TSAR-STYLE — GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

THE MANUSCRIPT — GENERAL reviews no footnotes are used, abbreviations may be used in brackets in
the text, as the part in brackets performs the function of a footnote. In the
1 TSAR considers, after anonymous peer review, original manuscripts
text, BGB, BW, NBW, ABGB, CC and KO may be used as abbreviations,
in Afrikaans, English or Dutch of articles, notes, discussions of case
as well as etc, eg, ie, viz. Foreign language abbreviations, such as BGB,
law and book reviews that have not been presented for publication
in an English text, should be italicized as a foreign language. J or CJ
elsewhere. Copyright of publications vests in the publishers.
etc should be used only in English contributions and will then follow
2 The original manuscript in TSAR style, accompanied by a copy on
directly after the surname of the particular judge: Innes CJ.
computer disk or compact disc or per e-mail, must be delivered to the
3.2 In footnotes, abbreviations should be used whenever possible.
editor. On the printed manuscript, the author should indicate against 3.3 Avoid full-stops in abbreviations. Words written together
each reference with a √ that the applicable reference has been double- should be abbreviated without a space. Similarly, separate
checked personally at first-hand. In the event of the editorial staff words should be abbreviated without full-stops (SA; THRHR;
having to make more than 15 style-related or spelling-related changes, TSAR; LLB), except where confusion may result, then a space
the piece will be returned to the author in order to be attended to. should be used.
3 Length: Unless agreed otherwise with the editor, articles, including
footnotes, must not be longer than 8 000 words, and notes and C NOTES AND DISCUSSIONS OF CASE LAW
discussions of case law, not longer than 7 000 words. Contributions As under B regarding articles, but no footnotes are used.
of less than 4 000 words will not be considered. References etc, which would have been contained in footnotes,
should be placed in brackets in the text and should — in the
B ARTICLES
interests of legibility — be used sparingly; no summary in
1 Articles must be accompanied by a short summary of approximately another language is given.
350 words in another of the official languages indicated in A 1 above.
(An article written in Dutch must contain an English summary.) The D REFERENCES
summary must be provided with a title. No footnotes or references No initials or first names of authors are used unless there may be
are allowed in the summary. confusion (eg more than one author with the same surname has been
2 Footnotes referred to in the same footnote).
2.1 The footnotes of articles, numbered sequentially, should be 1 Books
electronically incorporated into the text and should be shown at the De Wet and Van Wyk Kontraktereg en Handelsreg (1978) 136 [or
bottom of pages and not at the end of the manuscript. (4th ed) 136, if the date is unknown — never both].
2.2 In the text, the footnote number is generally shown after the first 2 Unpublished theses or dissertations
relevant punctuation mark, eg: Van der Merwe argues that the moon Van der Walt Risiko-aanspreeklikheid uit Onregmatige Daad (1974
is made of cheese.2 thesis SA) 139-140.
2.3 Identification of the writer of an article (as well as any 3 Papers of the law commission
acknowledgements) should be indicated in the footnotes, before The South African Law Commission ‘‘Die instelling van ’n legitieme
note 1, with an *, as in : * Professor in Private Law, University of porsie of die verlening van ’n reg op onderhoud aan ’n langslewende
Johannesburg; Senior lecturer in Commercial Law, University of gade’’ Hersiening van die Erfreg Paper 13, Project 22 (1986) 21-35.
Pretoria. It is important for the sake of cross-referencing of later Take note that the law commission was renamed on 17 January 2003
footnote numbers (see 2.9 below) that authors ensure that their word- (GG no 24277): South African Law Reform Commission / Suid-
processing programmes do not count this * as the first footnote. Afrikaanse Regshervormingskommissie.
2.4 Footnotes begin with small letters unless the text in the footnote 4 Journal articles
itself constitutes a full sentence, with a verb, eg: s 23(1); above, but Jansen ‘‘Die ontwikkeling van die nuwe vennootskapsreg’’ 1956
Compare/See Van der Merwe 12. In English articles, Cf or cf, ie and SALJ 593 598; Smith ‘‘The new European company’’ 1974 Modern
eg should be italicized. Law Review (MLR) 683 where article begins on 593 or 683 but the
2.5 All footnotes end with a full-stop. specific reference is to 598.
2.6 Refer to previous footnotes as follows: n 16 above and to footnotes 5 Newspapers
which follow: see n 34 below [ie, a space should be left between n and Beeld (15-01-1983) 12 or Beeld (15 Jan 1983) 12.Government Gazette
16/34]. Supra and infra are normally not used, but if used, should be (in footnotes, abbreviated as GG) 6679 (28-09-1979).
in small letters if the word stands alone. 6 Case law
2.7 In footnotes, a space should be left between the page number and ff/ Conradie v Rossouw 1965 2 SA 589 (K) 593F; Green v Green 1942
et seq — eg 124 ff (ff not italicized). WLD 67 69; Smith v Smith 1946 AD 201. If reported in SAFLII: Dewel
2.8 In the event that several sources are referred to in the same sentence, Trust v Scholsz (11050/14) 2014 ZAWCHC 128 (18 Aug 2014). [ ] does
separate information with; except for the last two sources, where not refer to paragraph and may not be used. Keep all references to
‘‘and’’ should be used. sources as simple as possible.
2.9 Cross-references in footnotes: When referring to a source in a Unreported case law
later footnote, which source has already been fully referenced in a Whether in the text, in a footnote or as a heading of a case discussion:
previous footnote, the following shortened referencing-style should Pienaar v Beukes case no 492/90 (C) (unreported); or, in the event that
be used: Surname of the author or shortened case name (n #) 678 the case number is not available, but the date upon which the judgment
{where # is the first full reference to the particular source}. In the was delivered is: Pienaar v Beukes 15-01-1989 (C) (unreported).
event of several sources of the same author being referred to in 7 Legislation: The Companies Act 61 of 1973.
this previous footnote, the date of the particular source should be 8 Old Authorities: D 9 2 11 8; De Groot Inleidinge 2 2 12 and Voet
mentioned in ( ), in order to avoid confusion: Surname of the author Commentarius ad Pandectas 7 1 13 — thus, no full-stops.
(n # (1990)) 678, in order to distinguish it from another source of the 9 Internet: References to internet-based sources only are not
same author, to which source full reference has been made in the encouraged. If used in addition to ‘‘normal’’ references: http:www.
same footnote. This shortened referencing-style naturally does not lexml.de (23-12-2005) ie not underlined or italized and where the
apply to case discussions and notes, where there are no numbered date last visited is provided between ( ) as additional information.
footnotes. In these last-mentioned instances, refer to the author and
the applicable page or paragraph number – except when there is E GENERAL
reference to more than one contribution by the same author in this 1 Capital letters — Use capital letters sparingly.
contribution where a key word from the title is also provided. 2 Further punctuation: TSAR style makes scant use of commas.
2.10 In referring to case and book reviews, only the author, journal and A comma should be used only where clarity requires it. [ ] does not
page should be referred to. No reference to the title of the case or refer to paragraph. Quotation marks: Use double quotation marks,
book review should be given, eg Van Wyk 1975 THRHR 152. With while single quotation marks should be used within a quote. Quotations
regard to subsequent references to reported case law in footnotes of longer than three printed lines are indented and printed smaller.
in articles as well as in notes and case discussions the shortened 3 Authors are encouraged to consult recently published editions of TSAR
referencing style is used where merely a key word (normally the in cases of uncertainty regarding any matter or to contact the editor.
identifying name of the prominent party) is used with the word case Editorial address:     per e-mail: [email protected]
followed by the relevant page number — eg the Smith case 687G and The Editor TSAR
not merely “in Smith” (no cross-reference as for other sources — see Faculty of Law
B 2.9 above). University of Johannesburg
3 Abbreviations PO Box 524
3.1 Apart from certain exceptions, abbreviations should not be used in AUCKLAND PARK
the text but, owing to the fact that in discussions of case law and book 2006