THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION LESSON 1 Concepts of Globalization
CHAPTER OVERVIEW CONCEPTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is the process in which people, ideas and goods
spread throughout the world, spurring more interaction and • Globalization is comprised of multiple sameness and
integration between the world's cultures, governments and interconnectedness that go beyond the nation-states. McGrew (1990)
economies. • Ohmae in 1992 stated, “Globalization means the onset of the
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the borderless world”(p.14).
people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process • “Globalization is a world in which societies, cultures, politics
driven by international trade and investment and aided by information and economics have, in some sense, come closer together” – Ray
technology. Kiely and Phil Marfleet,
This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political Globalisation and the Third World (London: Routledge 1998), p.3.
systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human • Globalization is the intensification of economic, political, social
physical well-being in societies around the world. and cultural relations across borders. –
Hans-Henrik Holm and Georg Sorensen (eds.)
Globalization is about growing worldwide connectivity Globality- the condition or state in which things are global.

Globalization plays a vital role in the economic system of the world. • Globalization as a condition
The world economy which is set to bea system of being globalized. Example:
What does it mean? It means that the whole world is increasingly Social events like Earth Day and the World Cup of soccer are
involving as a part of a single market, with interdependent production, examples of globality.
consuming similar goods, and responding to the same impulses. It
also involves of spreading of ideas, practices, and technologies. It is Globalism- the operation or planning of economic and foreign policy
the connectivity across the entire world of the economic and cultural on a global basis.
life that increased throughout the centuries. However, what is the real
concept of globalization and when did it begin? Does the perspective • Steger (2014) globalization as an ideology.
of every experts differ from one another? What are some impacts of
globalization to the development of world’s economy? Do you think it Appadurai (1996) five dimensions of global cultural flow.
is beneficial? Why or why not?
1. Ethnoscape- global movement of people(move from one
LEARNING OUTCOMES place to another)
A. At the end of the unit, the students shall be able to: Example: tourists, exiles, refugees, immigrants, students
studying abroad, temporary workers abroad, and so on
1. Examine the various conceptions of globalization 2. Mediascape- flow of culture (visual culture) refers to the
2. Distinguish the different definitions from experts distribution of electronic technologies, entities, or capabilities
3. Adopt a working definition of globalization which produce information as well as the information they
disseminate.
Lesson Outline Example: Newspapers, Radio, Cable news, Netflix, Movie
I. Introduction to Globalization studios, YouTube
3. Technoscape- movement of all sorts of technology across
1. Concepts of Globalization worldwide boundaries. (flows of technology)
2. Definitions of Globalization from Experts example: Apple’s iPhone.
3. Attributes of Globalizations 4. Finacescape- global circulation of money (low of money across
political borders)
LESSON 1 Concepts of Globalization 5. Ideoscape- realm of political ideas (the notions of democracy,
DEFINITION OF TERMS: human-rights, welfare, and so on)

Cultural Imperialism – a conviction that there is a better culture Globalizations means;

Globalism - widespread belief among powerful people that the global - fast speed of trade (importing and exporting are done in just a
integration of economic markets is millisecond through technology)
beneficial for everyone since it spreads freedom and democracy - global economic organizations
across the world International Monetary Fund (IMF),
Globalization – - the expansion and intensification of social relations World Bank (WB),
and consciousness across world time and World Trade Organization (WTO).
world space. International Labor Organization (ILO),
Globality –future social condition characterized by thick economic, Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN.
political, and cultural interconnections and - free trade (governments not to restrict the importation of
global flows that make currently existing political borders and products and the exportation of local products
economic barriers irrelevant
Global Village – through globalization and communication Globalizations means;
technology, the world has become borderless

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. - establishment “global village” (media, facebook has CHAPTER 2

connected the world)
- “shrinking world” (breaking boundaries) THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
- cultural imperialism (Better Culture) CHAPTER OVERVIEW
- borderless world This chapter exposes the learners to economic and political
- adoption of other cultures (KPOP) arenas as structures of globalization. In
Section 1. The Global Economy, the discussion focuses on the
process of making the world economy an integral
Political science expert: element of a whole. Also, it elaborates on the important players of
globalization serves as a challenge to the nation-state. economic globalization. Section 2. Market
- strengthening of regional blocs (ASEAN) (UN) Integration covers the position of international financial institutions in
- emergence of global political norms (the norm that each global market integration. In Section 3. The
country is entitled to the exploitationof human resources for its own Global Interstate System, the discussion tackles the consequences of
growth) globalization on governments and
- emergence of corporations (businessmen and investors) institutions that govern nation-state relations. Section 4.
- international laws (conflicts) Contemporary Global Governance presents the United
- world governance Nations’ role, function and the challenges of global governance.
Four attributes of globalization
1. Globalization occurs worldwide DEFINITION OF TERMS:
2. Intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities
3. Expansion and stretching of social relations
4. Various forms of connectivity Economic Globalization – expanding interdependence of world
economies
A. Globalization occurs worldwide (Every person is a global citizen Global corporations – companies which has expanded outside their
because he or she thinks about the issues of home countries
the world) Global Governance – the totality of norms, laws, policies and bodies
- Think about the world that defines, comprise, and facilitate
- Associate ourselves with global trends transnational relations between citizens, states, cultures,
- Sense of responsibility intergovernmental, and non-governmental organizations.
B. Globalization Intensification & acceleration of social exchanges Globalism – an attitude that seeks to understand all the
and activities interconnections of the modern world and to highlight the
- Door-to-door mail delivery to FB messages – IG, SnapChat, patterns that underlie them
Twitter Global Interstate System – seeks to form collaboration among nation-
- Live TV telecast states through the establishment of
- Travel capacities brought about by low airfares intergovernmental organizations
C. Globalization Expansion & stretching of social relations Globalization - the expansion and intensification of social relations
and consciousness across world time and
- Regional and international non-governmental organizations world space.
(NGOs) Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) – facilitators of connections
Humanitarian Institution among nation-states
- Government associations Internationalism – a practice of interdependent collaboration
- multinational companies Nation-state - a political community that emanates from civic society
D. Globalization has Various forms of connectivity. to legitimately execute peace.
Historical Periods of Globalization LESSON 1: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
1. The Prehistoric Period (10000 BCE-3500 BCE) Economic Globalization
this is the earliest phase of globalization, were geographically limited, Steger’s (2014) definition of globalization as the expansion and
this is the absence of form of technology, globalization was severely intensification of social relations and consciousness across world
limited. time and space implies that there are various forms of connectivity.
2. The Pre-modern Period (3500 BCE- 1500 CE) Globalization is a multidimensional phenomenon, creating
-In this period is the invention of writing and the wheel were great economic, political, cultural, and even technological forms of
social and technological boosts that move globalization to a new connectivity.
level. The invention of wheel in addition to roads made the
transportation of people and goods more efficient. The writing This lesson focuses on the economic dimension.
facilitated the spread of ideas and inventions.
Economic globalization refers to the expanding interdependence of
Activity: world economies. (Shangquan 2000) attributes this to the growing
Why is it crucial to emphasize that globalization is uneven? Justify scale of cross-border trade commodities and services, flow of
your answer international capital, and wide and rapid spread of technology.

In the Philippines, cross-border trading can be best illustrated by

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the country’s trading partnerships with China, the United States, Based in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, the company only manufactures
and Australia. syrup concentrates and sells them to various bottlers that hold
exclusive territories in different countries including the Philippines.
Moreover, the flow of international capital can be observed in
foreign direct investments (FDI), a type of investment in which a The most fitting definition of economic globalization is that of
company establishes a business in another country for production of Szentes’ (2003):
goods or services and still takes part in the management of that
business. This implies that the world economy is no longer controlled by the
nation-states, but it must be seen from a global context – the reliance
A good example of this is Toyota Motor Philippines Corporation and integration of world economies.
which is a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Philippines Corporation based
in Toyota, Japan. The different agents that bring about interdependencies of global
economies:
In 2008, the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- defined economic globalization as a historical process, the result of Boyer and Drache (1996) state that the role of nation-states as
human innovation and technological progress. manager of the national economy is being redefined by globalization.
- works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its 190
member countries. Although such is the case, nation-states still act as buffer to negative
The countries that are not a part of the IMF are Cuba, North Korea, effects of globalization. In support, Brodie (1996) calls the
Monaco, Taiwan, Vatican City, and East Timor, Liechtenstein. government as the “midwives” of globalization.

Benczes (2014) identifies four interconnected dimensions of It means that nation-states are still relevant despite assuming a
economy namely: global perspective and act as mediators between the effects of
(1) globalization of tradeand goods and services; globalization and the national economy.
(2) globalization of financial and capital markets;
(3) globalization of technology and communication; and Ohmae (1995) argues that the nation-state has ceased to exist as
(4) globalization of production. the primary economic organization unit in the global market.

The first dimension of economic of economic interconnectedness is Filipino consumers, for instance, prefer to consume and avail of
demonstrated in the establishment of the World Trade Organization global products and services like H&M, Uniqlo, Accenture, Amazon,
(WTO) that easestrade among countries. Alibaba and FedEx.
(WTO)1995 - Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as
smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. As a result of transforming the national economy into a global one,
Reich (1999) posits that national products, technologies,
(WTO, 2012). Another indicator is the emergence of China as a corporations, and industries become obsolete. (no longer produced or
major supplier and exporter of manufactured goods that has affected used; out of date )
the world economy. San Miguel Corporation and Jollibee Foods Corporation are
good illustrations of thiseffect.
China-made products or parts are sent to the United
States. To meet this demand, China creates more jobs for its These two Filipino companies have expanded outside their home
citizens. Another good example of economic country as they are present in Europe, US and the rest of Asia.
globalization of trade and services is the increasing number of
business process outsourcing (BPO) companies On the other hand, some observers of economic globalization believe
in the Philippines. that it divides the world further.
First, one might observe that the sources of goods and services are
The second dimension is evident in the liberalization of financial exploited, since these economically poor nation-states depend on
and capital markets. This is seen in cross-listing of shares on one or industrialized countries for employment and income, these
more foreign stock exchange, cross-hedging and diversification of industrialized countries compensate their labor with cheap cost.
portfolio, and round the clock trading worldwide (National Research
Council, 1995). Second, economic globalization does not benefit all nations (World
Bank, 2002). There is an uneven experience among nations.
The third dimension emphasizes that various transactions and
interactivities that transpire instantly due to the internet and Workers in TNCs are paid less compared to their counterparts in the
communication technology. Moreover, companies’ home countries. This shows how cheap labor is in the
Philippines.
the fourth dimension is best illustrated by the existence of A transnational corporation TNC -is an enterprise that is involved
multinational corporations (MNCs) and transnational corporations with the international production of goods or services, foreign
(TNCs). investments.

The Coca Cola Company is an example of an MNC. Third, Wallerstein (2005) claims that capitalism created the different
levels of wages in the economic arena of world systems.

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It further divides the world for it leads to inequality according to

expertise, experience and skills. There are also private international financial institutions such as
Citigroup and Merrill Lynch.
Economic globalization affects all nations and citizens through the
increasing integration of economies around the borderless world. Citigroup is an American multinational investment banking and
financial corporation.
Though some people believe that economic globalization brings It is the fourth largest bank in the US
unity of all economic movements, others believe that globalization (citigroup.com).
furthers the separation among nation-states around the world.
On the other hand, Merril Lynch is the wealth management division
Activity: of the Bank of America.
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION: UNITY OR DIVISION?
Instructions: Both institutions provide investments, stocks, or financial loans.
1. Based on your readings and your further researches, analyse
whether economic globalization is something that unites or further
divides the world. History of global market intergration in the 20th century
2. Using your drawing, articulate a position on global economic
integration. Global market integration did not happen overnight. It was the
3. Write a short explanation of your stand. result of the establishment of a global economy that involved the
homogenization of trade and commerce.
LESSON 2: Market Integration
Learning Outcomes: Prior to trends in globalization of the 20th century, international trade
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to demonstrate and exchange of goods and services were already practiced.
the following:
▪ Explain the role of international financial insitutions in the Harvey (1990) sees that cities and countries were able to extend
creation of a global economy their reach beyond borders and patterns of trade and technology
because of developments in shipping and navigation.
▪ Narrate a short history of global market intergration in the
20th century This was observable in the development of maritime transport
throughout history.
▪ Infer the attributes of global corporations
Colonialism and imperialism as the new ways of putting order to
After the Second World War, almost all countries around the world the economic interrelationships among countries.
faced the great challenge of bringing their feet back on the ground.
Colonialism is where one country physically exerts complete control
There are two types of international financial institutions: over another country.
intergovernmental and private. Imperialism is formal or informal economic and political domination
of one country over the other.
The WB is an intergovernmental institution. Its aim is to end extreme
poverty and promote shared prosperity in a sustainable way
(worldbank.org).

There are five organizations that belong to the LESSON 3: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
WB Group, namely, the Learning Outcomes:
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to demonstrate
2. International Development Association the following:
3. International Financial Corporation ▪ Explain the effects of globalization on nation-states
4. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency,
5. International Center for Settlement and Investment Disputes. ▪ Categorize the institutions that govern international
relations; and
These organizations facilitate the granting of loans and financial
assistance to developing countries. ▪ Differentiate internationalism from globalism

The WB, it also grants financial assistance and loans to developing Weber (1997) describes the state as a compulsory political
countries. organization with a centralized government that maintains the
legitimate use of force within a certain territory.
These two are intergovernmental financial institutions that were
created to spur social progress and economic growth in order to
address and reduce poverty:

-Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 1960 and the

-African Development Bank (AfDB) in 1964.

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