CE253 : Data Communication & Network 18CE116

PRACTICAL 1

Aim :
To compare OSI model and TCP/IP model

Hardware Required : Not Any

Software Required : Not Any

Theory :

OSI Model

Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO)

is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on interna-
tional standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection model. It was
first introduced in the late 1970s. An open system is a set of proto-
cols that allows any two different systems to communicate regardless
of their underlying architecture.
OSI is a reference model that describes how information from a soft-
ware application in one computer moves through a physical medium to
the software application in another computer.
OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular net-
work function. OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and
manageable tasks. Each layer is assigned a particular task. Each layer
is self-contained, so that task assigned to each layer can be performed
independently.

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CE253 : Data Communication & Network 18CE116

Layers of OSI model

1. Physical Layer (Layer 1) :

The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer. It is
responsible for the actual physical connection between the devices. The
physical layer contains information in the form of bits. It is responsible
for the actual physical connection between the devices. When receiving
data, this layer will get the signal received and convert it into 0s and 1s
and send them to the Data Link layer, which will put the frame back
together.

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CE253 : Data Communication & Network 18CE116

It is Also Responsible for the following:

-Physical Characteristic of Interfaces and Medium:The physical layer
defines the characteristics of the interface between the devices and the
transmission medium. It also defines the type of transmission medium.
-Representation of Bits:s. The physical layer data consists of a stream
of bits with no interpretation. To be transmitted, bits must be encoded
into signals–electrical or optical. The physical layer defines the type of
encoding.
-Data Rate:The transmission rate-the number of bits sent each second-
is also defined by the physical layer.
-Synchronization Of Bits:The sender and receiver not only must use the
same bit rate but also must be synchronized at the bit level.
-Line Configuration:The physical layer is concerned with the connec-
tion of devices to the media.
-Physical Topology:The physical topology defines how devices are con-
nected to make a network.
-Transmission mode:The physical layer also defines the direction of
transmission between two devices: simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.

2. Data Link Layer (DLL) (Layer 2) :

The data link layer is responsible for the node to node delivery of the
message. The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer
is error free from one node to another, over the physical layer. When a
packet arrives in a network, it is the responsibility of DLL to transmit
it to the Host using its MAC address. Data Link Layer is divided into

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CE253 : Data Communication & Network 18CE116

two sub layers : Logical Link Control (LLC)

Media Access Control (MAC)
It is Also Responsible for the following:
-Framing:. The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from
the network layer into manageable data units called frames.
-Physical Addressing:If frames are to be distributed to different systems
on the network, the data link layer adds a header to the frame to define
the sender and/or receiver of the frame. I
-Flow Control:If the rate at which the data are absorbed by the receiver
is less than the rate at which data are produced in the sender, the data
link layer imposes a flow control mechanism to avoid overwhelming the
receiver.
-Error Control:The data link layer adds reliability to the physical layer
by adding mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames.
It also uses a mechanism to recognize duplicate frames.
-Acess Control:When two or more devices are connected to the same
link, data link layer protocols are necessary to determine which device
has control over the link at any given time.

3. Network Layer (Layer 3) :

Network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the
other located in different networks. It also takes care of packet rout-

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ing i.e. selection of the shortest path to transmit the packet, from the
number of routes available. The sender and receiver’s IP address are
placed in the header by network layer.
It is Also Responsible for the following:
-Logical Addressing:The physical addressing implemented by the data
link layer handles the addressing problem locally. If a packet passes
the network boundary, we need another addressing system to help dis-
tinguish the source and destination systems. The network layer adds
a header to the packet coming from the upper layer that, among other
things, includes the logical addresses of the sender and receiver.
-Routing:When independent networks or links are connected to create
intemetworks (network of networks) or a large network, the connecting
devices (called routers or switches) route or switch the packets to their
final destination.

4. Transport Layer (Layer 4) :

Transport layer provides services to application layer and takes services

from network layer. The data in the transport layer is referred to as
Segments. It is responsible for the End to End delivery of the complete
message. Transport layer also provides the acknowledgment of the suc-
cessful data transmission and re-transmits the data if an error is found.
It is Also Responsible for the following:
-Segmentation And Reassembly:A message is divided into transmittable
segments, with each segment containing a sequence number. These

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numbers enable the transport layer to reassemble the message correctly

upon arriving at the destination and to identify and replace packets that
were lost in transmission.
-Connection Control:The transport layer can be either connectionless
or connectionoriented. A connectionless transport layer treats each seg-
ment as an independent packet and delivers it to the transport layer at
the destination machine. A connectionoriented transport layer makes
a connection with the transport layer at the destination machine first
before delivering the packets. After all the data are transferred, the
connection is terminated.
-Flow Control:flow control at this layer is performed end to end rather
than across a single link.
-Error Control:Like the data link layer, the transport layer is responsi-
ble for error control. However, error control at this layer is performed
process-toprocess rather than across a single link. Error correction is
usually achieved through retransmission.

5. Session Layer (Layer 5) :

This layer is responsible for establishment of connection, maintenance

of sessions, authentication and also ensures security.
It is Also Responsible for the following:
-Dialouge Control:The session layer allows two systems to enter into
a dialog. It allows the communication between two processes to take
place in either halfduplex (one way at a time) or full-duplex (two ways
at a time) mode.

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-Synchronization:The session layer allows a process to add checkpoints,

or synChronization points, to a stream of data.

6. Presentation Layer (Layer 6) :

Presentation layer is also called the Translation layer.The data from the
application layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the required
format to transmit over the network.
It is Also Responsible for the following:
-Translation:The processes (running programs) in two systems are usu-
ally exchanging information in the form of character strings, numbers,
and so on. The infonnation must be changed to bit streams before
being transmitted. Because different computers use different encoding
systems, the presentation layer is responsible for interoperability be-
tween these different encoding methods.
-Compression:Data compression reduces the number of bits contained
in the information. Data compression becomes particularly important
in the transmission of multimedia such as text, audio, and video.
-Encryption:To carry sensitive information, a system must be able to
ensure privacy. Encryption means that the sender transforms the orig-
inal information to another form and sends the resulting message out
over the network. Decryption reverses the original process to transform
the message back to its original form

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7. Application Layer (Layer 7) :

At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers, we find
Application layer which is implemented by the network applications.
These applications produce the data, which has to be transferred over
the network. This layer also serves as a window for the application ser-
vices to access the network and for displaying the received information
to the user.
It is Also Responsible for the following:
-Network Virtual Terminal:A network virtual terminal is a software
version of a physical terminal, and it allows a user to log on to a re-
mote host. To do so, the application creates a software emulation of a
terminal at the remote host. The user’s computer talks to the software
terminal which, in turn, talks to the host, and vice versa. The remote
host believes it is communicating with one of its own terminals and
allows the user to log on.
-Mail Services:This application provides the basis for e-mail forwarding
and storage.
-Directory Services:This application provides distributed database sources
and access for global information about various objects and services.

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-File Tranfer,Access and Management:This application allows a user

to access files in a remote host (to make changes or read data), to re-
trieve files from a remote computer for use in the local computer, and
to manage or control files in a remote computer locally.

TCP/IP MODEL:

TCP/IP stands for transmission control protocol/internet working pro-

tocol. It is used in the internet, was developed prior to the OSI Model.
Therefore, the layers in the TCP/IP suite donot match exactly with
those in the OSI model. The TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five
layers: physical, datalink, network, transport, and application. The
first four layers provide physical standard, network interface, inter net-
working, and transport function that correspond to the first four layers
of the OSI Model. The three topmost layer is the OSI model, how-
ever, are represented in TCP/IP by a single layer called the application
layer. TCP/IP Protocal suite contain relatively independent protocols
that can be mixed and matched depending on the needs of the system.
The term HIERARCHICAL means that each upper- level protocol is
supported by one or more lower-level protocols. At the transport layer,
TCP/IP defines two protocols: Transmission control protocol(TCP)
and User Datagram Protocol(UDP). At the network layer, the main
protocol defined by TCP/IP is Internetworking protocol(IP), although
there are some other protocols that support data movement in this
layer.

TCP/IP features:

- The popularity of the TCP/IP protocols did not grow rapidly just
because the protocols were there, or because connecting to the Inter-
net mandated their use. They met an important need (worldwide data
communication) at the right time, and they had several important fea-
tures that allowed them to meet this need. These features are:
- Open protocol standards, freely available and developed indepen-
dently from any specific computer hardware or operating system. Be-

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cause it is so widely supported, TCP/IP is ideal for uniting different

hardware and software components, even if you don’t communicate over
the Internet.
- Independence from specific physical network hardware. This allows
TCP/IP to integrate many different kinds of networks. TCP/IP can
be run over an Ethernet, a DSL connection, a dial-up line, an optical
network, and virtually any other kind of physical transmission medium.
- A common addressing scheme that allows any TCP/IP device to
uniquely address any other device in the entire network, even if the
network is as large as the worldwide Internet.
- Standardized high-level protocols for consistent, widely available
user services.

Layers of TCP/IP Model:

Layer 1. Network Access Layer:

Network Access Layer is the first layer of the four layer TCP/IP model.
Network Access Layer defines details of how data is physically sent
through the network, including how bits are electrically or optically
signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network
medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted pair copper wire.
The protocols included in Network Access Layer are Ethernet, Token
Ring, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay etc. The most popular LAN archi-
tecture among those listed above is Ethernet. Ethernet uses an Access
Method called CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision De-
tection) to access the media, when Ethernet operates in a shared me-
dia. An Access Method determines how a host will place data on the
medium.

Layer 2. Internet layer:

Internet Layer is the second layer of the four layer TCP/IP model.
The position of Internet layer is between Network Access Layer and
Transport layer. Internet layer pack data into data packets known as

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IP datagrams, which contain source and destination address (logical

address or IP address) information that is used to forward the data-
grams between hosts and across networks. The Internet layer is also
responsible for routing of IP datagrams. The main protocols included at
Internet layer are IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Mes-
sage Protocol), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), RARP (Reverse
Address Resolution Protocol) and IGMP (Internet Group Management
Protocol).
-IP:The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing host interfaces,
encapsulating data into datagrams (including fragmentation and re-
assembly) and routing datagrams from a source host interface to a
destination host interface across one or more IP networks.
-ICMP:It is used by network devices, including routers, to send error
messages and operational information indicating.
-ARP:The Address Resolution Protocol is a communication protocol
used for discovering the link layer address, such as a MAC address, as-
sociated with a given internet layer address, typically an IPv4 address.
-RARP:The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol is an obsolete com-
puter networking protocol used by a client computer to request its
address from a computer network, when all it has available is its link
layer or hardware address, such as a MAC address.
-IGMP:IGMP can be used for one-to-many networking applications
such as online streaming video and gaming, and allows more efficient
use of resources when supporting these types of applications.

Layer 3. Transport layer:

Transport Layer is the third layer of the four layer TCP/IP model.
The position of the Transport layer is between Application layer and
Internet layer. The purpose of Transport layer is to permit devices on
the source and destination hosts to carry on a conversation. Transport
layer defines the level of service and status of the connection used when
transporting data.
The main protocols included at Transport layer are TCP (Transmis-

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sion Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

-TCP:TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, which means a connec-
tion is established and maintained until the application programs at
each end have finished exchanging messages.
-UDP:UDP provides checksums for data integrity, and port numbers
for addressing different functions at the source and destination of the
datagram.

Layer 4. Application layer:

Application layer is the top most layer of four layer TCP/IP model.
Application layer is present on the top of the Transport layer. Applica-
tion layer defines TCP/IP application protocols and how host programs
interface with Transport layer services to use the network.
Application layer includes all the higher-level protocols like DNS (Do-
main Naming System), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), Telnet,
SSH, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Proto-
col), SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), SMTP (Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol) , DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Proto-
col), X Windows, RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) etc.
-HTTP:HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web
and this protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted,
and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to
various commands.
-POP3:POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a
standard protocol for receiving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol
in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server.
-SMTP:SMTP is a push protocol and is used to send the mail whereas
POP (post office protocol) or IMAP (internet message access protocol)
are used to retrieve those mails at the receiver’s side.
STP:The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol that
builds a loop-free logical topology for Ethernet networks. The basic
function of STP is to prevent bridge loops and the broadcast radiation
that results from them. Spanning tree also allows a network design to

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include backup links to provide fault tolerance if an active link fails.

TFTP:Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is an Internet software
utility for transferring files that is simpler to use than the File Transfer
Protocol (FTP) but less capable. It is used where user authentication
and directory visibility are not required.

Conclusion :

From this practical we have learned some of the major components

of Networks i.e. The OSI and TCP/IP model;Diferrent layers Of OSI
And TCP/IP and their function or role.Knowing how networks are built
gives us a better understanding of what physical or logical sensitivity
are introduced by choosing one particular network design over another.

Compare TCP And UDP?

TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) UDP(User Datagram Protocol)

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. UDP is a connectionless protocol.
UDP has only the basic error checking mechanism
TCP provides extensive error checking mechanisms.
using checksums.
TCP is comparatively slower than UDP. UDP is faster, simpler and more efficient than TCP.
TCP is suited for application UDP is suitable for applications that
that require high reliability,and transmission need fast, efficient transmission,
time is relatively less critical. such as games.
TCP is used by HTTP, HTTPs, FTP, UDP is used by DNS, DHCP, TFTP, SNMP, RIP,
SMTP and Telnet and VoIP.

References :

Data Communications and Networking By Behrouz A.Forouzan.

-www.geeksforgeeks.org
-https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com

PREPARED BY Shivam Shah (3CE-2)