STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM (SGS) deals with the maintenance of university, college,
faculty, student information within the university. SGS is an automation system, which is used to
store the college, faculty, student, courses and information of a college.

Starting from registration of a new student in the college, it maintains all the details regarding the
attendance and marks of the students. The project deals with retrieval of information through an
INTRANET based campus wide portal. It collects related information from all the departments
of an organization and maintains files, which are used to generate reports in various forms to
measure individual and overall performance of the students.

Development process of the system starts with System analysis. System analysis involves
creating a formal model of the problem to be solved by understanding requirements.

Dept of AI&DS 1|Page

STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Grades are standardized measurements of varying levels of comprehension within a subject area.
Grades can be assigned in letters (for example, A, B, C, D, E, or F), as a range (for example 4.0–
1.0), as descriptors (excellent, great, satisfactory, needs improvement), in percentages, or, as is
common in some post-secondary institutions in some countries, as a Grade Point Average
(GPA). GPA is calculated by taking the number of grade points a student earned in a given
period of time divided by the total number of credits taken. The GPA can be used by potential
employers or further post-secondary institutions to assess and compare applicants. A Cumulative
Grade Point Average is a calculation of the average of all of a student's grades for all semesters
and courses completed up to a given academic term, whereas the GPA may only refer to one
term.

MOTIVATION

System metric and student show that result and mark All-to-often grades are used inappropriately
as a manipulative tool to get students to class.

OBJECTIVE

This is a web-based database application for a university where students and instructors will be
able to use the system to perform their related operations like checking and assigning of grades
respectively. It is a role based access system where every user login is authenticated by means of
a user name and password with which he/she will be able to login to his/her respective pages and
use the system as required.

Dept of AI&DS 2|Page

STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

PURPOSE OF THE SYSTEM

STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM (SGS) deals with the maintenance of university, college,
faculties, student information within the university. This project of SGS involved the automation
of student information that can be implemented in different college managements

The project deals with retrieval of information through an INTRANET based campus wide
portal. It collects related information from all the departments of an organization and maintains
files, which are used to generate reports in various forms to measure individual and overall
performance of the students.

EXISTING SYSTEM

The system starts with registration of new staff and students. When the subjects are to be
allocated to the faculty, the Head of the Department should enter everything in the Excel sheets.
Then the staff enters corresponding subject’s attendance and marks of a student then those must
also be entered in the Excel sheets and validations are to be done by the user itself. So there will
be a lot of work to be done and must be more conscious during the entrance of details. So, more
risk is involved.

PROBLEMS IN THE EXISTING SYSTEM:

Storing and accessing the data in the form of Excel sheets and account books is a tedious work. It
requires a lot of laborious work. It may often yield undesired results. Maintaining these records
as piles may turn out to be a costlier task than any other of the colleges and institutions

RISKS INVOLVED IN EXISTING SYSTEM:

✓ Present System is time-consuming and also results in lack of getting inefficient results.

✓ Some of the risks involved in the present system are During the entrance of marks and
attendance, if any mistake is done at a point, then this becomes cumulative and leads to
adverse consequences

✓ If there is any need to retrieve results it may seem to be difficult to search.

Dept of AI&DS 3|Page

STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

PROPOSED SYSTEM

STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM (SGS) makes management to get the most updated
information always by avoiding manual accounting process. This system has the following
functional divisions.

✓ University Administrator

✓ College Administrator

✓ User (Students / Faculties).

College Administrator has the rights of creating department, allocating courses to departments,
creating faculties, students and allocating subjects to faculties and modifications in the data
entered by the user can also be done by the college administrator.

User of this may be faculty or students. Faculty has the facility of entering the marks and
attendance of the students. Students can check their marks and attendance but there is no chance
of modifications.

Reports must be generated for the existing data i.e. for attendance and marks of the students,
which are used to assess the performance of the students. These reports should be viewed by the
in charge and user.

Dept of AI&DS 4|Page

STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

LITERARY SURVEY

Most colleges and universities and some private schools offer a pass/fail grading system for at
least some of their courses. In some institutions, pass/fail is the only option for some or all of
their courses.

Student grading system is different from the traditional five-interval grading system that gives
students A, B, C, D or F grades to give them an idea of their academic standing and progress
This system of a clear boundary between making the grade or falling short has benefits for
students individually as well as collectively.

TYPES OF GRADING

Mastery Grading
Grading Scale
Letter Grades

PERSONAL BENEFITS

Students work hard to attain their grades without worrying about competition. In the case of
younger students, this also builds self-esteem and confidence, as the grade does not compare
with other students --- it is simply a statement of their own merit and skill. In the tiered system of
grades, there is competition, and students might suffer from inferiority complexes if their grades
are lower than those of their peers. In the case of older students in professional courses, it helps
in the same way: the focus turns to achieving your own personal best.

FEATURES

Central database: Collect and report all of your school's student and staff information.

School customizable: Customize the program to meet your school's data collection and
reporting needs.

User customizable: Each user can customize the program for their specific job responsibilities.

Dept of AI&DS 5|Page

STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

Search and analyze: Search and report based on any information in the database. Break down
the student body by race, gender, age, etc.

Batch entry: Quickly and easily enter information into the records of all or a group of students.
Report writer: Comprehensive report writer lets you create any type of report, letter, label,
sophisticated report, or other document.

Customize reports: Customize any report you need to meet your exact needs.

Data merge: Print mailing labels merging any student information; save your secretary hours of
labor.

Export Easily: Export student data to other programs.

Flexible security: You choose the level of security appropriate for your school.

E-Mail Tools: E-mail any document, letter or report you create in Administrator's Plus using our
e-mail module.

Multi-language reports: The report writer supports multiple languages for many reports.

While grade scales in the U.S. are fairly standard, debates and questions about grading continue
today. There are similar questions about variability, because grading can be a subjective process,
as well as more philosophical questions about the relationship of grades to learning. Finally, even
the grade scale itself is not exactly the same at all schools.

Universities have always evaluated students, but the modern grading system did not always exist.
In fact, in the 18th century, there was no standardized means of evaluating students, and certainly
no means by which student performance at one institution could be easily compared with student
performance somewhere else. One of the first instances of an attempt to evaluate students
systematically .

GPA will be used to measure the academic standing of a student. The Current GPA is calculated
based on the graded modules taken in that semester. Please refer to the following illustration on
the computation.

The method of computing the Current Grade Point Average (Current GPA) for six modules with

Dept of AI&DS 6|Page

STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

one non-graded module, in a particular semester is as shown below:

Sum of ( Credit Units x Grade Points)

Current GPA =
Total current semester credit units (graded modules)

Credit (Credit Unit

Module Grade Grade Point
Unit x Grade Point)
Module A 4 AD 4.0 16
Module B 5 A 4.0 20
Module C 5 B 3.0 15
Module D 4 C+ 2.5 10
Module E 2 F 0.0 0
Module F 3 PX - -
Total credit units enrolled 23

Less credit units of non-graded module

3
(Module F)
Total
61
Total credit units earned
20
for the semester

Sum of ( Credit Units x Grade Points) Current

GPA =
Total current semester credit units (graded modules) 16 +
20 + 15 + 10 + 0
=
4 + 5 + 5 + 4+ 2

61
=
20

= 3.05

This system can be represented in a table, as follows:

Dept of AI&DS 7|Page

STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

Average
Grade Definition
percentage

S 100% Honor & Excellent

A 90% A particularly outstanding achievement
B 80% An achievement that surpasses the average standard
C 70% An achievement that fulfills the average standard
D 60%
E 50%

Fail - considerable further work is required.

F Indescribably bad performance, total absence or failure to take any exams or do any
work.

Equivalency to other grade systems

ECTS SCALE U.S. Grade equivalents Swiss Grade equivalent German Grade equivalent
A A 6 1.0-1.2
B A-/B+ 5.5 1.3-1.5
C B 5 1.6-2.5
D C+ 4.5 2.6-3.5
E C 4 3.6-4.0
FX F 3.5 4.1
F F 3

INPUT AND OUTPUT

The major inputs and outputs and major functions of the system are follows:

INPUTS:

✓ University Administrator enter his user id and password for login to authenticate in this
system

✓ University Administrator creates the college.

✓ While registration Colleges can able to provide their information like

✓ College id
Dept of AI&DS 8|Page
STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

✓ College name

✓ Address Information of college

✓ Password for the college

✓ Administrator can create the various college details in this website.

✓ Registered colleges and staff need to submit their log in information for change their
password.

✓ For searching College details guest need to choose the colleges or search college option
for user interface.

✓ For searching a college a guest can choose search college option.

✓ For upload their details’ a college must login to their profile

✓ For display they have to view the reports.

OUTPUTS:

✓ Administrator can have his own home page. Colleges ans staff and student have their
own home page after completion of the authentication process.

✓ Admin get all colleges and staff and course details.

✓ The registered user’s data can be stored in centralized database through the system user
interface.

✓ Various types of information can be displayed to the users like colleges, courses and
course subjects etc

✓ After successful submission of log in information users can got their new password.

✓ Profile can be update by the users individually.

MODULES

Dept of AI&DS 9|Page

STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

The online test created for taking online test has following stages

o Administrator Login

o User Login

o SMS Setting ( WEB interfce)

ADMINISTRATOR

✓ Enter student grade for a course

✓ Update student grade for a course

✓ Search for student record (based on student ID or student name)

✓ Run reports to calculate class performance

✓ Run reports to enquire grades for any student in the class

LOGIN:-

There is a quality login window because this is more secure than other login forms as in a
normal login window there are multiple logins available so that more than one person can access
to test with there individual login. But in this project there is only one login id i.e. administrator
id and password by which a person enter the site. Hence it is more secure and reliable than
previously used on-line test simulators.

STUDENT

✓ View all the courses taken for that particular period

✓ Check grade in the courses

✓ Get transcript (entire grade history)

✓ Compare his/her performance with the class

Login Management: The initial login screen for Online Grading System

User Management: Create/Edit a user account

Dept of AI&DS 10 | P a g e
STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

Report: Allows either a student or the administrator to run reports.

PROCESS MODEL USED WITH JUSTIFICATION

ACCESS CONTROL FOR DATA WHICH REQUIRE USER AUTHENTICAION

The following commands specify access control identifiers and they are typically used to
authorize and authenticate the user (command codes are shown in parentheses)

USER NAME (USER)

The user identification is that which is required by the server for access to its file system. This
command will normally be the first command transmitted by the user after the control
connections are made (some servers may require this).

PASSWORD (PASS)

This command must be immediately preceded by the user name command, and, for some sites,
completes the user's identification for access control. Since password information is quite
sensitive, it is desirable in general to "mask" it or suppress type out..

This application must be able to produce output at different modules for different inputs.
SGS (STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM) makes management to get the most updated
information always by avoiding manual accounting process.

• University Administrator

• College Administrator

• User (Students / Faculties)

• Reports

• Authentication

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Dept of AI&DS 11 | P a g e
STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

Data flow Diagram

Level 0

USER LOGIN DATA BASE

User registrati on View the info about Admin

Grade
Update

View MArk / delete view comp info &

EXAM offers

Admin
Retrieve Mark Reports Retrieve
Mark info & Mark offers

Database

Figure : 1

USER REGISTRATION
LEVEL 1

Dept of AI&DS 12 | P a g e
STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

User

Homepag
e

Exam Search Registration

Form

Checks
For

Valid
NO User

YES

Message
Error Page

Figure: 2

Dept of AI&DS 13 | P a g e
STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

USER

LOGIN
Go Through Login Page

Authentication
processing

YES
NO

Failed Registration accepted

Clear Diagram
Figure : 3

Fig :USER LOGIN MAIN PAGE

Dept of AI&DS 14 | P a g e
STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

Fig:Student Records Page

Fig:Students Grade Section Page

Dept of AI&DS 15 | P a g e
STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

 SYSTEM : Pentium III 700 MHz

 HARDDISK : 40 GB

 MONITOR : 15 VGA Colour

 MOUSE : Logitech

 RAM :128MB

 KEYBOARD : 110 Keys enhanced

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Operating system : Windows XP Professional

 Front End : PHP

 Coding Language : PHP, HTML, Java Script

 Back End : MYSQL

Dept of AI&DS 16 | P a g e
STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

CONCLUSION

✓ Concluding a student grading system project for a Database Management System

(DBMS) involves summarizing the key aspects and outcomes of the project. Here’s how
you could structure the conclusion:
✓
✓ 1. **Summary of Project Objectives**: Begin by restating the objectives of the project.
Mention what the primary goals were, such as designing a system to manage student
grades efficiently and securely.
✓
✓ 2. **Description of Implementation**: Provide a brief overview of how the system was
implemented. Highlight key components such as the database schema, tables designed,
relationships established, and any specific features implemented (like user
authentication or result calculation algorithms).
✓
✓ 3. **Functionality and Features**: Discuss the functionality and features of the system.
Include details about what the system allows users to do (e.g., entering grades, viewing
reports, generating transcripts) and how it facilitates these tasks effectively.
✓
✓ 4. **User Interface and Experience**: Evaluate the user interface and experience.
Discuss how user-friendly the system is, any challenges faced during the design or
implementation of the UI, and any feedback received from potential users or testers.
✓
✓ 5. **Security Measures**: Briefly mention the security measures implemented to
protect student data and ensure the integrity of the system. This could include access
control, encryption of sensitive data, or measures against SQL injection.
✓
✓ 6. **Performance and Scalability**: Evaluate the performance of the system under
expected loads and discuss its scalability. Mention any optimizations made to improve
performance, such as indexing or query tuning.
✓
✓ 7. **Challenges Faced**: Reflect on the challenges encountered during the project.
This could include technical challenges (like database design complexities) or project
management issues (such as timeline constraints or resource limitations).
✓
✓ 8. **Lessons Learned**: Share any lessons learned from completing the project. This
could be related to technical skills gained, insights into database management, or
improvements in project planning and execution.
✓
✓ 9. **Future Enhancements**: Discuss potential future enhancements or features that
could be added to improve the system. This might include integrating with other
systems, adding analytics capabilities, or enhancing reporting functionalities.
✓ 10. **Conclusion**: Summarize the overall success of the project. Highlight
achievements such as meeting project objectives, delivering a functional system, and
potentially benefiting future users (such as school administrators, teachers, or
students).
✓
✓ 11. **Acknowledgments**: Optionally, acknowledge any individuals or groups who
contributed to the project’s success, such as project advisors, team members, or
external contributors.
✓
✓ 12. **Final Thoughts**: End with any final thoughts or reflections on the experience of
working on the project and its relevance to your academic or professional goals.
✓
Dept of AI&DS 17 | P a g e
STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

✓ By structuring your conclusion in this way, you provide a comprehensive overview of

your DBMS project, highlighting its strengths, areas for improvement, and the overall
impact of your work.

REFERENCES

✓ Maxey, E.J., & Ormsby, V.J. (1971). The accuracy of self-report information collected on
the ACT Test Battery: High school grades and items of nonacademic achievement (ACT
Research Report No. 45). Iowa City: The American College Testing Program.

✓ Sawyer, R., Laing, J., & Houston, M. (1988). Accuracy of self-reported high school
courses and grades of college-bound students (ACT Research Report 88-1). Iowa City:
The American College Testing Program.

✓ Schiel, J. & Noble, J. (1991). Accuracy of self-reported coursework and grade

information of high school sophomores (ACT Research Report 91-6). Iowa City: The
American College Testing Program.

✓ Woodruff, D.J., & Ziomek, R.L. (2004). High school grade inflation from 1991 to 2003
(ACT Research Report 04-4). Iowa City: The American College Testing Program

Dept of AI&DS 18 | P a g e
STUDENT GRADING SYSTEM

Dept of AI&DS 19 | P a g e