Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.9: ME08-1S-2021-2022

College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang

DEGREE PROGRAM BSME COURSE NO. ME08

SPECIALIZATION Mechanical Engineering COURSE TITLE Fluid Mechanics
YEAR LEVEL 3rd Year TIME FRAME 12 Hrs WK NO. 13,14 IM NO. 10

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE: Piping System

II. LESSON TITLE:

1. Pipe Roughness
2. Friction Factor
3. Fluid Friction in Noncircular Conduits
4. Different types of Losses
5. Branching Pipes, Pipes in Series and Parallel.

III. LESSON OVERVIEW: This Module covers the Classification of losses in piping system
and the different empirical formulas useful to solve for the head loss in piping system.
This also covers the branching of pipes in parallel and series connections.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1. Able to use empirical formulas in solving head losses in piping system

2. Able to understand the network system

V. LESSON CONTENT:
Classification of losses:
1. Major losses are head losses due to fluid friction because of viscosity and pipe
roughness
2. Minor losses are head losses or turbulence losses due to pipe fittings and valves.

a. Entrance loss is the

flow of fluid from tank
to pipe. It is head
loss because velocity
is being created.

b. Exit loss is the flow

of fluid from pipe to
tank. It is head loss
because velocity is
being destroyed.

c. Sudden Expansion is
the flow of fluid in a
suddenly increasing
pipe diameter. It is a
head loss due to the
decrease in velocity.

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.9: ME08-1S-2021-2022

d. Sudden contraction
is the flow of fluid in
a suddenly
decreasing pipe
diameter. It is a head
loss due to the
sudden increase in
velocity.

e. Bends (Elbows),
fittings and Valves
are head losses due
to the change in the
magnitude and
direction of velocity

f. Gradual expansion
and gradual
contraction are head
loss due to the
gradual increase or
gradual decrease in
fluid velocity.

g. A nozzle at the end

is a head loss due to
a very high velocity
at the nozzle outlet.

PIPES
1. Headloss using weishback formula
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷2𝑔
Where: hf =head loss in feet/meter
f = friction factor
L = length in feet/meter
V = Velocity in fps/mps
D = diameter in feet/meter.

0.0252𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷5
Where: hf =head loss in feet
L = length in feet
Q = Discharge in cu.ft/sec
D = diameter in feet.

0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷5
Where: hf =head loss in feet
L = length in feet
Q = Discharge in cu.m/sec

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.9: ME08-1S-2021-2022

D = diameter in feet.

2. Headloss using Mannings formula

For English system:

2.87𝑛2 𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 = 4
𝐷3
Where: hf =head loss in feet ; n = coefficient of roughness
L = length in feet
V = Velocity in fps
D = diameter in feet
4.65𝑛2 𝐿𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 = 16
𝐷3
Where: hf =head loss in feet ; n = coefficient of roughness
L = length in feet
Q = Discharge in cfs
D = diameter in feet
For SI system:

6.35𝑛2 𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 = 4
𝐷3
Where: hf =head loss in meter; n = coefficient of roughness
L = length in meters
V = Velocity in meters per seconds
D = diameter in meter
10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 = 16
𝐷3
Where: hf =head loss in meter; n = coefficient of roughness
L = length in meter
V = Velocity in meters per seconds
D = diameter in meter
3. Head loss using Hazen Williams formula
For English system:

4.72𝐿𝑄1.85
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐶 1.85 𝐷 4.87
Where: hf =head loss in feet
L = length in feet
Q = Discharge in ft3/s
D = diameter in feet
C = Hazen Williams Coefficient.

𝑉 = 1.318𝐶𝑅 0.63 𝑆 0.54

Where: V = Velocity in fps
𝐴
R = Hydraulic Radius in feet ; 𝑅 =
𝑃
A = Cross-sectional area of water in the pipe in ft2.
P = Perimeter in Contact with water in feet.
S = Slope of Hydraulic Gradient
C = Hazens Coefficient

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𝑄 = 0.432𝐶𝐷 2.63 𝑆 0.54

Where: Q = Discharge in cfs
S = Slope of Hydraulic Gradient
C = Hazens Coefficient
D = diameter in feet

For SI Version

10.64𝐿𝑄1.85
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐶 1.85 𝐷 4.87
Where: hf =head loss in meters
L = length in meters
Q = Discharge in m3/s
D = diameter in meter
C = Hazen Williams Coefficient

𝑉 = 0.8492𝐶𝑅 0.63 𝑆 0.54

Where: V = Velocity in mps
𝐴
R = Hydraulic Radius in meters ; 𝑅 =
𝑃
A = Cross-sectional area of water in the pipe in m2.
P = Perimeter in Contact with water in meter.
S = Slope of Hydraulic Gradient
C = Hazens Coefficient

𝑄 = 0.2785𝐶𝐷 2.63 𝑆 0.54

Where: Q = Discharge in cms
S = Slope of Hydraulic Gradient
C = Hazens Coefficient
D = diameter in meter

4. Headloss in Nozzle
𝑉𝑛 1
ℎ𝑛 = [ − 1]
2𝑔 𝐶𝑣2
𝑉𝑛
Where: = velocity head at the nozzle
2𝑔
Cv = Coefficient of velocity.

5. Horsepower available in the Jet

𝑄𝛾𝑊 𝐸
𝐻𝑃 =
746
𝑉2𝑛
Where: E =
2𝑔

6. Horsepower available in the pump

𝑄𝛾𝑊 𝐻. 𝐴.
𝐻𝑃 =(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐻𝑝)
746
Where: H.A. = Head added by the pump
𝛾𝑊 = 9810 N/m3

7. Horsepower available in motor or turbine

𝑄𝛾𝑊 𝐻. 𝐸.
𝐻𝑃 = (𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐻𝑝)
746
Where: H.E. = Heat extracted

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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8. Efficiency:

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑝
𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶𝐼𝐸𝑁𝐶𝑌 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑝

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A new cast iron pipe must carry 1.2 m 3/s at a head of 5 m per kilometer length of pipe.
Compute the diameter of pipe using:
a. Hazen Williams Formula with C = 120.
b. Mannings formula with n=0.012.
c. Darcy weishback Formula with f = 0.021.

Solution:
a. Hazen Williams formula:
𝑉 = 0.8492𝐶𝑅 0.63 𝑆 0.54
5
𝑆= = 0.005
1000
𝐷
𝑅=
4
𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴
1.2
𝑉=𝜋
𝐷2
4
1.53
𝑉=
𝐷2
1.53 𝐷 0.63
= 0.8492(120) ( ) (0.005)0.54
𝐷2 2
𝐷 2.63 = 0.52857
𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟖 𝒎

b. Mannings Formula:
2 1
1
𝑉 = 𝑅3𝑆 2
𝑛
1.53 1 𝐷 2
= ( ) (0.005)2
𝐷2 0.012 4
𝐷 2.667 = 0.6546
D = 0.853

c. Darcy – Weishback Formula:

0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷5
(0.0826)(0.021)(1000)(1.2)2
5=
𝐷5
𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟎

2. A 0.60 m diameter pipeline 30 m long carries 0.40 m 3/s of water. Compute the head loss
using the following formula:
a. Darcy Weishback with f = 0.0154
b. Mannings Formula with n = 0.012.
c. Hazen Williams with C = 120

Solution:
a. Darcy weishback:
0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷5
0.0826(0.014)(30)(0.4)2
ℎ𝑓 =
(0.60)5
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 𝒎

b. Mannings Formula:

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.9: ME08-1S-2021-2022

1 2 1
𝑉 = 𝑅3𝑆 2
𝑛
0.4
𝑉=
𝐴
0.4
𝑉=𝜋
(0.60)2
6
𝒎
𝑽= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒
𝒔
𝐷 0.60
𝑅= ;𝑅=
4 4
𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒
2 1
1
1.14 = (0.15)3 𝑆 2
0.012
𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟔

ℎ𝑓
𝑆=
𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = (0.0036)(30)
hf = 0.108
c. Hazen Williams with C = 120

𝑉 = 0.8492𝐶𝑅 0.63 𝑆 0.54

𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴
(0.40)
𝑉= 𝜋 = 1.41 m/s
(0.60)2
4
𝐷 0.60
𝑅= = = 0.15
4 4
1.41 = 0.8492(120)(0.15)0.63 𝑆 0.54
𝑺 = 0.0033
ℎ𝑓
𝑆=
𝐿
Hf = 0.099 m

3. A liquid with SG of 1.26 is being pumped in a pipeline from A to B. At A the pipe diameter
is 600 mm and the pressure is 300 kPa. At B the pipe diameter is 300 mm and the pressure
is 330 kPa. Point B is 1 m lower than A. If the pump puts 16 kW into the flow and neglecting
head losses.
a. Compute the flow rate in liters/sec
b. Compute the head added by the pump to the flow.
c. Compute the horsepower input if the pump has an efficiency of 80%

Solution:
a. Flowrate in Liters/sec
𝑉𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐵2 𝑃𝐵
+ + 𝑍𝐴 + 𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐵
2𝑔 𝛾𝑤 2𝑔 𝛾𝑤
𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝐴
𝜋
𝑄 = (0.6)2 𝑉𝐴
4
𝑉𝐴 = 3.54𝑄
𝑉𝐴2 = 12.51 𝑄 2
𝑄 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑉𝐵
𝜋
𝑄 = (0.3)2 𝑉𝐵
4
𝑉𝐵 = 14.147𝑄
𝑉𝐵2 = 200.14𝑄 2
𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 = 𝑄𝛾𝑊 (𝐻𝐴)
(𝑄)(1.26)(9810)(𝐻𝐴)
16 =
1000
1.29
𝐻𝐴 =
𝑄
𝑉𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐵2 𝑃𝐵
+ + 𝑍𝐴 + 𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐵
2𝑔 𝛾𝑤 2𝑔 𝛾𝑤

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12.51 𝑄 2 300 1.29 200.14𝑄 2 330

+ +1+ = + +0
2(9.81) 1.26(9.81) 𝑄 2(9.81) 1.26(9.81)

187.63𝑄 2 1.29
− = −1.427
2(9.81) 𝑄
1.29
9.5632𝑄 2 − = −1.427
𝑄
Q = 0.4175 m3/s
b. Head added by the pump to the flow
1.29
𝐻𝐴 =
𝑄
𝑯𝑨 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗 𝒎
c. Input Horsepower
𝑄𝛾𝑊 𝐻𝐴
𝐻𝑃 =
746
(0.4175)(9810)(1.26)(3.09)
𝐻𝑃 =
746
𝐻𝑃 = 21.39 ℎ𝑝 (𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡)
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
= 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
21.39
= 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑝
0.80
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒉𝒑 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝟑 𝒉𝒑

PIPES IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

A pipe can be defined as a tube made of metal, plastic, wood, concrete or fiberglass. Pipes are
used to carry liquids, gases, slurries, or fine particles. A piping system is generally considered to
include the complete interconnection of pipes, including in-line components such as pipe fittings
and flanges. Pumps, heat exchanges, valves and tanks are also considered part of piping system.
Piping systems are the arteries of our industrial processes and the contribution of piping systems
are essential in an industrialized society.

1. Series
a. Total head loss = hf1 + hf2 + hf3
b. Q1 = Q2 = Q3

2. Series and Parallel

a. Total head loss = hf1 +hf2 +hf5
b. Q1 = Q5
c. Q1 = Q2 + Q4 + Q3
d. hf2 = hf3 = hf4

3. Series and parallel

a. Total H.L. = hf1 +hf2 +hf5
b. Q1 = Q5
c. Q1 = Q2 + Q3
d. Q3 = Q4
e. hf2 = hf3 + hf4

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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4. Series and Parallel

a. Total head loss = hf1 +hf3 +hf5
+hf6
b. Q1 = Q6
c. Q1 = Q2 + Q4 + Q3
d. hf3 = hf4
e. hf2 = hf3 + hf5
f. Q5 + Q2 = Q6
g. Q5 = Q3 + Q4

5. Equivalent length of pipes

Where:
L2 = equivalent length of pipe 𝒇𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝟓
L1 = original length of pipe 𝑳𝟐 = 𝑳𝟏 ( ) ( )
𝒇𝟐 𝑫𝟏
f1 = friction factor of original pipe
f2 = friction factor of equivalent pipe
D1 = diameter of original pipe
D2 = diameter of equivalent pipe

6. Series-Parallel pipe
a. Q1 = Q5
b. Q1 = Q2 + Q3
c. Q3 = Q4
d. hf2 = hf3 + hf4
e. HL = hf2 + hf1 + hf5

Sample problems:
1. Three concrete pipes are connected in series as shown. If the flow rate in the pipe is
0.10 m3/s.
a. Determine the total head loss of the pipe.
b. Determine the length of a 200 mm diameter equivalent pipe.
c. Determine the diameter of a 1260 m. long equivalent pipe with f = 0.0255.

Solution:
a. Total head loss
0.0826𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷5
Total head loss (Hf) = hf1 + hf2 + hf3
(0.0826)(0.0248)(360)(0.10)2
ℎ𝑓 = = 23.05 m
1 (0.20)5
(0.0826)(0.0242)(300)(0.10)2
ℎ𝑓2 = = 78.97 m
(0.15)2
(0.0826)(0.0255)(600)(0.10)2
ℎ𝑓3 = = 12. 94 𝑚
(0.25)2

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HL = 23.05 + 78.97 + 12.94 = 114.96 m

b. Equivalent length of pipe having a diameter of 200 mm:

𝑓2 𝐿2 𝐷15
𝐿𝑒2 =
𝑓1 𝐷25
(0.0242)(300)(0.2)5
𝐿𝑒 2 = = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟏
(0.0248)(0.15)5

(𝑓1 𝐿1 𝐷15 )
𝐿𝑒1 =
𝑓1 𝐷 5
𝐿𝑒1 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒎
𝑓3 𝐿3 𝐷15
𝐿𝑒3 =
𝑓1 𝐷35
(0.0255)(600)(0.2)5
𝐿𝑒3 = = 𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟏𝟔 𝒎
(0.0248)(0.25)5
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 1233.61 + 360 + 202.16
L = 1795.77 m

c. Diameter of a 1260 m long equivalent pipe with f = 0.0255;

𝐻𝐿 = 114.96 𝑚
(0.0826)(0.0255)(1260)(0.10)5
114.96 𝑚 =
𝐷5
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕 𝒎𝒎
2. Three pipes A, B and C are connected in parallel. If the combined discharged of the 3
pipes in equal to 0.61 m3/s, and assuming they have equal values of friction factor “f”,
compute the following using the tabulated data shown.

PIPELINE LENGTH DIAMETER

A 600 m 150 m
B 480 m 200 m
C 750 m 100 m

a. Compute the rate of low of pipeline A in li/sec.

b. Compute the rate of flow of pipeline B in li/sec.
c. Compute the rate of flow of pipeline C in li/sec.

Solution:

a. Rate of flow in A
ℎ𝑓𝐴 = ℎ𝑓𝐵 = ℎ𝑓𝑐
(0.0826)(𝑓)(𝐿𝐴 )(𝑄𝐴 )5 (0.0826)(𝑓)(𝐿𝐵 )(𝑄𝐵 )5
=
𝐷𝐴5 𝐷𝐵5

(600)(𝑄𝐴 )5 (480)(𝑄𝐵 )5
=
(0.15)5 (0.2)5
𝑸𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟔𝑸𝑩
𝑸𝑩 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝑸𝑨
600𝑄𝐴2 750𝑄𝐶2
=
(0.15)5 (0.10)5
𝑄𝐴 = 3.08𝑄𝐶
𝑄𝐶 = 0.325𝑄𝐴
𝑄𝐴 + 𝑄𝐵 + 𝑄𝐶 = 0.61
𝑄𝐴 + 2.295𝑄𝐴 + 0.325𝑄𝐴 = 0.61
𝑚3
𝑄𝐴 = 0.17
𝑠

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𝑳
𝑸𝑨 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎
𝒔
b. Rate of flow of pipeline B

𝑄𝐵 = 2.295 𝑄𝐴
𝑄𝐵 = 2.295 (0.17)
𝑚3
𝑄𝐵 = 0.39
𝑠
𝒎𝟑
𝑸𝑩 = 𝟑𝟗𝟎
𝒔
c. Rate of flow in pipeline C
𝑄𝐶 = .325 𝑄𝐴
𝑄𝐶 = .325(0.17)
𝑳
𝑸𝑪 = 𝟓𝟎
𝒔𝒆𝒄

VI. LEANING ACTIVITIES

Solve the following problems, Submission will be announced via Facebook messenger:
1. A 0.60 m in diameter pipe 600 m long has a head loss of 1.2 m.
a. Find the discharge flowing in the pipe using f = 0.012
b. Find the discharge flowing in the pipe using n = 0.014
c. Find the discharge flowing in the pipe using C = 120

2. Four thousand cubic meter of water flows at a rate of 0.028 m3/s against a static head
of 30 m through a new 150 mm diameter cast iron pipe 430 m long. Pump efficiency
is 80% and the motor efficiency is 70%. Using the Hazen Williams formula with C =
130.
a. Compute the total head loss
b. Compute the horsepower needed for the flow
c. Compute the total pumping cost if electric cost is P3.40 per kWh.

3. The pipe connections show shows a series

of parallel connection. The rate of flow in
the pipeline 1 is 300 L/s. Assuming equal
values of f = 0.02 for all pipes.
a. Compute the discharge at pipeline 2
b. Compute the discharge at pipeline 3
c. Compute the discharge at pipeline 4

VII. EVALUATION: (must not be included in student’s module)

VIII. ASSIGNMENT: Submission will be announced via Facebook messenger group.

1. What is sprinkler system?

2. What is the History of Fire Sprinklers?
3. What are the Types of Sprinkler Systems?
4. What are the Types of Sprinkler Heads?
5. What is Future of Fire Sprinklers

IX. REFERENCES:

Cengel, Y. & Cimbala, JM. (2013). Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Application (
4th Ed.) . 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121:
McGraw-Hill Education.

Besavilla, V. (1996). Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics (3 rd Ed.)

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 10 of 10

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