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Lecture 06

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imalshaamashan
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Fundamentals of Programming

COSC 11023 / COST 11023

Input / Output in C

Sachintha Pitigala
© 2023
Input/Output in C
● C has no built-in statements for input or output.

● A library of functions is supplied to perform these x

operations. The I/O library functions are listed the


“header” file <stdio.h>.

● You do not need to memorize them, just be familiar with


them.
2
Streams
● All input and output is performed with streams.

● A "stream" is a sequence of characters organized into lines.

● Each line consists of zero or more characters and ends with


the "newline" character.

● ANSI C standards specify that the system must support lines


that are at least 254 characters in length (including the newline
character).

3
Types of Streams
● Standard input stream is called "stdin" and is normally
connected to the keyboard

● Standard output stream is called "stdout" and is normally


connected to the display screen.

● Standard error stream is called "stderr" and is also


normally connected to the screen.
4
Formatted Output with printf
printf ( ) ;

● This function provides for formatted output to the screen. The


syntax is:
printf ( “format”, var1, var2, … ) ;

● The “format” includes a listing of the data types of the variables to be


output and, optionally, some text and control character(s).

● Example:
float a ; int b ;
printf ( “You entered %f and %d \n”, a, b ) ;
5
Formatted Output with printf
Format Conversion Specifiers:
d -- displays a decimal (base 10) integer
f -- displays a floating point value
lf -- displays a “long float” or double
c -- displays a single character
s -- displays a string of characters
e -- displays a floating point value in exponential notation
u -- displays an unsigned decimal integer.
x or X -- displays an unsigned hexadecimal integer.
p -- display pointer value (address)
6
Printing Literals and Escape Sequences
Printing Literals
● Most characters can be printed
● Certain "problem" characters, such as the quotation
mark "
● Must be represented by escape sequences
● Represented by a backslash \ followed by an escape
character
(please refer lecture 04 for additional information)

7
Input in C
scanf ( ) ;
● This function provides for formatted input from the keyboard. The syntax is:
scanf ( “format” , &var1, &var2, …) ;

● The “format” is a listing of the data types of the variables to be input and
the & in front of each variable name tells the system WHERE to store the
value that is input. It provides the address for the variable.

● Example:
float a; int b;
scanf (“%f%d”, &a, &b);
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Formatting Input with Scanf
● d -- Read an optionally signed decimal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to
integer.
● u -- Read an unsigned decimal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to unsigned
integer.
● x or X -- Read a hexadecimal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to unsigned
integer.
● f -- Read a floating-point value. The corresponding argument is a pointer to a floating-point
variable.
● lf -- Place before any of the floating-point conversion specifiers to indicate that a double or
long double value is to be input.
● c -- Read a character. The corresponding argument is a pointer to char, no null ('\0') is added.
● s -- Read a string. The corresponding argument is a pointer to an array of type char that is
large enough to hold the string and a terminating null ('\0') character—which is automatically
added.
● p -- Read an address of the same form produced when an address is output with %p in a
printf statement.

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