + 𝑎
⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑧2 = 𝑎

Group II:
Taking the 2nd group:
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑧+𝑦+𝑥 𝑦
𝑑(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦
⇒ =
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑦
Integrating on both sides
⇒ log(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = log 𝑦 + log 𝑏
⇒ log(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) − log 𝑦 = log 𝑏
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
⇒ log = log 𝑏
𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
⇒ =𝑏
𝑦
Therefore, the general solution is
𝜙(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
⇒ 𝜙 ( 𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑧 2, )=0
𝑦
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 12.Find the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
constants from 𝑧 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) (𝑦 2 + 𝑏 2 ).
Answer:
Given 𝑧 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) (𝑦 2 + 𝑏 2 ) ------------------ (1)
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to 𝑥 we get:
𝜕𝑧
= (2𝑥 + 0)(𝑦 2 + 𝑏 2 )
𝜕𝑥
⇒ 𝑝 = 2𝑥 × (𝑦 2 + 𝑏 2 )
𝑝
⇒ (𝑦 2 + 𝑏 2 ) = ------------------------ (2)
2𝑥

Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to 𝑦 we get:

𝜕𝑧
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) (2𝑥 + 0)
𝜕𝑦
⇒ 𝑞 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) × (2𝑦 + 0)
𝑞
⇒ (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) = ------------------------ (3)
2𝑦

Using (2) and (3) in equation (1), we get:

𝑝 𝑞
𝑧= ×
2𝑥 2𝑦
⇒ 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑝𝑞
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13.Find the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
function from 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ).
Answer:
Given 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
⇒ 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ------------------ (1)
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to 𝑥 we get:
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
− 𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) × (2𝑥 + 0 + 2𝑧 × )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
⇒ 𝑝 − 𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) × (2𝑥 + 2𝑧 𝑝) ------------------------ (2)
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to 𝑦 we get:
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
− 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) × (0 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 × )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
⇒ 𝑞 − 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) × (2𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑞) ------------------------ (3)
 Dividing equation (2) by equation (3), we get:
(2) 𝑝 − 𝑦 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) × (2𝑥 + 2𝑧 𝑝)
⇒ =
(3) 𝑞 − 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) × (2𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑞)
𝑝 − 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑝)
⇒ =
𝑞 − 𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑞)
𝑝−𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑝)
⇒ =
𝑞−𝑥 (𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑞)
⇒ (𝑝 − 𝑦) × (𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑞) = (𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑝) × (𝑞 − 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑝𝑞𝑧 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑞𝑦𝑧 = 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑝𝑞𝑧 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑝𝑥𝑧
⇒ 𝑝𝑦 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑞𝑦𝑧 = 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑝𝑥𝑧
⇒ 𝑝𝑦 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑞𝑦𝑧 − 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝑝𝑦 − 𝑞𝑥 + (𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞𝑦)𝑧 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14.Find the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
function from 𝑧 = 𝜙(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧).
Answer:
Given 𝑧 = 𝜙(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧)
⇒ 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ------------------ (1)
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to 𝑥 we get:
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑙×1+0+𝑛× = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) × (2𝑥 + 0 + 2𝑧 × )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
⇒ 𝑙 + 𝑛𝑝 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) × (2𝑥 + 2𝑧 𝑝) ------------------------ (2)
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to 𝑦 we get:
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
0+𝑚×1+𝑛× = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) × (0 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 × )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
⇒ 𝑚 + 𝑛𝑞 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) × (2𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑞) ------------------------ (3)
Dividing equation (2) by equation (3), we get:
(2) 𝑙 + 𝑛𝑝 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) × (2𝑥 + 2𝑧 𝑝)
⇒ =
(3) 𝑚 + 𝑛𝑞 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) × (2𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑞)
𝑙 + 𝑛𝑝 2 (𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑝)
⇒ =
𝑚 + 𝑛𝑞 2 (𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑞)
𝑙 + 𝑛𝑝 (𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑝)
⇒ =
𝑚 + 𝑛𝑞 (𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑞)
 ⇒ (𝑙 + 𝑛𝑝) × (𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑞) = (𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑝) × (𝑚 + 𝑛𝑞)
⇒ 𝑙𝑦 + 𝑙𝑞𝑧 + 𝑛𝑝𝑦 + 𝑛𝑝𝑞𝑧 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑞𝑥 + 𝑚𝑝𝑧 + 𝑛𝑝𝑞𝑧
⇒ 𝑙𝑦 + 𝑙𝑞𝑧 + 𝑛𝑝𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑞𝑥 + 𝑚𝑝𝑧
⇒ 𝑙𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥 + (𝑙𝑞 − 𝑚𝑝)𝑧 + (𝑝𝑦 − 𝑞𝑥)𝑛 = 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15.Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
function 𝑓 from 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡).
Answer:
Given 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡) ------------------ (1)
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to 𝑥 we get:
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) + 𝑔′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡) ------------------------ (2)
𝜕𝑥

Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to 𝑦 we get:

𝜕𝑧
= 𝑐 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) − 𝑐 𝑔′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡) ------------------------ (3)
𝜕𝑦

Differentiating equation (2) partially with respect to 𝑥,

𝜕2𝑧
2
= 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) + 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
𝜕𝑥
⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) + 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡) ------------------------ (4)
Differentiating equation (2) partially with respect to 𝑦,
𝜕2𝑧
= 𝑐 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) − 𝑐 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
⇒ 𝑠 = 𝑐 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) − 𝑐 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡) ------------------------ (5)
Differentiating equation (3) partially with respect to 𝑦,
𝜕2𝑧
2
= 𝑐 2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) + 𝑐 2 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
𝜕𝑦
⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑐 2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) + 𝑐 2 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡) ------------------------ (6)
Eliminating equation 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) & 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡) (2) from the equations (4), (5) and (6)
using determinants, we get:
𝑟 1 1
|𝑠 𝑐 −𝑐 | = 0
𝑡 𝑐2 𝑐2
⇒ 𝑟(𝑐 3 + 𝑐 3 ) − 𝑠(𝑐 2 − 𝑐 2 ) + 𝑡(−𝑐 − 𝑐) = 0
⇒ 2𝑐 3 𝑟 − 2𝑐𝑡 = 0
 ⇒ 𝑐2 𝑟 − 𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑐2 𝑟
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16.Solve 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 0
Solution:
Given PDE is 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 0 of the form 𝐹(𝑝, 𝑞) = 0,
Here 𝐹(𝑝, 𝑞) = 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝 + 𝑞
To find Complete Integral:
The complete integral is 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
with 𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0
⇒ 𝑏(𝑎 + 1) + 𝑎 = 0
𝑎
⇒𝑏=−
𝑎+1

Thus the complete integral of the given PDE is

𝑎
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 − ( ) 𝑦 + 𝑐 ----------------- (1)
𝑎+1

To find Singular Integral:

Differentiate equation (1) with respect to ‘𝑐’,
⇒0=1
Which is impossible, therefore there is no singular solution.
∴ put 𝑐 = 𝜙(𝑎)
𝑎
(1) ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 − ( ) 𝑦 + 𝜙(𝑎) ----------------- (2)
𝑎+1

To find General Integral:

Differentiate equation (2) with respect to ‘𝑎’,
𝑎+1−𝑎
0=𝑎−[ ] 𝑦 + 𝜙′(𝑎)
(𝑎 + 1)2
1
⇒ 0 = 𝑎 − [(𝑎+1)2 ] 𝑦 + 𝜙′(𝑎) ---------------- (3)

Eliminating ‘𝑎’ from the equations (2) and (3), we get a general integral of the given PDE.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 17.Solve 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
Solution:
Given PDE is 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 of the form 𝐹(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑥, 𝑦) = 0,
It can be written as:
𝑝2 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑞 2
Let 𝑎 = 𝑝2 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑞 2
⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑝2 − 𝑥 and 𝑎 = 𝑦 − 𝑞 2
⇒ 𝑝2 = 𝑎 + 𝑥 and 𝑞2 = 𝑦 − 𝑎
⇒ 𝑝 = √𝑎 + 𝑥 and 𝑞 = √𝑦 − 𝑎
To find Complete Integral:
The complete integral is obtained from
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑑𝑦
= √𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 + √𝑦 − 𝑎 𝑑𝑦

⇒ 𝑧 = ∫ √𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ √𝑦 − 𝑎 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
= (𝑥 + 𝑎)3/2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)3/2 + 𝑐
Thus the complete integral of the given PDE is
𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)3/2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)3/2 + 𝑐 ----------------- (1)
To find Singular Integral:
Differentiate equation (1) with respect to ‘𝑐’,
⇒0=1
Which is impossible, therefore there is no singular solution.
∴ put 𝑐 = 𝜙(𝑎)
(1) ⇒ 𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)3/2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)3/2 + 𝜙(𝑎) ----------------- (2)
To find General Integral:
Differentiate equation (2) with respect to ‘𝑎’,
3 3
0 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)1/2 − (𝑦 − 𝑎)1/2 + 𝜙′(𝑎)
2 2
3 3
⇒ 0 = √𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑦 − 𝑎 + 𝜙′(𝑎) ---------------- (3)
2 2

Eliminating ‘𝑎’ from the equations (2) and (3), we get a general integral of the given PDE.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18.Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2
Solution:
Given PDE is 𝑧 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 of the form 𝐹(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑧) = 0,

To find Complete Integral:

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑝= ; 𝑞=𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Substitute these two in the given PDE;
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2
⇒ 𝑧 = ( ) + (𝑎 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 2 2
𝑑𝑧 2
=( ) +𝑎 ( )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

2)
𝑑𝑧 2
= (1 + 𝑎 ( )
𝑑𝑢
𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2
⇒ =( )
1 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
⇒ =√
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑎2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢
⇒ =
√𝑧 √1 + 𝑎2
Integrating on both sides we get:
𝑢
2√𝑧 = +𝑐
√1 + 𝑎2
Replace the value of 𝑢 we get the complete integral of the given PDE
𝑥+𝑎𝑦
2√𝑧 = + 𝑐 ----------------- (1)
√1+𝑎2

To find Singular Integral:

Differentiate equation (1) with respect to ‘𝑐’,
⇒0=1
Which is impossible, therefore there is no singular solution.
∴ put 𝑐 = 𝜙(𝑎)
𝑥+𝑎𝑦
(1) ⇒ 2√𝑧 = + 𝜙(𝑎) ----------------- (2)
√1+𝑎2
 To find General Integral:
Differentiate equation (2) with respect to ‘𝑎’,
2𝑎
√1 + 𝑎2 × (0 + 1 × 𝑦) − (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) ×
0= 2√1 + 𝑎2 + 𝜙′(𝑎)
1 + 𝑎2
𝑦(1+𝑎2 )−𝑎(𝑥+𝑎𝑦)
⇒0= + 𝜙′(𝑎) ---------------- (3)
(1+𝑎2 )√1+𝑎2

Eliminating ‘𝑎’ from the equations (2) and (3), we get a general integral of the given PDE.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19.Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + √1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2
Solution:
Given PDE is 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + √1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 of the form 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞),
This form is called as Clairaut’s form
To find Complete Integral:
Put 𝑝 = 𝑎, 𝑞 = 𝑏 in the given PDE
we get the complete integral
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + √1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ----------------- (1)
To find Singular Integral:
Differentiate equation (1) with respect to ‘𝑎’,
2𝑎
⇒0=1×𝑥+0+
2√1+𝑎2 +𝑏2
𝑎
⇒𝑥=− ---------------- (i)
√1+𝑎2 +𝑏2

Differentiate equation (1) with respect to ‘𝑏’,

2𝑏
⇒0=0+1×𝑦+
2√1+𝑎2 +𝑏2
𝑏
⇒𝑦=− ------------------- (ii)
√1+𝑎2 +𝑏2

Consider
2 2
2 2
𝑎 𝑏
1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 − (− ) − (− )
√1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 √1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑎2 𝑏2
=1− −
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
=
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
 1
=
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
1
⇒ 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 =
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
1
⇒ √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 =
√1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

1
⇒ = √1 + 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2
√1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
1
⇒ √1 + 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 = − − − − − − − (iii)
√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑥
(i) ⇒ 𝑎 = −𝑥 √1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑎 = −
√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑦
(ii) ⇒ 𝑏 = −𝑦√1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ⇒𝑏=−
√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
Substitute the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 &√1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 in the complete integral (1)
𝑥 𝑦 1
(1) ⇒ 𝑧 = (− ) 𝑥 + (− )𝑦 +
√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑥2 𝑦2 1
= − − +
√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
−𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 1
=
√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
=
√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

⇒ 𝑧 = √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑧2 = 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 1
which is the required singular integral.
To find General Integral:
Substitute 𝑏 = 𝜙(𝑎) in equation (1)
(1) ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝜙(𝑎)𝑦 + √1 + 𝑎2 + 𝜙(𝑎)2 -------------- (2)
 Differentiate with respect to ‘𝑎’,

′ (𝑎)𝑦
2𝑎 + 2 𝜙(𝑎) 𝜙 ′ (𝑎)
0=𝑥+𝜙 +
2√1 + 𝑎2 + 𝜙(𝑎)2
𝑎+ 𝜙(𝑎) 𝜙′ (𝑎)
⇒ 0 = 𝑥 + 𝜙 ′ (𝑎)𝑦 + ---------------- (3)
√1+𝑎2 +𝜙(𝑎)2

Eliminating ‘𝑎’ from the equations (2) and (3), we get a general integral of the given PDE.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20.Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝2 𝑞 2
Solution:
Given PDE is 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝2 𝑞 2 of the form 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞),
This form is called as Clairaut’s form
To find Complete Integral:
Put 𝑝 = 𝑎, 𝑞 = 𝑏 in the given PDE
we get the complete integral
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2 ----------------- (1)
To find Singular Integral:
Differentiate equation (1) with respect to ‘𝑎’,
⇒ 0 = 1 × 𝑥 + 0 + 2𝑎𝑏 2
⇒ 𝑥 = −2 𝑎 𝑏 2 ---------------- (i)
Differentiate equation (1) with respect to ‘𝑏’,
⇒ 0 = 0 + 1 × 𝑦 + 2𝑎2 𝑏
⇒ 𝑦 = − 2𝑎2 𝑏 ------------------- (ii)
Consider
(i) 𝑥 −2𝑎𝑏 2
⇒ =
(ii) 𝑦 −2𝑎2 𝑏
𝑥 𝑏
⇒ =
𝑦 𝑎
𝑥 𝑦 1
⇒ = = (say)
𝑏 𝑎 𝑘
𝑥 1 𝑦 1
⇒ = and =
𝑏 𝑘 𝑎 𝑘
⇒ 𝑏 = 𝑥𝑘 and 𝑎 = 𝑦𝑘
∴ (i) ⇒ 𝑥 = −2𝑦𝑘 𝑥 2 𝑘 2 & (1) ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑘𝑥 + 𝑥𝑘𝑦 + (𝑦𝑘)2 (𝑥𝑘)2
 ⇒ 1 = −2𝑥𝑦𝑘 3 & 𝑧 = 2𝑘𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘 4
1
⇒ 𝑘3 = − & 𝑧 = 2𝑘𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘 3 𝑘
2𝑥𝑦
1
∴ 𝑧 = 2𝑘𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (− )𝑘
2𝑥𝑦
𝑘𝑥𝑦
= 2𝑘𝑥𝑦 −
2
3
= 𝑘𝑥𝑦
2
27 3 3 3
⇒ 𝑧3 = 𝑘 𝑥 𝑦
8
27 1
= (− ) 𝑥3 𝑦3
8 2𝑥𝑦
27 2 2
=− 𝑥 𝑦
16
⇒ 16 𝑧 3 = 27 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
which is the required singular integral.
To find General Integral:
Substitute 𝑏 = 𝜙(𝑎) in equation (1)
(1) ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝜙(𝑎)𝑦 + 𝑎2 𝜙(𝑎)2 -------------- (2)
Differentiate with respect to ‘𝑎’,
0 = 𝑥 + 𝜙 ′ (𝑎)𝑦 + 2𝑎2 𝜙(𝑎)2 + 2𝑎2 𝜙(𝑎)𝜙′(𝑎) ---------------- (3)
Eliminating ‘𝑎’ from the equations (2) and (3), we get a general integral
of the given PDE.
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