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Exam 1 S

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30 views6 pages

Exam 1 S

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292bpm
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Exam 1 Solutions

Problem 1. (10 points) Consider the transformation T : R3 → R3 such that


T (1, 0, 0) = (2, 1, 4), T (0, 1, 0) = (4, 3, 6), T (0, 0, 1) = (0, −1, 2).
1. Determine the null space of T .

2. If A is the plane formed by span({(2, 5, −3), (−1, −1, 1)}), write T (A) in para­
metric form.

Solution To determine the null space of T , we need to find all vectors v such that
T v = 0. This is equivalent to solving a system of equations. Note that the matrix
representation of T is ⎛ ⎞
2 4 0
⎝ 1 3 −1 ⎠ .
4 6 2
To solve the system, we row reduce the augmented matrix
⎛ ⎞
2 4 0 | 0
⎝ 1 3 −1 | 0 ⎠ .
4 6 2 | 0

This process gives


⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 2 0 | 0 1 0 2 | 0
⎝ 0 1 −1 | 0 ⎠ → ⎝ 0 1 −1 | 0 ⎠ .
0 2 −2 | 0 0 0 0 | 0

It follows that solutions are of the form v1 + 2v3 = 0 and v2 − v3 = 0. That is,

N (T ) = {v ∈ R3 | v = t(−2, 1, 1) for t ∈ R}.

Now, to find T (A) we need to determine span{T (2, 5, −3), T (−1, −1, 1)}. Matrix
multiplication immediately gives

T (2, 5, −3) = (24, 20, 32); T (−1, −1, 1) = (−6, −5, −8).

Notice that both of these vectors are multiples of (6, 5, 8). Thus, T (A) is a line
through the origin spanned by that vector. In parametric form we have

T (A) = {v ∈ R3 | v = t(6, 5, 8) for t ∈ R}.

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Problem 2. (10 points) Let

(sin t, − cos t) t ∈ [0, π]
F (t) =
(sin t, cos t + 2) t ∈ (π, 2π]

1. Find F  (π), if it is well defined.

2. Find F  (π), if it is well defined.

3. Determine κ(t) everywhere it is defined.

Solution Away from t = 0, π, 2π F has first and second derivatives in t. Notice


that 
 (cos t, sin t) t ∈ (0, π)
F (t) =
(cos t, − sin t) t ∈ (π, 2π)
and 
 (− sin t, cos t) t ∈ (0, π)
F (t) = .
(− sin t, − cos t) t ∈ (π, 2π)
I want to highlight here that many of you wrote something like what was above but
with closed brackets. Remember the derivative definition requires a left and right
hand limit!
Now,

lim F  (t) = (cos π, − sin π) = (−1, 0) = (cos π, sin π) = lim− F  (t).


t→π + t→π

Thus, F  (π) = (−1, 0). Also,

lim F  (t) = (− sin π, − cos π) = (0, 1) =


 (0, −1) = (− sin π, cos π) = lim− F  (t).
t→π + t→π

Therefore, F  is not defined at t = π.


The final part of this problem can be easily solved if you notice that F is carving
out two portions of two different circles of radius equal to one. Thus κ(t) = 1
everywhere it is defined.

Problem 3: (10 points) Let f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 . Prove f is differentiable at


(1, 1, 1) with linear transformation T (x, y, z) = 2x + 2y + 2z.

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Solution To prove f is differentiable with total derivative T as described we need
to show
f (v + (1, 1, 1)) − f (1, 1, 1) − T (v)
lim = 0.
||v||→0 ||v||
Now observe that

f (v+(1, 1, 1))−f (1, 1, 1)−T (v) = (v1 +1)2 +(v2 +1)2 +(v3 +1)2 −3−2v1 −2v2 −2v3 = v12 +v22 +v32 .

Thus
f (v + (1, 1, 1)) − f (1, 1, 1) − T (v) ||v||2
lim = lim = lim ||v|| = 0.
||v||→0 ||v|| ||v||→0 |v|| ||v||→0

It follows that f is differentiable at (1, 1, 1) with the total derivative as described.

Problem 4. (15 points) Consider the set L(R3 , R2 ) of all linear maps L from R3 to
R2 and define addition of L, K ∈ L(R3 , R2 ) the following way:

(L + K)(v) = L(v) + K(v) (v ∈ R3 )

Define multiplication by a constant c as:

(cL)(v) = c(L(v)) (v ∈ R3 )

1. Are the linear maps L(x, y, z) = (x, 0), K(x, y, z) = (y, 0), N (x, y, z) = (x, y)
linearly independent? Prove it either way.

2. Find a basis for L(R3 , R2 ).

3. What is the dimension of L(R3 , R2 )?

Solution

1. The given maps are linearly independent. Here is why. Suppose c1 L + c2 K +


c3 N = 0 where here 0 is the zero transformation. That is, 0(x, y, z) = (0, 0) for
all (x, y, z) ∈ R3 . Then (c1 L+c2 K +c3 N )(x, y, z) = (c1 x+c2 y +c3 x, c3 y). This
implies c3 = 0 and thus c1 x + c2 y = 0 for all x, y, ∈ R. Therefore, c1 = c2 = 0
as well. Thus, the only linear combination of the three maps that gives the
zero map has all coefficients equal to zero.

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2. A good basis can be given by the 6 functions L11 (x, y, z) = (x, 0), L21 (x, y, z) =
(0, x), L12 (x, y, z) = (y, 0), L22 (x, y, z) = (0, y), L13 (x, y, z) = (z, 0) and L23 (x, y, z) =
(0, z).

To check that these maps are linearly independent suppose, that:


α11 L11 + α12 L21 + α21 L12 + α22 L22 + α31 L13 + α32 L23 = 0
for some numbers αij (1 ≤ i ≤ 3, 1 ≤ j ≤ 2). We would like to prove that all
αij ’s are equal to 0. Remember, that 0 in this vector space was the function
defined as 0(x, y, z) = (0, 0). Then the above equation translates to
(α11 L11 +α12 L21 +α21 L12 +α22 L22 +α31 L13 +α32 L32 )(x, y, z) = (α11 x+α21 y+α31 z, α12 x+α22 y+α32 z) = (0, 0)
for every (x, y, z) ∈ R3 . Substituting (x, y, z) = (1, 0, 0) to the above equation
gives:
(α11 , α12 ) = (0, 0)
which means that α11 = α21 = 0. Similarly substituting (x, y, z) = (0, 1, 0) gives
α21 = α22 = 0, finally (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 1) gives α31 = α32 = 0. This proves that
the linear maps Lji (1 ≤ i ≤ 3, 1 ≤ j ≤ 2) were linearly independent.

To see that the maps Lji (1 ≤ i ≤ 3, 1 ≤ j ≤ 2) also generate the vector


space of linear maps take an arbitrary linear map K : R3 → R2 . Let us denote
the projections from R2 → R1 to the first coordinate by π1 and to the second
coordinate by π2 . Thus π1 (x, y) = x and π2 (x, y) = y. Now K (x, y, z) ∈ R2 ,
thus the terms π1 (K(x, y, z)) ∈ R and π2 (K(x, y, z)) ∈ R are the first and
second coordinates of K(x, y, z), respectively. Consider the linear function:
L = π1 (K(1, 0, 0))L11 + π2 (K(1, 0, 0))L21 +
+ π1 (K(0, 1, 0))L12 + π2 (K(0, 1, 0))L22 +
+ π1 (K(0, 0, 1))L13 + π2 (K(0, 0, 1))L23
then

L(x, y, z) = π1 (K(1, 0, 0))L11 + π2 (K(1, 0, 0))L21 +
+ π1 (K(0, 1, 0))L12 + π2 (K(0, 1, 0))L22 +

+ π1 (K(0, 0, 1))L13 + π2 (K(0, 0, 1))L32 (x, y, z)
= (π1 (K(1, 0, 0)x + K(0, 1, 0)y + K(0, 0, 1)z),
π2 (K(1, 0, 0)x + K(0, 1, 0)y + K(0, 0, 1)z))
= (π1 (K(x, y, z)), π2 (K(x, y, z))) = K(x, y, z).

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Thus we could express any linear map K in terms of Lji (1 ≤ i ≤ 3, 1 ≤ j ≤ 2).
So they indeed span the space.

3. There is a 6 element basis, thus the dimension is 6.

Problem 5. (15 points) Consider the function f : R2 → R that satisfies the follow­
ing conditions:

1. For all fixed x0 ∈ R the function fx0 = f (x0 , y) : R → R is continuous and;

2. For all fixed y0 ∈ R the function f y0 = f (x, y0 ) : R → R is continuous and;

3. For all fixed x0 ∈ R the function fx0 is monotonically increasing in y, i.e. if


y > y  then, f (x0 , y) > f (x0 , y  ).

Prove f is continuous.

Solution This solution will appear later. You’ll have another chance to work on it.

5
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

18.024 Multivariable Calculus with Theory


Spring 2011

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