Page : 1 of 71

KLM Technology
Group
Rev: 01
Practical Engineering Engineering Solutions
Guidelines for Processing
Plant Solutions
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com

KLM Technology Group Co Author:

P. O. Box 281 Kolmetz Handbook
Bandar Johor Bahru, Rev 01 Aprilia Jaya
80000 Johor Bahru, Of Process Equipment Design
Johor, West Malaysia
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE Author / Edidtor
SELECTION, SIZING AND
Karl Kolmetz
TROUBLESHOOTING

(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION 4

Scope 4

General Design Consideration 5

DEFINITION 20

NOMENCLATURE 23

THEORY OF THE DESIGN 25

Material and Energy Balance 25

Burners 27

Firebox 30
 Page 2 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Exchangers 36

Steam System 38

Steam Drum Blowdown 39

Stack Section 41

Furnace Efficiency 44

Furnace Firing 46

Coils Damage 48

Preoperational, Startup and Shutdown of Furnaces 54

APPLICATION 59

Application: Design of olefin furnace 59

REFEREENCE 63

CALCULATION SPREADSHEET 64

Design of Olefin Furnace.xls 64

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Typical Residence Times Yields for Light Naphtha 11

Table 2: The different of coils type 18

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 3 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1: Global consumption of ethylene and propylene. 5

Figure 2: Process cracking 7

Figure 3: Olefin furnace layout 9

Figure 4: Typical end view single pass 14

Figure 5: Typical end view two pass 15

Figure 6: W Sweep Bend coil configuration 16

Figure 7: Hybrid coil configuration 17

Figure 8: Side wall burners 29

Figure 9: Floor burner 30

Figure 10: Max. metal temperature vs coil length 34

Figure 11: Flame pattern constrain firebox shape 35

Figure 12: Quencher 37

Figure 13: Relation of stack loss and stack temperature with excess air in fuel gas 42

Figure 14: Relation of stack loss and stack temperature with excess air in fuel gas 43

Figure 15: effect of excess air on overall efficiency of platform heater 46

Figure 16: Coke formation mechanism 49

Figure 17: Carburization damage 59

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 4 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

INTRODUCTION

Scope

This guideline provides a review of an ethylene / olefin furnace. With the existence this
design guideline can give a way to engineers to understand basic design of olefin furnace
with suitable size, material and heat of combustion. Furthermore, it also helps them to do
the sizing of the olefin furnace by engineering calculations.

The choice of furnace and distributor design is crucial to give the best performance of
furnace. For good performance of furnace is influenced by the maximum the heat
absorbed and capacity of burner. In this section will calculate the burner, radiant,
convection and stack design. Also tube in each section and efficiency of furnace..

The design of olefin furnace may be influenced by factors, including process

requirements, economics and safety. In this section, there are tables that assist in making
these factored calculations from the vary reference sources. All the important parameters
use in the guideline are explained in the definition section which help the reader more
understand the meaning of the parameters or the term used.

The theory section explained about section of the olefin furnace and how to calculate
sizing and selecting the furnace. This guideline helps the reader to understand about
combustion concept. The combustion is important thing in the furnace because it is a
process basic needed in the olefin furnace. Besides that, material and heat balance is
also important to knowing in the olefin furnace.

The application of the olefin furnace theory with the example will make the engineer
easier to study for the olefin furnace and the ready to perform the actual design of the
olefin furnace.

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 5 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

General Design Consideration

Olefin manufacturing is the third largest petrochemical industries after ammonia

manufacturing and petroleum refining. Annual global production of ethylene is about 120
million tons with a continuous annual increase of some 4 - 5 %. Ethylene and propylene
have no end use, they are building blocks for a large variety of chemicals and
petrochemical products.

120
Ethylene
Propylene
100

80

106 t/yr
60

40

20

0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Figure 1: Global consumption of ethylene and propylene.

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 6 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Olefins are produced by steam cracking of large hydrocarbon molecules to form a

complex mixture rich in ethylene and other olefin gases, called pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is a
gas-phase reaction at very high temperature. As the reaction is highly endothermic and
requires high temperature, it is carried out in tubular coils within a fired furnace. A
hydrocarbon mixture is heated in metal tubes inside a furnace in the presence of steam to
a temperature at which the hydrocarbon molecules thermally decomposes

The cracking reactions are divided into primary and secondary reactions. Primary
reactions involve the breaking down of large molecules of high hydrocarbon feedstock to
form free radicals, then recombine to form new molecules (olefins: ethylene, propylene,
and butadiene). This process is depending on the reaction temperature, time and
predominantly on the highest reaction temperature or the coil outlet temperature.

Then process is followed by secondary reactions in which the olefins combine to form
larger molecules and hydrogen. The cracked effluent should be cool quickly to prevent
undesirable secondary reactions from taking place. Typical furnace cracking coil reaction
time is 0.15 – 0.2 second and quenching is started within 0.01 second after leaving the
reaction zone. The combine in secondary reaction is affected by the partial pressure of
hydrocarbon. Partial pressure can be thought of as a combination of the steam ratio and
the total reaction pressure.

Lowering steam ratio or increasing the coil outlet pressure reduces the ethylene yield but
propylene is not affected. Thus the main control on product yield distribution is by varying
the coil outlet temperature. The secondary reactions become more significant with the
higher temperature and olefin partial pressure. Besides degrading the desirable olefin
products, the secondary products can also lead the production of coke. Figure 2 is
described the process reactions.

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 7 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Initation K1
C2H6 CH3* + CH3*
Hydrogen abstraction K2
CH3* + C2H6 CH4 + C2H5*
K3
H* + C2H6 H2 + C2H5*

Radical decomposition
K4
C2H5* C2H4 + H*

Termination
K5
H* + H* H2
K5
H* + CH3* CH4
K5
H* + C2H5* C2H6
K5
C2H5 + CH3* C3H8
K5
C2H5* + C2H5* C4H10

Figure 2: Process cracking

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 8 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

An industrial pyrolysis furnace is a complicated piece of equipment that functions as both

a reactor and high-pressure steam generator. Pyrolysis furnace section consists of four
furnaces for cracking fresh and recycles feed. Each furnace has two independently fed
and controlled radiant boxes which share a common convection section. Burners are
arranged on the walls and on the floor of the firebox for indirect firing. The firing is by gas
fuels only.

This section is called the radiant section because the radiant heat is recovered. The draft
for the furnace is provided by an induced draft fan located on each furnace. The pyrolysis
reactions proceeds in tubular coils made of Cr/Ni alloys. These coils are hung vertically in
a firebox. Depending of furnace design, there may be between 16-128 coils per firebox.

At the end of the pyrolysis, the reaction needs to be quenched rapidly to avoid further
decomposition of the desired olefins. This is achieved by either indirect cooling using a
quench exchanger or direct cooling by injecting quench oil into the gas effluent. Each
furnace system is fitted with cracking effluent quench exchangers for heat recovery in the
form of super high pressure (SHP) steam.

Each furnace has four modules of selective linear exchangers (SLE), and each module
containing 16 SLE’s. The process streams from each SLE module are collected in a
collection header. The cracked effluent is collected from all the collection headers, and is
then sent downstream to quench oil tower.

A steam drum is associated with furnace, mounted at a sufficient elevation above the
selective linear exchanger (SLE) to provide boiler feedwater circulation on the shell side
of the exchanger by thermosyphon action.

The heat carried by the flue gas is recovered at the convection section of the furnace.
This section consists of a series of “tube banks” where the heat is recovered for
hydrocarbon preheat, a boiler feedwater economizer, hydrocarbon plus dilution steam
which is staged in two banks, super high pressure steam superheating, and dilution
steam superheating.

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 9 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Naphtha Naphtha
Steam Steam
Effluent Effluent

Quench
Quench
cooler
cooler

Burners Burners

Fuel gas

Figure 3: Olefin furnace layout

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 10 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

The process flow through the convection section, radiant coils and associated SLE’s has
two independently controlled, segregated flow paths or zones. The selected vapor or
liquid hydrocarbon feed flow is controlled by a separate flow control valve for each flow
path. Each selected flow path has an associated radiant box zone and the fuel gas firing
for each radiant box zone is independently controlled. Thus through the distinct process
flow paths and controls incorporated into the furnace.

Hydrocarbon feed selected from either the liquid or vapor feed header enters the selected
furnace zone which is controlled by parallel control valves flow through the hydrocarbon
preheat bank in the furnace convection section, then split into 3 phases. Each zone feed
has a distinct and independent source of superheated dilution steam.

For liquid feeds, this bank preheats the feed to a temperature where it can be completely
vaporized when mixed with the superheated dilution steam. While vapor feeds, the
preheat bank provides sensible heat duty to the feed before being mixed with the
superheated dilution steam. Three passes from the hydrocarbon preheat bank on each
end of furnace are combined and routed to a mixing tee.

Each furnace has two hydrocarbon/dilution steam mixing tees, one on each end of the
convection section for each zone feed to ensure complete hydrocarbon vaporization by
thoroughly mixing the hydrocarbon zone feed with superheated dilution steam.

The hydrocarbon/dilution steam from each mixing tee is then split into three passes to the
first of two hydrocarbon/steam banks, once again maintaining the distinct feed zones. The
six hydrocarbon/steam passes, three passes on each side of the convection section for
each feed zone, are combined in two mixing headers, one mixing header per feed zone.
The hydrocarbon/steam mixture is then split into 4 passes, two passes from each mixing
header for each feed zone, and is further routed into the second hydrocarbon/steam bank
located just below the dilution steam bank. The hydrocarbon/steam banks heat the
hydrocarbon/dilution steam mixture to a temperature just below that where cracking
begins.

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 11 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

The two passes of the second hydrocarbon/steam bank are combined on each end of the
convection box and routed to a mixing fitting, maintaining the separate zone feeds. The
mixing fitting provides complete mixing of the hydrocarbon/steam ensuring a uniform
mixture temperature entering the radiant section of the furnace.

Hydrocarbon/steam from each feed zone exiting the mixing fitting is split into two lines,
each line feeding two radiant coil distribution manifolds. Each of the eight distribution
manifolds (four on each side of the convection section) feed eight radiant coils via critical
flow venturies in each radiant coil inlet. As long as the absolute pressure ratio is
maintained at 0.85 or less across the venturi nozzle, constant flow to each radiant coil is
ensured, regardless of downstream pressure changes.

A pyrolysis furnace should be moved in the direction of short residence time, low
hydrocarbon pressures and high temperatures for optimum production of ethylene from
any feedstock. The process chemistry review reveals at least three design requirements:

1. Low Pressure. Any time the moles of products are larger than the moles of reactants
the equilibrium favors low pressures. Modern furnaces operate under low pressure
of 175-240 kPa. The required compressor horsepower becomes very large to
achieve lower coil outlet pressure,.
2. Low Hydrogen Partial Pressures. To reduce the unwanted hydrogenation reaction,
lower hydrogen partial pressures would produce more of the desired products.
3. Short Residence Time. To reduce the unwanted condensation reaction, shorter
residence times would produce more of the desired products. In order to reduce the
residence time, engineers have designed radiant tubes of smaller diameters, better
metallurgy and burners that are more efficient. Modern cracking furnaces operate in
residence time range between 0.08-0.25 s. Tube diameter has reduced to the range
of 25.4 – 101.6 mm (1-4 in).
4. Inert. Dilution steam is an inert that premixed with hydrocarbon feed before feeding
to the pyrolysis coils. Dilution steam was added then forth to reduce coking and
carburization. Also to lower the hydrocarbon partial pressures. The mass ratio of
steam to hydrocarbon feed is 0.3 for ethane feed to 0.6 for gas oil cracking. It is a
controlled parameter in furnace operations.

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 12 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

5. High temperature. Pyrolysis is a highly endothermic reaction. The operating

temperature of pyrolysis furnace is the region of 750 – 900oC. The downside of
higher operating temperature is more rapid coking rate and carburization, which
shortens the tube-life.

Table 1: Typical Residence Times Yields for Light Naphtha

Residence Time 0.1 0.2 0.5

(seconds)
Methane 15.48 15.78 16.16
Ethylene 34.16 32.16 29.37
Propylene 17.02 17.35 17.78
Butadiene 5.2 5.1 5
Benzene 5.89 6 5.75
Toluene 2.59 2.65 2.52
Fuel oil 3.12 3.35 3.61

The pyrolysis reactions are endothermic and time dependant reactions. The flame pattern
and the resulting heat flux can have the net effect of changing the effective length of the
coil. The heat flux should be uniform; if the heat flux is not uniform the coil effective length
can be reduced. If heat flux is not uniform hot areas can cause over cracking and shorting
coil life. The shape of the flame is determined by burner designers according to heat input
requirements by the technology provider. The shape of the fire box will affect the flame
pattern and heat flux. Deviation from rectangular has not proved to be successful.

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 13 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

In a typical ethylene furnace the pyrolysis reaction is endothermic. For this reason,
furnace tube material must be suitable to accommodate the high process temperature.
Continual improvement of furnace tube materials and furnace design has made it possible
to accommodate 750 – 850oC and up to 900oC or even higher. The tubular coils within an
industrial pyrolysis furnace are usually made of the base Cr/Ni alloys and grow in
popularity.

Cr/Ni alloys for furnace tubes are selected for their better cocking erosion resistance, high
creep strength, carburization resistance, ductility, and thermal shock resistance. Furnace
tube are usually produced of the following steel grades 304L, 316, 321, 304H, 347H
(formally stabilized at 1650 °F for 4 hours - preferred if it can be done internally at the
mill), 317L, 2205.

There are 4 types of furnace coils; Single pass, U coil, W coil, and Hybrid coil. If short
residence time is considered the single most important objective, then a short coil with
tubes of small diameter will be considered. If a combination of high capacity, medium
resident time and low hydrocarbon partial pressure is judged to be most beneficial, then a
relatively larger tube will result. Below is discussed each coil.

Single Pass

Single pas has short residence time, one pass of uniform size, and fire box floor to roof
orientation. In single pass, the cracking furnace produces the highest olefin conversion
due to short residence time and downstream separation section can be smaller. The
advantages of single pas:

1. Simple, Robust Design with short, straight radiant tubes

2. Larger diameter radiant tubes
3. Primary Quench Exchangers do not require mechanical cleaning
4. Produces 6% to 8% higher C2H4yield
5. Requires a smaller, less expensive plant
6. Consumes less energy per ton of ethylene
7. Larger Diameter Radiant Tubes

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 14 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

8. Enhanced Tube Materials

9. Higher design temperature for crossover piping, allowance made for incipient
cracking in convection coils
10. Use of Critical Flow Venturis for Flow Distribution
11. Inlet Manifold Allow Access to Tubes from Outside the Firebox
12. Venturis can be removed for cleaning without cutting, welding, x-ray of welds
13. Maximum Selectivity -produce the highest ethylene yields and maximum olefins
selectivity for all feeds at any severity
14. Online decoking feature to extend run times without significant loss of production
15. Coil quench exchanger has established reliable system, many units in operation.
Metallurgy of quench exchanger is very important and should be sodium stress
corrosion resistant

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 15 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

SHP steam
drum
Convection
section

Primary quench
exchanger

Crossover
lines

Double inline
tube rows

Bottom fired
each side

Inlet
manifold

Figure 4: Typical end view single pass

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 16 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

U Coil / U Sweep Bends/ Two Pass

U coil has one or more passes of uniform size and U configuration fire box roof to roof
orientation. U coil has some advantages:

1. Moderate Olefin Conversion

2. Operations Friendly
3. Dilution Steam and Feed tolerant
4. Moderate coil life
5. Moderate Thermal shock
6. Coil quench exchanger has established reliable system, many units in operation.
Metallurgy of quench exchanger is very important and should be sodium stress
corrosion resistant

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 17 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

SHP steam
drum
Convection section

Inlet Primary quench

manifold exchanger

Double inline
tube rows

Bottom fired
each side

Figure 5: Typical end view two pass

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 18 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Coil / W Sweep Bends / M Coil

W coil has one or more pass of increasing size and W configuration fire box roof to roof
orientation. It is good run length between decokes, good coil life and moderate thermal
shock. Coil quench exchanger has established reliable system, many units in operation.
Metallurgy of quench exchanger is very important and should be sodium stress corrosion
resistant

Figure 6: W Sweep Bend coil configuration

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 19 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Hybrid Coil

Hybrids coil has one or more passes of increasing size and fire box roof to roof
orientation. Hybrid coil has some advanteges:

1. Good run length between decokes

2. Good coil life
3. Good Thermal shock
4. Dilution Steam and Feed tolerant
5. Coil quench exchanger is recently changed system to reduce residence time.
Metallurgy of quench exchanger is very important and should be sodium stress
corrosion resistant.

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 20 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Quenchers

Outlet
Tubes

Feed
distributors

Inlet
Tubes

Manifolds
Figure 7: Hybrid coil configuration

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 21 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Table 2: The different of coils type

Size Residence time Design run Design decoke

(seconds) length on time (hours)
naphtha (days)
Single pass 1 in by 40 ft 0.08 – 0.12 30 – 35 18 – 24
U coil 2 in by 80 ft 0.20 – 0.25 35 – 45 24 – 30
W sweep bends 4 in by 120 ft 0.35 – 0.45 45 – 60 30 – 36
Hybrid coil 2 – 6 in by 80 ft 0.20 – 0.25 35 – 45 24 – 30

Below is design guideline generally for olefin furnace and will discussed deeper in theory
section.

1. Steam may be added to the fuel gas to reduce the NOx emissions. This steam has
been shown to even the heat flux distribution resulting in higher yields and run
lengths.
2. A short coil with tubes of small diameter will be considered If short residence time is
the single most important objective.
3. A larger tube should be used If a combination of high capacity, medium resident time
and low hydrocarbon partial pressure is judged to be most beneficial.
4. The quantity of dilution steam required is dependent upon the feedstock selected;
lighter feed stocks such as ethane require lower steam (0.2 Ib./Ib. feed), while
heavier feed stocks such as naphtha and gas oils require steam/feed ratios of 0.5 to
1.0.
5. The dilution steam has the dual function of lowering the partial pressure of the
hydrocarbon and reducing the carburization rate of the pyrolysis coils.
6. In a typical pyrolysis process, the steam/feed mixture is preheated to a temperature
just below the onset of the cracking reaction, typically 650° C.

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 22 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

7. Generally the residence time in the pyrolysis coil is in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 seconds
and outlet temperatures for the reaction are on the order of 700° to 900° C.
8. The flue gas temperatures in the radiant section of the fired heater are typically above
1,100° C.
9. Flue gas pressure inside the furnace shall be in between -0.5 mbarg and -1.0 mbarg
10. The exotic metal reaction tubes located in the radiant section of the cracking heater
represent a substantial portion of the cost of the heater.
11. The operating of the exotic metal reaction tube should be as high ,and as uniform a
heat flux and metal temperature as possible consistent with the design objectives of
the heater. This will minimize the number and length of the tubes and the resulting
total metal required for a given pyrolysis capacity.
12. In select heaters, radiant wall burners are installed in the top part of the sidewalls to
equalize the heat flux profile in the top.
13. The firing rates in each radiant section may be separately controlled to provide the
heat intensity, in each section, most suitable for the desired fluid processing
conditions.
14. The typical profile shows a peak flux near the center elevation of the firebox, with the
top and bottom portions of the firebox remaining relatively cold. In select heaters,
radiant wall burners are installed in the top part of the sidewalls to equalize the heat
flux profile in the top.
15. Some pyrolysis heater in which the first quarter or first half of a pyrolysis coil is
provided with extended heating surface for increasing the adsorption of radiant heat.
The extended heating surface may be on the inside or the outside of the tubes and
typically is in the form of studs, fins or ribs.
16. Some pyrolysis heater in which vertical tubes in the radiant section are provided in a
plurality of parallel rows, with each row being in a plane perpendicular to a plane
through the longitudinal axis of the convection section of the heater.
17. Pressure upstream of the nozzles depends on the load of the furnace, increasing
pressure downstream of the laval nozzles indicates increasing coke formation in the
radiant coils; pressure ratio outlet/inlet must not exceed 0.90

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 23 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

18. Increasing Pressure upstream of TLE´s with constant load of the plant and constant
suction pressure of the cracked gas compressor indicates an increasing coke
formation in the TLE´s
19. With sudden change of fuel gas composition changing the heating value the COT is
being kept constant by regulating the fuel gas pressure. The air shutters of the
burners and the draft of the furnace have to be adjusted to guarantee a complete
combustion, and not to exceed the O2 surplus in the flue gas

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 24 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

DEFINITIONS

Bridgewall Temperature - The temperature of the flue gas leaving the radiant section

Burner – Equipment wher the gas or fuel oil is delivered and burned to produce heat.

Coil - A series of straight tube lengths connected by 180o return bends, forming a
continuous path through which the process fluid passes and is heated.

Coke - Solid residue remaining after certain types of coals are heated to a high
temperature out of contact with air until substantially all components that easily vaporize
have been driven off.

Convection Section - The portion of a heater, consisting of a bank of tubes, which

receives heat from the hot flue gases, mainly by convection.

Combustion - the oxidation of a mixture of fuel and air. Terms of combustion will take
place perfectly when time, temperature and turbulence.

Cracking - The process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or heavy
hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the
breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors.

Crossover - Piping which transfers the process fluid either externally or internally from
one section of the heater to another.

Damper - A device to regulate flow of gas through a stack or duct and to control draft in a
heater.

Dilution steam – Steam which is added to reduce the partial pressure of hydrocarbons.
This is done to aid the reaction to proceed in the forward direction to get desired products
as per Le Chatlier's principle.

Draft - The negative pressure (vacuum) at a given point inside the heater, usually
expressed in inches of water.

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 25 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Excess Air - The percentage of air in the heater in excess of the stoichiometric amount
required for combustion.

Endothermic - A process or reaction that absorbs heat, i.e. a process or reaction for
which the change in enthalpy, ΔH, is positive at constant pressure and temperature

Fire Box - A term used to describe the structure which surrounds the radiant coils and
into which the burners protrude.

Flue Gas - A mixture of gaseous products resulting from combustion of the fuel.

Fired Heater Efficiency - The ratio of heat absorbed to heat fired, on a lower heating
value basis.

Heat Available - The heat absorbed from the products of combustion (flue gas) as they
are cooled from the flame temperature to a given flue gas temperature.

Heat Duty - The total heat absorbed by the process fluid, usually expressed in MBtu/hr

Hydrogen abstraction - Any chemical reaction in which a hydrogen free radical is

abstracted from a substrate

Lower Heating Value (LHV) - The theoretical heat of combustion of a fuel, when no
credit is taken for the heat of condensation of water in the flue gas.

Naphtha - Any of several highly volatile, flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons

distilled from petroleum, coal tar, and natural gas and used as fuel, as solvents, and in
making various chemicals.

Net Fuel - The fuel that would be required in the heater if there were no radiation losses.

Olefin - Any of a class of unsaturated open-chain hydrocarbons such as ethylene, having

the general formula CnH2n; an alkene with only one carbon-carbon double bond.

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 26 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Pyrolysis - A gas-phase reaction at very high temperature. As the reaction is highly

endothermic and requires high temperature, it is carried out in tubular coils within a fired
furnace.

Radiant Section - The section of the fired heater in which heat is transferred to the
heater tubes primarily by radiation from high-temperature flue gas.

Shield Section - The first two tube rows of the convection section.

SLE exchangers - Double pipe exchangers consisting two sections, or legs in series,
with the process stream in the inner pipe and the boiler feedwater/steam in the outer
annulus.

Stack - A cylindrical steel, concrete or brick shell which carries flue gas to the
atmosphere and provides necessary draft.

Stack Effect - The difference between the weight of a column of high-temperature gases
inside the heater and/or stack and the weight of an equivalent column of external air,
usually expressed in inches of water per foot of height.

Stack Temperature - The temperature of the flue gas as it leaves the convection section,
or air preheater directly upstream of the stack.

Steam cracking - High-temperature cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons in the presence

of steam.

Steam System – the system which is to generate super high pressure

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 27 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

NOMENCLATURE

Ar Radiant surface area, ft2

Cpair Specific heat of air, btu/lb F
Cpfuel Specific heat of fuel, btu/lb F
CtC/Do Ratio, CtC/Do
Di Tube diameter, in
Do Tube outside diameter, in
Eff Furnace Efficiency,%
EPA Effective plane area, ft2
Gf Flue gas rate, lb/hr
Gfuel Fuel flow required, lb/hr
Gair Air flow required, lb/hr
Ha heat input in the form of sensible heat of air, btu/lb fuel
Hf heat input in the form of sensible heat of fuel, btu/lb fuel
LHV Lower heating value of fuel, btu/lb fuel
Ltube Tube length, ft
Ntube Number of tube
%Qr Radiation losses, %
%Qrabs %radiant absorbed, %
Qcomb Heat combustion, btu/hr
Qs Stack heat loss, btu/lb fuel
Qr Radiant heat loss, btu/lb fuel
Qin Heat input, btu/hr
Qabs Heat absorbed, btu/hr
Qrduty Heat radiant duty btu/hr, ft2
Qrabs Radiant heat absorbed, btu/hr
Qrf Flux rate, btu/ft2
Qconv Heat in convective zone, btu/hr
Tflue Flue gas exit temperature, F
Tair Combustion air temperature. F
Tfuel Fuel gas temperature, F
Tin Fluid in temperature , F
Tout Fluid out temperature, F
TWTavg Tube wall temperature average, F

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 28 of 71
Kolmetz Handbook
KLM Technology Of Process Equipment Design
Group Rev: 01

Practical Engineering
ETHYLENE / OLEFIN FURNACE
Guidelines for Processing Plant SELECTION, SIZING AND
Solutions
TROUBLSHOOTING
July 2012
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Tf Pseudo firebox temperature, F

Tfb firebox wall temperature, F
Tus Unshielded firebox walls temperature, F
Tsh Shielded wall temperature, F
Tc convection temperature, F
X Excess air, %

Greek Leters

α Effectiveness factor

Superscript

BWT Bridge wall temperature, F

PA Plane area, ft2
T Temperature, F

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.