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2024

I.Reading and Writing versionst Security and Fairness policies

and may result in
Module 1
Question 1
The following text is from Rudolfo Anaya’s 1972 novel Bless Me, Ultima.
The young narrator is eating breakfast with his two sisters in their home in rural
New Mexico.
I sat across the table from Deborah and Teresa and ate my atole and the
hot tortilla with butter. I said very little. I usually spoke very little to my two
sisters. They were older than I and they were very close. They usually spent the
entire day in the attic, playing dolls and giggling. I did not concern myself with
those things.
As used in the text, what does the phrase “concern myself with” most
nearly mean?
A. Trade
B. Create
C. Get angry about
D. Care about
Question 2
The percentage of US forest land that a 2023 federal report identified as being
either mature or old growth exceeds other recent estimates. Given how little
____ there is among scientists regarding the scope of these categories, this
discrepancy shouldn’t be surprising: forest researchers regularly dispute one
another’s classifications.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. consensus
B. vigilance
C. interest
D. deliberation
Question 3
Some robots such as KHR-1 (developed in 2004) and Sophia (developed in
2015) feature humanoid characteristics like bipedal locomotion so that people
will find it easier to interact with them. While these features can help to _____
feelings of comfort in people, a robot that looks too human can fall into the
“uncanny valley,” meaning that its appearance unintentionally unsettles those
who encounter it.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. counterbalance
B. repudiate
C. constrict
D. engender
Question 4
Karam Kang has demonstrated that lobbying does little to alter the probability
that a particular energy policy under consideration by the United States
Congress will be enacted, but lobbying is not as _____ as this finding seems
to suggest. As Kang herself notes, lobbying can shape which policy proposals
members of Congress bring forward for consideration in the first place.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. ineffectual
B. cynical
C. counterproductive
D. biased
Question 5
People sometimes dismiss a claim if it comes from a source they regard as
self-interested, but from a strictly logical perspective, the source of a claim is
_____: it has no direct bearing on whether the claim is true.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. implicit
B. indisputable
C. irrelevant
D. indistinct
Question 6
When people think of dinosaurs with feathers, they typically think of winged
dinosaurs, such as the four-winged Microraptor. However, many dinosaurs
that didn’t have wings also had feathers on their bodies. For instance, research
indicates that the wingless, peacock-sized Caudipteryx likely had feathers.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in
the text as a whole?
A.
It defines a term related to the type of dinosaur feathers mentioned
earlier in the text.
B. It indicates that the dinosaurs mentioned earlier in the text weren’t the only
ones that had feathers.
C.
It reveals that the dinosaurs mentioned earlier in the text used their
feathers for an important purpose.
D. It gives an example of a dinosaur with the characteristics mentioned
earlier in the text.
Question 7
The following text is from Annie Dillard’s 1987 autobiographical novel An
American Childhood. The narrator is a young girl living in Pittsburgh.
I walked. My mother had given me the freedom of the streets as soon as I
could say our telephone number. I walked and memorized the neighborhood.
I made a mental map and located myself upon it. At night in bed I rehearsed
the small world’s scheme and set challenges: Find the store using backyards
only. Imagine a route from the school to my friend’s house.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the
text as a whole?
A. It describes the narrator trying to memorize her telephone number.
B. It gives directions to the narrator’s favorite local store.
C. It portrays the narrator's relationship with her mother.
D. It provides examples of what the narrator thinks about at night.
Question 8
Joseph A. Walker’s award-winning play The River Niger was produced in 1972
by Che groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Company (NEC). NEC cofounder
Robert Hooks, an actor, producer, and activist, had met actor and playwright
Douglas Turner Ward while they were performing in a 1960 touring production
of Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun. Together, they envisioned a
theater company that would nurture and showcase the work of Black theater
professionals. Since NEC’s founding in 1967, its workshops and performances
have given Black playwrights, including Walker, a forum for their compelling
stories.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To describe how Hooks and Ward’s creative partnership changed over
time
B. To show how the play A Raisin in the Sun influenced Hooks and Ward
C. To bring attention to a work by Joseph A. Walker
D. To discuss the origin and importance of the NEC
Question 9
The food industry has long used thermal technologies to preserve food in
large batches. Recent advancements in ohmic heating were made through
research in Brazil on the preservation of acerola pulp. Ohmic heating is
generally considered to be an improvement over more
conventional thermal preservation methods: whereas conventional
methods transfer energy from the surface of a food to its interior, ohmic
heating passes electric current through food products to generate heat
within the food itself, thus reducing industrial cooking times.
Based on the text, what is one disadvantage of some
conventional thermal preservation methods?
A. Their cooking times are longer than those of other methods.
B. They are especially vulnerable to technological breakdowns.
C. They are only effective in heating foods that are lightweight and small in
size.
D. They require more energy than other methods do.
Question 10
“Tomato” is an example of a loanword—that is, a word that originated in one
language and was later adopted by another. The word came to English
indirectly from tomate, the Spanish word for the widely cultivated plant.
Spanish had borrowed it from Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central
Mexico, in which the word’s original form is tomatl. “Barbecue” is also
Indigenous in origin and entered English through Spanish. But in this case, the
original source was Taino, a language of the Caribbean islands, in which the
word for the cooking technique is barbakoa.
The author makes which point about the Spanish language?
A.
It adopted Nahuatl and Taino words in approximately equal numbers.
B.
Its contribution to English vocabulary roughly equals the collective
contribution by Indigenous languages.
C. It has served as a medium through which Indigenous languages have
influenced English.
D. It has borrowed words from Indigenous languages and contributed words
to them.
Question11

In terms of total area, the Navajo Nation is the largest tribal nation in the United
States. It covers 24,425 square miles in Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico.
Most tribal nations in the US are much smaller. For example, the total area of
the Muscogee Nation in Oklahoma is 4,867 square miles. And in Montana, the
total area of the Blackfeet Nation is _____
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
statement?
A. 2,285 square miles.
B. 707 square miles.
C. 1,583 square miles.
D. 6,693 square miles.
Question 12

While doing research for a paper about copper mining, a student finds a table
with information about four different countries. The student notes that the
country that mined 0.73 million metric tons of copper in 2020 had mined ____
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
statement?
A. 0.33 million metric tons of copper in 1995.
B. 1.20 million metric tons of copper in 1995.
C. 0.37 million metric tons of copper in 1995.
D. 0.38 million metric tons of copper in 1995.
Question 13
“A Pair of Silk Stockings” is an 1897 short story written by Kate Chopin. In the
story, Chopin suggests that the protagonist, Mrs. Sommers, experiences a
shift in her sense of self as a result of putting on certain articles of clothing,
writing, ____
Which quotation from “A Pair of Silk Stockings” most effectively
illustrates the claim?
A. “She did not wish to act hastily, to do anything she might afterward regret.”
B. “She held back her skirts and turned her feet one way and her head
another way as she glanced down at the polished, pointed- tipped boots.”
C. “Mrs. Sommers was one who knew the value of bargains; who could stand
for hours making her way inch by inch toward the desired object that was
selling below cost."
D. “Her stockings and boots and well fitting gloves had worked marvels in
her bearing—had given her a feeling of assurance, a sense of belonging to the
well-dressed multitude.”
Question 14

Calculationis may be inexact due to rounding.

A student in an economics course is examining the decline since 1950 in
average hours worked per person per year in various nations due to both
increased productivity and the adoption of policies that limit working hours.
The first task in this investigation is to determine how the decline in Brazil
compares to that in other countries. The student finds that ____
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
student's conclusion?
A. the decline in number of hours worked was greater in Brazil than it was in
Belgium, Austria, or Mexico.
B. though the percent decrease in hours worked in Brazil was less than that
in Belgium and Austria, it was greater than that in Mexico.
C. though the percent decrease in hours worked in Brazil was greater than
that in Belgium and Mexico, it was less than that in Austria.
D. while the number of hours worked rose in Brazil between 1950 and 2017,
it declined in Belgium, Austria, and Mexico.

Question 15
The Mammillaria cactus M. phitauiana occurs naturally only in the state of Baja
California Sur in Mexico, and the smallness of its range makes it especially
vulnerable to extinction. The traditional single-species approach
toconservation emphasizes the need to focus on individual species most at
risk, like M. phitauiana, but recently, conservationists have argued that an
ecosystem-based approach that incorporates the many interactions between
the climate, terrain, and various species of a given geographical area may lead
to better out comes for all the species in a given location. If this view is correct,
the single-species approach to the conservation of M.phitauiana could thus
_____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. fail to consider the ways in which the survival of M. phitauiana may be
influenced by changes in the populations of other species that inhabit Baja
California Sur.
B. allow conservationists to better consider how climatic changes affecting
Baja California Sur may reduce the number of species competing with
M.phitauiana.
C.
erroneously shift the focus of conservation efforts away from M.
phitauiana itself.
D.
lead to a better understanding of how the distribution of Mammilaia
species throughout Mexico has affected their survival.
Question 16
It is widely known that New York City’s Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) _____
a vast collection of oil paintings, including Franz Marc’s The World Cow and
Katherine S. Dreier’s Abstract Portrait of Marcel Duchamp.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. housing
B. houses
C. to have housed
D. to house
Question 17
An accomplished birder might be able to spot thousands of different species
over the course of a career, from Milvus migrans to Gallinula chloropas, but no
birder has ever achieved the ultimate ____ an in-person glimpse of all 10,000-
plus species of birds.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. goal: catching
B. goal; catching
C. goal. Catching
D. goal catching
Question 18
In 1987, chemist Ahmed Zewail devised a novel technique in optical
spectroscopy that allowed him to study ultrafast chemical reactions occurring
within molecules. Years later, he _____ for this groundbreaking research with
the Robert A. Welch Award and the Priestley Medal from the American
Chemical Society and hence would become known as the father of
femtochemistry.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. had been honored
B. is honored
C. will be honored
D. would be honored
Question 19
Today, the Michelin Guide is widely known as the arbiter of fine dining, with its
coveted 3-star rating being awarded to top restaurants like Jade Dragon
in_____ when brothers Andre and Edouard Michelin created the guide in
1900, it was little more than a marketing gimmick—a way to increase profits
for their tire company by encouraging their customers to drive across Trance,
visiting the guide’s recommended hotels and restaurants along the way.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. Macau,
B. Macau; however,
C. Macau, however,
D. Macau
Question 20
When attempting to determine a fault’s seismic history, geophysicists like Dr.
Estella Atekwana at the University of Delaware rely in part on data about the
fault’s physical dimensions and geological _____ the Juniper Mountain fault in
Malheur County, Oregon, the US Geological Survey compiles such data in
several ways: by exchanging information with state geological surveys, by
linking maps of the fault with sources that offer detailed descriptions of it, and
by maintaining a database of quantitative data such as the fault’s length (17
km).
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. features and for
B. features. For
C. features for
D. features, for
Question 21
For Italy, a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since
1949, NATO’s principle of collective defense confers both benefits and _____
organization’s many members, nations as disparate as the US and Lithuania,
are all bound to defend Italy, the reverse is also true.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. obligations; the
B. obligations. The
C. obligations, while the
D. obligations: while the
Question 22
If you could travel in a spaceship to Elara, one of Jupiter’s many moons, you’d
find a moon with a prograde orbit. This means that Elara orbits Jupiter in the
same direction that Jupiter rotates on its axis. _____ at Harpalyke, another
Jovian moon, you’d find an example of a retrograde orbit, with the moon
revolving around Jupiter in the opposite direction.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Specifically,
B. In other words,
C. For example,
D. Elsewhere,
Question 23
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Scientists have long sought to determine the origin of glass in Chile’s Atacama
Desert.
• A 2017 study concluded that ancient grass fires had melted the area’s sandy soil
into glass.
• In 2021, a different study revealed that the mineral signatures of glass samples
were consistent with the mineral signatures of comet samples collected by NASA.
• That study concluded that the glass had formed as a result of a cometary
explosion close to the desert’s surface.
The student wants to describe how scientific understanding about the
glass’s origin has evolved. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Studies in 2017 and 2021 offered different explanations for the origin of the
glass.
B. A 2017 study concluded that ancient grass fires had caused the glass’s
formation, but new research suggests that the glass formed as a result of a
cometary explosion close to the desert’s surface.
C. Mineral signatures of glass samples are consistent with those of comet
samples collected by NASA, according to new research.
D. Scientists have long sought to determine the origin of the glass, with one
study concluding that it formed when ancient grass fires melted the area’s
sandy soil.
Question 24
• Maya Lin is a US artist known for her memorials and large-scale installation
artworks.
• She became famous in 1982 when she completed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial,
which consists of two 246-foot granite walls.
• She completed Groundswell in 1993.
• It is an installation composed of glass that fills an entire gallery room.
• She completed Water Line in 2006.
• It is an installation composed of aluminum tubing that fills an entire gallery room.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences
to emphasize a difference between Groundswell and Water Line?
A. Maya Lin’s Groundswell is composed of glass; Water Line, by contrast, is
composed of aluminum tubing.
B. After completing the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Maya Lin completed
Groundswell, another large-scale work.
C. The sprawling size of Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial is echoed in
Groundswell, a work made of glass that fills an entire gallery room.
D.
Maya Lin is known for her memorials and installation art, such as
Groundswell and Water Line.
Question 25
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The El Carmen-Verde Mountains are a mountain range located in northwestern
Mexico.
• The range is one of the dozens of “sky islands” in the southwestern US and
northwestern Mexico.
• A sky island is an isolated mountain range whose environment differs drastically
from that of the surrounding lowlands.
• The US Forest Service (USFS) said, “The mountains are ‘islands’ surrounded by
deserts that are ‘seas.’”
• The USFS said, “Each Sky Island is a unique ecosystem.”
The student wants to explain what a sky island is. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. The El Carmen-Verde Mountains are an isolated mountain range located
in northwestern Mexico whose environment differs drastically from that of the
surrounding lowlands.
B. The USFS considers the El Carmen-Verde Mountains to be a “unique
ecosystem.”
C. The El Carmen-Verde Mountains, which are considered to be a sky island,
are located in northwestern Mexico.
D. A sky island is an isolated mountain range, such as the El Carmen-Verde
Mountains in northwestern Mexico, whose environment differs drastically from
that of the surrounding lowlands.
Question 26
• The Paralympic Games are a series of international sporting events involving
athletes with an impairment.
• A gold medal indicates that an athlete finished in first place.
• Frank Höfle competed as a Paralympic cross-country skier from 1988 to 2006.
• He won seventeen medals, ten of which were gold.
• Daniel Dias competed as a Paralympic swimmer from 2008 to 2020.
• He won thirty-eight medals, twenty-five of which were gold.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences
to emphasize the number of gold medals won by Daniel Dias?
A. In his career as a Paralympic swimmer, Daniel Dias won thirty-eight total
medals—twenty-five of them were gold.
B. An accomplished Paralympian with thirty-eight total medals, Daniel Dias
competed as a swimmer from 2008 to 2020.
C. At the Paralympic Games, a gold medal indicates a first- place finish, and
some accomplished athletes like Frank Höfle have won many.
D. Both multiple gold medalists, Frank Höfle and Daniel Dias debuted at the
Paralympic Games in 1988 and 2008, respectively.
Question 27
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The human tongue contains taste receptors for a rich, savory flavor called umami.
• Umami is triggered by the compounds in a variety of foods, including salmon and
caramelized onions.
• Participants in a study tasted a sample of sugar kelp, a type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as moderate.
• The participants tasted a sample of hidaka-konbu, another type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as high.
The student wants to make a generalization about brown seaweed. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. In a research study, participants tasted samples of sugar kelp and
hidaka-konbu, two types of brown seaweed.
B. Some types of brown seaweed trigger umami flavor in human taste
buds.
C. Participants in a study rated the umami intensity of various seaweeds.
D. Sugar kelp is a type of brown seaweed, as is hidakakonbu.

Module 2
Question 1
A number of recording artists combine Indigenous music with other musical
styles. Wolastoq musician Jeremy Dutcher masterfully incorporated traditional
Wolastoq songs into experimental pop on his album Wolastoqiyik
Lintuwakonawa. Similarly, Atikamekw singer- songwriter Laura Niquay ____
powwow music with folk-rock on her album Waska Matisiwin.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. blended
B. replaced
C. confused
D. compared
Question 2
Whether the reign of a Trench monarch such as Louis VI or Louis Philippe I
was considered historically significant or, conversely, relatively_____ , its
trajectory was shaped by questions of legitimacy and therefore cannot be
understood without a corollary understanding of the factors that allowed the
monarch to assert a claim to the throne successfully.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. momentous
B. genuine
C. benevolent
D. inconsequential
Question 3
Barring major archaeological discoveries, we are unlikely to ever have ____
account of ancient Egypt under the female pharaoh Hatshepsut, as much of
the evidence of her reign was deliberately destroyed by her successors.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. an exhaustive
B. a questionable
C. a superficial
D. an imaginative
Question 4
The Lascaux Cave paintings — detailed paintings of animals found in what is
now France and dating from around 17,000 years ago — are sometimes said
to be emotionally powerful despite their age, but in fact the paintings are _____
precisely because of their age. It is the link of shared humanity with the artists
across so many centuries that gives the Lascaux Cave paintings such
resonance.
Which choice completes the text with the most logicaland precise word
or phrase?
A. affecting
B. pristine
C. ingenious
D. meticulous
Question 5
Rome has high pedestrian traffic, but simply replicating a feature of Rome
associated with walkability — e.g., its high number of street crossings—may
be insufficient to induce increased walking in other cities. As urbanist Mariela
Alfonzo argues, our understanding of individuals’ decision-making about
whether to walk is insufficiently robust: some studies emphasize the role of
demographic characteristics, others the role of sidewalk width, and so on, but
walking decisions are made in complex contexts in which multiple conditions
and needs inform individuals’ choices.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the
text as a whole?
A. It illustrates a scholarly disagreement described earlier in the sentence.
B. It acknowledges a potential objection to the argument presented earlier in
the sentence.
C. It summarizes the findings of studies whose methods are discussed earlier
in the sentence.
D. It elaborates on a claim presented earlier in the sentence.
Question 6
Text 1
Scholarship today overrepresents formal experimentation, such as H.D.’s use of
minimalistic, image-based structures, well beyond the degree to which it actually
influenced US poetry during the modernist period (roughly 1900-1945). Meanwhile,
the work of Dorothy Parker, who relied on conventional poetic forms associated with
previous literary periods, attracts woefully little attention from scholars of modernism.Text 2
Distant reading, or computer-assisted quantitative analysis of massive collections of
digitized texts, can reveal stylistic elements that have heretofore escaped notice, despite
being shared by numerous texts from the modernist period. For too long, scholars have
focused on experimental versus conventional poetic forms, inhibiting inquiry into other
points of stylistic correspondence among poems that would enrich our understanding
of the modernist canon.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely regard the
emphasis that Text 1 places on poetic form during the modernist period?
A. As overestimating the impact that poetic form, whether experimental or
conventional, has on the reading experience
B. As being founded on a misconception about modernist poetry that has
been called into question by distant reading
C. As having the effect of forestalling consideration of the full stylistic
dimensions of poetry written in the period
D. As complementing the study of other stylistic features that distinguish the
modernist period
Question 7
In her 1998 book Blues Legacies and Black Feminism, Angela Y. Davis bases
her analysis in part on recordings of songs sung in the 1920s by Gertrude “Ma”
Rainey and Bessie Smith. Davis focuses on how Rainey and Smith improvised
the lyrics — replacing the original lines with mischievous jokes and wordplay.
Davis’s work was particularly labor intensive because in order to transcribe,
or write down, the lyrics as Rainey and Smith sang them, Davis had to listen
repeatedly to the vinyl recordings, which weren’t very clear.
What does the text most strongly suggest about the songs sung by Rainey
and Smith?
A. There were more recordings made of Rainey's songs
than there were of Smith’s.B. The songs have grown in popularity since Rainey and Smith first
sang
them.
C. There were few, if any, reliable transcriptions of Smith’s and Rainey’s
improvised lyrics when Davis began her research.
D. According to Davis, the songs sung by Rainey were more musically
innovative than those sung by Smith typically were.
Question 8
The following text is from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1830 short story “Sir William
Phips.” Few of the personages of past times (except such as have gained
renown in fireside legends as well as in written history) are anything but mere
names to their successors. They seldom stand up in our Imaginations like men.
The knowledge, communicated by the historian and biographer, is analogous
to that which we acquire of a country by the map,—minute, perhaps, and
accurate, and available for all necessary purposes, but cold and naked, and
wholly destitute of the mimic charm produced by landscape painting.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. Historians and biographers should write about littleknown people as well
as famous people.
B. Paintings may be more beautiful than maps, but maps are more useful
than paintings.
C. The lives of historical figures are usually documented as a collection of
facts, rather than as a representation of their personalities.
D. Historians should record fictional stories told about famous figures as well
as stories that are strictly truthful.
Question 9
Rafael Nunez and colleagues studied how members of the Yupno, an
Indigenous group in Papua New Guinea, conceptualize time. The researchers
recorded Yupno speakers explaining certain temporal words and phrases,
such as kalip bishap, a past-oriented expression that translates to “past times,”
and coded each speaker’s manual gestures. Previous research has found a
tendency in many cultures to make temporal distinctions using spatial
concepts and gestures, particularly along egocentric axes (i.e., relative to the
orientation of the speaker): for instance, Hebrew speakers often refer to the
right/left axis to describe events in time. In an anthropology paper, a student
claims that the tendency toward ego-based conceptualizations of time is
universal.
Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the student’s claim?
A. Although Yupno speakers and Hebrew speakers both use gestures to
indicate orientation in time, Yupno speakers tend to use fewer gestures overall
when speaking than Hebrew speakers do.
B. Some Yupno grammatical structures used when talking about time are
also used in Hebrew.
C. A Yupno speaker points in opposite directions when indicating a past
event versus a future event.
D. When Yupno speakers who are outdoors use gestures to refer to the past,
they point downhill from their current location regardless of which way they
are facing.
Question 10

Many films in a language other than English grow to be financially successful

over the course of their time in movie theaters in the United States, but some
become immediate successes in their opening weekends. A journalist claims
that a film’s reception can greatly influence its longterm success. Indications
that the film is of high quality, such as an Oscar nomination, can dramatically
boost public interest in the film and thus its overall earnings, even with a
relatively modest opening weekend performance: for example, _____
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?
A. Dhoom 3 earned more money in its opening weekend than Amélie earned,
but Amélie had higher lifetime earnings.
B. All About My Mother was recognized by the Oscars, but KungFu Hustle,
which was not recognized, had higher lifetime earnings.
C. the opening weekend earnings for Kung Fu Hustle were $269,225 and
$3,423,508 for Dhoom 3.
D. both Amélie and All About My Mother were recognized by the Oscars, but
Amélie had higher lifetime earnings.
Question 11
Neurobiologists Laura Cuaya, Raül Hernândez-Pérez, and colleagues
investigated the language detection abilities of eighteen dogs. The researchers
monitored the brain activity of Barack (a golden retriever), Mini (a mixed breed),
and other dogs while the animals listened to three recordings: one of The Little
Prince being read in Spanish, the second in Hungarian, and a third made up
of short, randomly selected fragments of the first two, scrambled so that they
didn’t resemble human speech. Each dog was familiar with either Spanish or
Hungarian, but not both. The team concluded that differences in dogs’
anatomical features may affect their ability to distinguish speech from
nonspeech.
Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly support the
team's conclusion?
A. Compared with longer-headed dogs, shorter-headed dogs showed a
greater difference in brain activity when hearing the language they were
accustomed to than when hearing the other language.
B. The pattern of brain activity that long-headed dogs showed when hearing
the scrambled recording was different from the pattern of brain activity that
short-headed dogs showed when hearing the language they were accustomed
to.
C. Compared with longer-headed dogs, shorter-headed dogs showed less
difference in brain activity when hearing either Spanish or Hungarian than
when hearing the scrambled recording.
D. Long-headed dogs accustomed to hearing Spanish tended to show more
brain activity when hearing Hungarian showed when hearing Hungarian.

Question 12
Permafrost in Alaska has been degrading, potentially enabling increased
carbon dioxide (C02) absorption through greater productivity of bristle-pointed
iris (Iris setoso) plants and other vegetation, but also potentially enabling
increased C02 output through greater heterotrophic respiration (C02
generated by the activity of soil microorganisms). Hydrologist Yonghong Yi
and her colleagues modeled seasonal changes in net C02 in Alaska in a
landscape grid of 1 square kilometer (km2) cells and again in a grid of 10 km2
cells, which are finer resolutions than most models of net C02 have achieved.
The researchers concluded that variations in the landscape affect net C02 in
ways that most models are too coarse to capture.
Which finding from the researchers’ study, if true, would most directly
support the researchers’ conclusion?
A. Lower average heterotrophic respiration rates were found for autumn
months when modeled using a grid of 1 km2 cells than when modeled using a
grid of 10 km2 cells.
B. When seasonal fluxes in average C02 absorption and heterotrophic
respiration were modeled using a grid of 1 km2 cells, much more data were
generated than when seasonal fluxes were modeled using a grid of 10 km2
cells, though the two models reported identical net C02.
C. Higher average heterotrophic respiration rates were found for summer
months than for winter months when modeled using either a grid of 1 km2 cells
or a grid of 10 km2 cells.
D. No correlations between seasonal variations in average heterotrophic
respiration and C02 absorption by I. setosa and other plant species were
found when modeled using either a grid of 1 km2 cells or a grid of 10 km2 cells.
Question 13
Indigenous songs can be repositories of ecological information, from Karen
(hta) Hin Lad Nai songs about bees to O’odham songs about desert plants.
Kwakwaka’wakw song keeper Kwaxsistalla Wathl’thla aided research by
ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al. by contributing songs that reference
creating terraced intertidal gardens to foster the healthy development of clams,
a staple in the Kwakwaka’wakw people’s diet. Such structures date as far back
as 3,500 years ago. Intriguingly, analysis of local paleoecological marine
bivalve records has revealed significant increases in clam size and productivity
as clam garden practices became more prevalent and harvesting pressure
increased — a finding that bolsters the notion that _____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. the Kwakwaka’wakw people initially adapted their clam garden practices
from similar methods observed among other Indigenous peoples in
neighboring areas.
B. the Kwakwaka’wakw people encouraged the health of clam gardens and
reduced pressure on them by periodically increasing their reliance on other
sources of sustenance.
C. contemporary Kwakwaka’wakw people have only minimally deviated from
the clam-gardening practices described in the people’s songs.
D.
the practical approach described in the Kwakwaka’wakw songs
effectively maintained clams as a sustainable food source.
Question 14
Saeed M.Z.A. Tarabieh conducted a study of consumer attitudes toward
Jordanian food and beverage companies and found that for consumers who
value environmental conservation, their likelihood of purchasing a product
decreased when their perception of the product’s risk of causing
environmental harm increased. Subsequently, other researchers conducted a
study of various demographic groups in Greece, investigating participants’
intentions to purchase a new piece of furniture, and found that, on average,
suburban residents had the highest perception among all the demographic
groups in the study of the environmental risks of the piece of furniture.
Assuming that the results of Tarabieh’s study are broadly applicable, this
finding suggests that ____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. the new piece of furniture is more appealing to suburban residents than
other similar products on the market are.
B. suburban residents might be less likely than participants in the other
demographic groups to purchase the piece of furniture.
C. there is not a meaningful difference in the average likelihood of purchasing
environmentally friendly products among the demographic groups included
in the study.
D. suburban residents likely prioritize other factors over a product’s
environmental sustainability when making purchasing decisions.

Question 15
Quasars — such as CTA 102, located in the Pegasus constellation — are
extremely luminous galactic nuclei powered by supermassive black holes,
some of which are known to have developed within the first billion years of the
formation of the universe. Based on simulations they conducted,
astrophysicists Daniel Whalen, Muhammad Latif, and colleagues concluded
that these early quasars developed partly as a result of rare convergences of
gases in space without the need for ultraviolet backgrounds or other extreme
and implausible environmental conditions that models of the early universe
have included to account for the presence of these quasars. If this conclusion
is correct, it suggests that _____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. it may be possible to develop models of the early universe that rest on more
credible assumptions than previous models have.
B. future models of the early universe may not need to include conditions that
explain early quasars since those quasars may not have actually existed at the
time.
C. previous models of the early universe may have underemphasized the
importance of ultraviolet backgrounds to quasar formation.
D. factors that previous models of the early universe assumed were necessary
for the formation of quasars may have actually been consequences of the
formation of quasars.
Question 16
The present-day city of Engels, Russia, was for years the capital of the Volga
Germ an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, one of many nominally
autonomous republics within the Soviet Union. Like _____ peer autonomous
Soviet socialist republics, the Volga German Republic was established along
ethnolinguistic lines: most of the republic’s residents spoke German.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. it’s
B. their
C. its
D. they’re
Question 17
Tonga’s constitution, enacted in 1875, contains just one of the six
constitutional features that enhance judicial independence, as identified by
legal scholars James Melton and Tom Ginsburg. After 1985, such de jure
judicial independence became more prevalent, as exemplified in Swaziland’s
constitution, enacted in 2005 and _____ five of these features.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. had contained
B. containing
C. contained
D. contains
Question 18
The Limon technique, developed by Mexican-born dancer and choreographer
Jose Limon, is known for its emphasis on breath control and its interplay of
weight and _____ dancers may explore, for example, the moment of mid-air
suspension at the top of a jump.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. weightlessness,
B. weightlessness;
C. weightlessness which
D. weightlessness
Question 19
Chondrites are stony meteorites that areundifferentiated—that is, their
contents have not melted and separated into distinct layers. They are
hardly__many chondrites experience aqueous alteration as a result of
exposure to fluids, as well as fracturing, veining, and localized melting due to
collisions with other objects.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. pristine, though
B. pristine, though,
C. pristine; though
D. pristine, though;
Question 20
Named for the year in which it was detected by Japanese astronomers, SN
2018zd was a supernova (the explosion of a massive _____ in the constellation
Camelopardalis, 70 million light-years from Earth, the transient yet powerful
blast propelled particles and debris into space at extremely high speeds.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. star). Occurring
B. star), occurring
C. star) and occurring
D. star) occurring
Question 21
Not all plants benefit equally or from the same kind of _____ sweet gum and
cucumber, for example, benefit from endomycorrhizal associations; many tree
species, such as oak and pine, benefit from ectomycorrhizal associations; and
plants in the Ericaceae family, such as lingonberry, don’t benefit from
mycorrhizae at all.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. mycorrhizae
B. mycorrhizae:
C. mycorrhizae,
D. mycorrhizae;
Question 22
Those who looked up at the right time on July 9,1926, would have witnessed
an annular solar eclipse, during which the Moon blocks most of the Sun and
causes it to look like a ring of light. _____ stargazers on December 24,1927,
would have seen a partial solar eclipse, during which the Moon only blocks a
portion of the Sun and causes it to look like a crescent.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. Indeed,
B. Simultaneously,
C. On the other hand,
D. As a result,
Question 23
With many elements, like selenium, scientists were able to isolate a relatively
pure sample of the substance shortly after discovering its existence — but this
wasn’t the case with all elements. _____ the isolation process took years. The
element radon, for instance, was discovered in 1899 but not isolated until 1908.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A. However,
B. Moreover,
C. Sometimes,
D. Thus,
Question 24
In Tino Villanueva’s 2016 poem “Field of Moving Colors Layered,” the poet
contemplates a painting that has inspired him: Alberto Valdés’s 1965 work
Untitled. The painting, which features overlapping geometric shapes, fuels
the poem’s exploration of temporality and identity. _____ in responding to
Valdés’s artwork, Villanueva’s poem reflects on the relationship between
poetry and other art forms.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. What’s more,
B. In other words,
C. Conversely,
D. For instance,
Question 25
• Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian American artist.
• She is well known for her large-scale LED light sculptures.
• Hedera debuted in 2018 in the Prospect Park Bandshell in Brooklyn, New York.
• It is made of entangled red and white LED tubes.
• It occupies 100,000 cubic feet of space.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences
to emphasize when and where Hedera debuted?
A. Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian American artist who often works with
LED light in her large-scale sculptures, such as Hedera (2018).
B. As is common of Grimanesa Amoros’s sculptures, the entangled red and
white LED tubes of Hedera cut an imposing 100,000-cubic-foot figure when
the piece debuted.
C. Artist Grimanesa Amoros often works with light in her sculptures, which
tend to be large in scale.
D. In 2018, Grimanesa Amoros debuted Hedera in Brooklyn, New York.
Question 26
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Thailand’s annual Songkran Water Festival is held each April.
• It marks Songkran, the traditional Thai New Year.
• People splash and spray each other for fun at the festival’s community-wide water
fights.
• In Bangkok, thousands gather along Silom Road for the city’s largest water fight.
• In Chiang Mai, thousands gather at a historical monument called the Tha Phae
Gate for the city’s largest water fight.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity in how people in Bangkok
and Chiang Mai celebrate Songkran. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In both Bangkok and Chiang Mai, thousands gather to celebrate Songkran
with water fights.
B. People in both Bangkok and Chiang Mai celebrate Songkran, but they don’t
do so in exactly the same way.
C. Each April, people in Thailand celebrate Songkran, the traditional Thai New
Year.
D. The largest water fight in Bangkok takes place along a city street, whereas
the largest water fight in Chiang Mai takes place at a historical monument.
Question 27
• In a 2005 study, Janecek and Leps tested the effect of plant litter on seedling
emergence in a grassland setting.
• Plant litter includes dead leaves and other plant material.
• The test site was a flooded grassland in the Czech Republic.
• It was in a temperate midlatitude climate.
•The researchers found that in these environmental conditions the presence of plant
litter had a negative effect on seedling emergence.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences
to specify the test site’s climate?
A. Janecek and Leps’s study was conducted in a temperate midlatitude
climate.
B. In a 2005 study, Janecek and Leps found that the presence of plant litter
had a negative effect on seedling emergence.
C. A test was conducted in the Czech Republic to study the effect of plant litter
on seedling emergence in a given climate.
D. Janecek and Leps tested the effect of dead leaves and other plant material
on seedling emergence in the Czech Republic.

II. Math version

Module 1
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