1.

(a) (i) More “free” water molecules outside cell / in distilled water;
water molecules inside cell “bound” to solute molecules;
link between water molecules, pressure they exert and water potential;
water potential of distilled water =0;
presence of solute reduces water potential; max 2
(ii) Partially permeable / only allows water molecules through /
does not allow solute molecules though; 1

(b) Passive / does not require ATP; R energy not required

movement down gradient; R across
does not require carrier molecules / not facilitated; max 2
[5]

2. (a) (i) ((rate of) uptake / diffusion is proportional to)

surface area × difference in concentration
; 1
thickness of membrane
(ii) Rate (of uptake) is proportional to concentration (of glucose); 1

(b) (i) Facilitated diffusion involves carrier / protein molecules (in membrane);
(free proteins / carriers) still available as more glucose added /
glucose is a limiting factor / eq; 2
(ii) Carrier / protein molecules saturated / limiting factor; 1
[5]

3. (a) Does not have the resolution / cannot distinguish between points this close
together;
As light has longer wavelength; 2
The key ideas in marking this part of the question are resolution
and wavelength.

(b) Lipid soluble / small / non-polar / not charged; 1

(c) (i) Concentration of sodium ions (outside cell);

As concentration/independent variable increases so does the rate of
diffusion; 2

King Edward VI Camp Hill School For Girls 1

 (ii) Sodium ions are passing through the channels/pores;
At their maximum rate;
Rate is limited by the number of sodium channels / another limiting
factor; max 2
[7]

4. (a) partially/selectively permeable accept semi-permeable

allows water to pass through but not potassium nitrate/solute; 1
(b) potassium nitrate (solution);
cell wall permeable; 2
(c) water potential more negative/lower in cell E; water removed;
greater solute/sap concentration (in cell); 3
[6]

5. (a) Molecules within the membrane able to move;

mixture of phospholipid and protein / arrangement of protein; 2

(b) Carriers / reference to transport role;

receptors / antigens / reference to recognition;
enzyme; max. 2

(c) Selectivity;
stops the loss of water soluble / polar molecules from inside the cell;
e.g. enzyme;
OR converse
allows movement of lipid soluble / non polar molecules;
e.g. vitamins; max. 2

(d) (i) Arrows from high to low water potential; 1

(ii) Water potential is lower / more negative ; 1
[8]

6. (a) (i) ATP used;

movement is against a concentration gradient; 2
(ii) stops / less movement of ions;
movement of ions needs ATP;
ATP / production linked to respiration /
electron carrier system; max. 2

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 (b) (i) greater concentration difference / increased gradient therefore more
molecules move in external concentration limiting factor /
increased concentration increases rate; 1
(ii) (limit imposed in situation B by)
limited number of molecules can move through the pores in unit time /
pores are full / number of pores is limiting factor; 1
[6]

7. (a) 4 micrometres = 2 marks (Allow 3.9 - 4. 1)

Correct method of scaling, but incorrect conversion to micrometres = 1 2

(b) (i) not in nucleus / single (loop) chromosome. 1

(ii) not attached to ER / smaller (70S). 1
(iii) not in mitochondria / attached to mesosomes. 1

(c) increases concentration (of solutes) inside bacteria / decreases

water potential inside bacteria;
less / no net water loss to external solution or uptake of water
to more conc. solution inside. 2
[7]

8. (a) Active transport requires energy / uses ATP;

moves substances against concentration gradient. 2

(b) Carrier protein (in membrane); (accept: channel/pore/intrinsic proteins;

reject: extrinsic protein, or just ‘protein’);
ion transported by change of shape / ‘flipping’ of carrier protein;
energy used to attach ion to carrier protein /.change shape.( not
just ‘ATP provides energy’) max 2

(c) (i) 930 1

(ii) Carrier proteins different or specific / ref to potassium (or other)
carrier / ions moved independently;
more potassium than other ions transported;
different degrees of concentration of ions.
(not just ‘moved against concentration gradient’) max 2
[7]

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9. (a) (i) 6 : 1 and 2 : 1
(Accept 54:27;reject 6 and 2) 1
(ii) 4.85 / 4.9 and 1.09 / 1.1 1

(b) (i) Same volume of potato / only surface area different 1

(ii) Potato (cubes) have lower/more negative water potential;
so water enters cubes (by osmosis). 2
(iii) Larger surface area (: volume ratio) of smaller cubes (for osmosis). 1
[6]

10. (a) Phospholipids and proteins;

Phospholipid bilayer;
Arrangement of phospholipid molecules ‘Tails to tails’;
‘Floating’(protein) molecules / molecules can move in membrane;
Intrinsic proteins extend through bilayer;
Extrinsic proteins in outer layer only;
(Ref. to intrinsic and extrinsic, unqualified, gains 1 mark);
Detail of channel proteins / protein shapes / glycoproteins;
Presence of cholesterol. 5

(b) (i) Random movement of oxygen molecules;

(Net) movement from high to lower concentration;
Molecules can pass between phospholipid molecules / through bilayer;
Rate dependent on concentration gradient.
(ii) Movement from high to lower concentration;
Use of carrier / channel / intrinsic protein;
Proteins specific (to glucose);
Changes shape of protein and passes through channel / membrane;
No energy/ATP needed.

(iii) Movement against concentration gradient;

Use of carrier/channel/intrinsic/pump proteins;
Protein specific (to ion);
Energy / ATP required;
Energy used to change shape of proteins / attach ion to protein;
Ions moved through membrane as proteins change shape / position. max 9
[14]
QWC Award 1 or 0 according to criteria

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11. (a) (i) solution hypotonic / cell cytoplasm hypertonic /cell has more
negative Ψ / cell has fewer water molecules;
(references to strengths of solutions neutral)
entry of water / osmosis (causes cells to swell);
(max 1 mark if no reference to hypotonic / hypertonic) 2
(ii) solution isotonic / cell and solution have same Ψ /
same number of water molecules;
no net entry / loss of water;
(max 1 mark for if no reference to isotonic) 2
(b) (so much water entered that) cells burst; 1
[5]

12. (a)
Function Phospholipids Protein

May act as hormone receptors X

May act as enzymes X

Involved in active transport X

; ;
Mark as columns. All correct for 1 mark. 2

(b) Active transport/uptake;

Ions accumulated/move/go against a concentration gradient/highER
Concentration (inside root hair) (not larger number) (minerals = neutral); 2
[4]

13. (a) (i) Initial mass of cylinders not identiical;

To be able to directly compare the results; 2

(ii) From 0.3 mol dm–3 to 0.1 mol dm–3 water moves into potato cells;
By osmosis;
So mass increases;
More water has entered potato cells 0.1 mol dm–3 / converse; 4

(iii) 0.35;
No mass change/no net osmosis/
volume of water in = volume of water out; 2

King Edward VI Camp Hill School For Girls 5

 (b) Range from –511 to –549 kPa;
Reason e.g. Water moves from A to B, so must be lower than –510 and
Water moves from B to C, so must be higher than –550; 2
[10]

14. (a) increased / large difference in concentration / high concentration gradient /

large or steep diffusion gradient;
increased / high temperature;
increased / high pressure;
increased / large surface area;
short diffusion path / decreased membrane width; 3 max

(b) the larger (the diameter) of the hole the greater the volume / amount /
rate of gas diffusing;
the smaller the hole the greater the volume / amount / rate of gas
diffusing per cm2 of hole / unit area; 2
[5]

15. (a) (i) potato more negative water potential/hypertonic;

(accept more concentrated)
water enters by osmosis;
cells extend/are turgid; 2 max

(ii) little/no water remaining in potato/fully plasmolysed/all water

has moved out;
cell wall prevents further shrinkage/sucrose solution moves in;
or, water potentials are equal/equilibrium/isotonic;
no net movement of water/no further osmosis; 2

(b) (i) faster rate (of decrease) in 0.8 mol dm–3; 1

(ii) bigger water potential gradient/greater difference in water

potentials (between potato and surrounding solution); 1

(c) (i) water moved into the solution from the potato;
solution diluted/becomes less concentrated; 2

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 (ii) no net movement of water (in or out);
drops move up/less dense;
or, no net movement of water (in or out);
drop would not move/densities the same; 2
[10]

16. (a) diffusion / movement of water;

through a partially-permeable membrane;
(from less negative Ψ) to more negative Ψ / (from higher Ψ) to lower Ψ; 3

(b) (i) 5.55 cm gains 2 marks;

(allow 5.5 or 5.6 only if supported by correct working)
else evidence of 5.0 ÷ 0.9 gains 1 mark 2

(ii) T anywhere to left of 0.3 M; 1

W at 0.3 M; 1
[7]

17. (a) Y → X/–800 to –1200, from less negative Ψ to more negative Ψ/

higher water potential to lower water potential; 1

(b) (i) takes salt (from the water)/stores/retains sugars/named solute; 1

(ii) increasing solute concentration lowers water potential / water potential
becomes more negative; 1
(iii) water potential in cells is higher than the surrounding water;
water moves out of the cells;
by osmosis/diffusion;
water cannot be taken up by the plant/ plant loses water;
linked to metabolic reaction/photosynthesis;
(reject cannot grow) 4 max
[7]

18. (a) cell has lower water potential than external medium;
so, water enters by osmosis; 2

King Edward VI Camp Hill School For Girls 7

 (b) (i) active transport;
by specific carrier proteins/pumps; 2
(ii) sodium ions transported more into vacuole (than to outside);
because more sodium carrier proteins/pumps in vacuole membrane;
or
vacuole membrane less permeable to sodium ions/allows slower
sodium ion diffusion (back out);
membrane has fewer sodium channels; 2 max
[6]

19. (a)
Feature Osmosis Active Facilitated
transport diffusion

Requires energy from ATP x x

Requires protein carrier x

molecules

Can take place against a x x

concentration gradient

Mark down, one mark for each correct column 3

(b) (i) Molecules are moving faster;

they have more (kinetic) energy;
so more molecules will pass through the membrane in given time; Max 2
(ii) Temperature affected cell membrane;
by for example, denaturing the proteins; 2
[7]

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