Association For

Audio Visual Professionals

Code of Practice
Installation of Terrestrial
and Satellite TV Reception Systems
(MDU & Commercial)
CAI COP 1: January 2019
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 Code of Practice
Code of Practice
Installation
CAI COP 01of Terrestrial
– June 2011
(Revised July 2014)
and Satellite TV Reception Systems
(MDUInstallation of
& Commercial)
Terrestrial and Satellite TV Reception
Systems
CAI COP 1: January 2019
(MDU & Commercial)
This document has been prepared by the Board of Directors of CAI Ltd.

AIMS OF CAI

- To raise standards within the Industry.

- To represent its Members to Government, Local Authorities, National Bodies etc.
- To unite the Industry on its common aims.
- To keep abreast of technological change.
- To promote the membership to its prospective customers.

SOME SERVICES AVAILABLE

- Information Service.
- Training Courses.
- Technical Advice.

CAI actively encourages all companies in the Industry to further its aims and to use the services available. Full
details and application forms to join CAI are available from the Secretary.

This Code of Practice does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of this Code are responsible
for its correct application. CAI Codes of Practice are revised when necessary by the issue either of amendments or of revised
editions. It is important that users of CAI Codes of Practice should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest
amendments or editions. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained within this Code of Practice is
correct at the time of going to press. Any person who, when making use of this Code of Practice, encounters any inaccuracy or
ambiguity, is requested to notify CAI without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

© Copyright. CAI Ltd 2014

All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any form
without the prior written consent of the Confederation.

First issued in May 1992

Fourth update July 2014

CAI Ltd Communications House

41a Market Street, Watford, Hertfordshire, WD18 0PN

Tel: 01923 803030 Facebook: /cailimited Twitter: /cailtd

Email: [email protected] Website: www.cai.org.uk

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1

1.1 The Code 1
1.2 Scope and Purpose 1
1.3 Health and Safety 1
1.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility 1
1.5 Definitions and Glossary of Terms in relation to this document 1

2. INSURANCE 2
2.1 Liability Insurance 2
2.2 Accident Cover 2

3. SUITABILITY OF SITE 2

4. LICENSING AND PLANNING 2

5. GROUNDWORK 2

6. INSTALLATION STAFF 2
6.1 Engineers/Technicians 2
6.2 Identification 2

7. CUSTOMER RELATIONS 2
7.1 Contract Conditions 2
7.2 Installation Liaison 3

8. INSTALLATION AND TEST EQUIPMENT 3

8.1 Vehicles 3
8.2 Test Equipment 3
8.3 Signal Measurement 3

9. CHOICE OF MATERIALS 3

10. TERRESTRIAL / SATELLITE RECEPTION 3

10.1 General 3
10.2 Terrestrial Reception 4
10.2.1 Terrestrial Aerial Selection 4
10.2.2 Terrestrial Aerial Groups 4
10.2.3 Siting of Terrestrial Aerials 4
10.3 Satellite Reception 4
10.3.1 Satellite Dish Selection 4
10.3.2 Satellite Bands 4
10.3.3 Siting of Satellite Dishes 4
10.3.4 Multi-satellite Reception 5
10.3.5 Cross Polar Rejection 5
10.3.6 Painting of Satellite Dishes 5

11. SIGNAL MEASUREMENT / SYSTEM LIMITS 5

11.1 Level 5
11.1.1 Carrier Level Differences 5
11.1.2 Window of Operation 5
11.2 Carrier to Noise (C/N) 6
11.2.1 Analogue Broadcast 6
11.2.2 Digital Broadcast 6
11.2.2.1 Carrier to Noise Ratio 6
11.2.2.2 Modulation Error Ratio 6
11.2.2.3 Bit Error Ratio 6
11.3 CCIR – 5 Point Impairment Scale – Analogue 6
11.4 Interference 6

12. DISTRIBUTION NETWORK 6

12.1 Types of System 6
12.2 System Planning (see Appendix B) 6
12.3 Loop Wired Systems 7
12.4 System Architecture 7
12.5 Headend Equipment 7
12.6 Cascaded Amplifiers 7
12.7 Network Powering 7
12.8 Signal Splitting and Impedance Matching 7
12.9 Frequency Planning 7
12.10 Modulators 7
 13. CABLE AND WIRING 7
13.1 General Cabling Requirements 7
13.1.1 Coaxial Cables 8
13.1.2 IRS Cable Colour Coding 8
13.1.3 Labelling 8
13.2 Cable Connections 8
13.3 Cable Fixing 8
13.4 Installation and Routing of Cables 8
13.4.1 Overhead Spans 8
13.4.2 Underground Cables 9
13.5 Fibre Cables 9
13.5.1 Jointing Techniques 9
13.5.2 System Planning 9
13.5.3 Safety Aspects 9
13.6 Multi Pair Telephone Cable/Data Cable (types CW1308 or Cat 5/6) 9

14. AERIAL INSTALLATION 9

14.1 Mast, Brackets and Fixings 9
14.2 Tubular Masts 9
14.3 Brackets and Lashings 10
14.3.1 Installation 10
14.3.2 Chimney Mounted Brackets 10
14.3.3 Wall Mounted Brackets 10
14.3.4 Pitched Roof Mounts 10
14.3.5 Flat Roof Mounts 10
14.3.6 Loft Fixing 11
14.3.7 Wall Fixings 11
14.4 Masthead Amplifiers 11

15. SATELLITE ANTENNA INSTALLATION 11

15.1 General 11
15.2 Structural Supports for Satellite Antennas 11
15.2.1 Ground Level Mounting 11
15.2.2 Roof Mounting 11
15.3 Wall Mounted Brackets 11

16. PRECAUTIONS AGAINST DAMAGE AND INTERFERENCE FROM ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 12

17. COMPLETION OF INSTALLATION 12

17.1 Reporting and Registration of Final Installation 12
17.2 Subsequent Reports on Installations 12

18. MAINTENANCE 12

19. CUSTOMER CARE 12

APPENDICES

Appendix A Planning Regulations for the Installation of Antennas Including Satellite Dishes 13

Appendix B System Planning 15

Appendix C Derating 18

Appendix D Channel Allocation 19

Appendix E Mechanical Stability of Outdoor Aerial Systems 20

Appendix F Sample Forms 23

Appendix G Link Budget 31

Appendix H List of Relevant Standards and Other Reference Documents 34

1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE active equipment shall conform to the EMC requirements and
be CE marked.
1.1 The Code
BS EN 50083-8 + A11 ‘Electromagnetic Compatibility for
Networks’ specifies the radiation limits and measurement from
This Code of Practice is issued by the CAI Ltd to all of its
cabled distribution systems operating in the frequency range
Members registered as systems installers. The observance of
0.15 MHz to 3.0 GHz.
this Code is mandatory for all Members who undertake
installation and/or maintenance of signal distribution systems
such as IRS, MATV or SMATV systems. Any deviation from this 1.5 Definitions and Glossary of Terms in relation to this document
Code shall only be permitted as a matter of practicality in a
particular situation and shall be advised to the Client in writing AM: Amplitude Modulated/Modulation.
prior to commissioning of the system. Responsibility for the Antenna; antennas: Aerial(s) designed for the reception of
implementation of this Code rests solely with the Member. CAI Radio Frequency (RF) signals, however
inspectorate examines Members’ workmanship on any constructed.
inspection visit as well as in the case of a dispute. BER: Bit Error Ratio.
BS...: The relevant Standard currently in force
1.2 Scope and Purpose as published by the British Standards
Institution or the harmonized European
This Code of Practice should be read in conjunction with all Standard, BS EN.
other CAI Codes (see Appendix H) and is based upon British CAI Approved
Standards relevant to the industry (also see Appendix H for a list Systems Installer: A member who has one or more
of those Standards). The Code covers antennas for the engineers who have a qualification in the
reception of FM radio signals in Band II, Digital Audio design, installation and maintenance of
Broadcasting in Band III, Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) systems. (See System Installer)
signals in Bands IV and V and Digital Satellite Television (DST) at CATV: Community Antenna Television. A master
both fundamental and Intermediate Frequency (IF). In addition, antenna and distribution system capable
it also covers their mechanical supporting structures, reception of receiving, amplifying and distributing a
and distribution equipment, IRS, MATV and SMATV systems television signal via a coaxial or fibre cable
located anywhere in the United Kingdom. This Code also to television receivers in a large
applies to any locally generated programming to be carried on community. Also known as “Cable
these distribution networks insofar as it uses carrier frequencies Television”.
in the range specified below:- CE Mark: Consultants Europe. Certification Scheme
for equipment compliance.
(a) In respect of satellite transmissions, this Code C/N: Carrier to Noise Ratio, difference between
applies to reception in the 3.7 GHz to 40 GHz range. modulated carrier and noise floor.
(b) In respect of signal distribution by coaxial cable, this Cross Polar rejection:Difference in level between wanted signal
Code applies to carrier signals in the range 87.5 MHz and signal from opposite polarity.
to 3850 MHz. DAB: Digital Audio Broadcast.
(c) In respect of return paths in coaxial cable, this Code Dish sharing: A signal reception system that delivers
applies to signals in the range 5 MHz to 65 MHz. satellite signals only, via a network, to
multiple outlets as if connected to own
The Code also covers the use and installation of telephony and dish.
data cables where they form an integral part of an antenna DSB: Double Side Band.
installation. DTT: Digital Terrestrial Television.
DVB-S: Digital Video Broadcast – Satellite.
1.3 Health and Safety DVB-T: Digital Video Broadcast – Terrestrial.
EMC: Electromagnetic Compatibility.
A prerequisite to achieving a high standard of safety is that all Engineer: Person competent to work on installation
those engaged on installation work shall be fully conversant or maintenance of a signal reception
with safety procedures, precautions and use of Personal system according to CAI Codes of Practice.
Protective Equipment (PPE). They shall also be fully competent FEC: Forward Error Correction.
to perform the tasks required of them and be able to recognise FM: Frequency Modulated/Modulation.
potentially hazardous working conditions. These procedures Headend: Equipment provided for the purpose of
are detailed in CAI’s publications:- filtering, levelling, processing and
launching into a distribution network.
• Health & Safety in the Aerial & Satellite Industries IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission
• Guidelines for Safe Operating Procedures IF: Intermediate Frequency.
IRS: Integrated Reception System. A signal
• Code of Practice 08 - Electrical Safety Requirements
for Signal Reception Systems (excluding CATV) reception system that delivers terrestrial
and satellite signals to multiple outlets as
if connected to own dish and aerial array.
It is recommended that before the installation is started or
before any work is undertaken on an existing system, a method LPS: Lightning Protection System.
statement is produced which leads to a risk assessment. LSF: Low Smoke and Fume.
LSZH, LS0H, LSNH: Low Smoke Zero/No Halogen.
Where an existing system is considered unsafe, the Client shall MATV: Master Antenna Television. A signal
be notified in writing as soon as possible. See Appendix F – reception system that feeds terrestrial
Dangerous Situation Report. signals to multiple points via a network. If
in multiple buildings this would be
restricted to a local area.
1.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility
BS EN 50083-2 ‘Electromagnetic Compatibility of Equipment for MDU: Multiple Dwelling Unit.
Cabled Distribution Systems for Television and Sound Signals’ is MER: Modulation Error Ratio.
mandatory for all types of systems covered by this Code. All Member: Member of CAI.

1
 Multi-path effect: (Ghosting) Secondary signal received at an shall also be checked but where this is in doubt, a structural
aerial caused by a reflection. engineer shall be consulted. Architects and Clients shall be
Multiplex: A digital transport stream of all the digital made aware of the desirability of mounting aerials and satellite
data carrying a number of services within antennas clear of surrounding objects and with a clear “view”
a single broadcast channel. towards the appropriate transmitters. It is the responsibility of
PPE: Personal Protective Equipment. the Member to determine the suitability of the receiving site
Receiver: Can mean a TV, radio or set top receiver prior to the commencement of the installation and to advise
for satellite and DVB-T including video the Client of any problems.
recorders, PVRs, recordable DVDs and
computers.
RF: Radio Frequency. 4 LICENSING AND PLANNING
RoHS: Restriction of Hazardous Substances.
SSB: Single Side Band (see VSB).
In July 2003, the UK implemented an EU framework for the
SDU: Single Dwelling Unit, be it detached, semi-
regulation of electronic communications networks and service
detached or terraced. This would also
providers. The framework sets out a harmonised and
include an individual apartment, flat or
technology neutral regime for the regulation of
maisonette etc.
communications companies across the EU and is covered by The
SMATV: Satellite Master Antenna Television.
Communications Act, to which all systems shall legally comply.
Similar to MATV with the addition of
locally modulated signals, commonly
Where relevant the Client shall also be made aware of the
satellite programmes.
Government document entitled “A Householders Planning
System: A network that feeds RF signals to
Guide for the Siting of Satellite Television Dishes”. Copies are
multiple points. See CATV, MATV, SMATV
available from CAI’s website.
and IRS.
Systems Installer: A member registered with the CAI who Refer to Appendix A – Planning Regulations.
claims competence in installing systems.
(See CAI Approved Systems Installer).
UV: Ultraviolet radiation, that part of the
Electromagnetic spectrum that causes 5 GROUNDWORK
degradation of certain materials.
Voltage, nominal. Voltage by which an installation (or part Provision for all groundworks, mast plinths, king posts,
of an installation) is designated. The trenching, cable ducts etc, shall be established at an early stage.
following ranges of nominal voltage (rms
values for a.c.) are defined:
Extra-low Voltage (ELV) - Not exceeding 50 V a.c. or 6 INSTALLATION STAFF
120 V ripple-free d.c., whether between
conductors or to Earth.
6.1 Engineers/Technicians
Low Voltage (LV) - Exceeding extra-low voltage but
not exceeding 1000 V a.c. or 1500 V d.c.
The Senior Engineer of the Member shall be trained to CAI
between conductors, or 600 V a.c. or
standards of competence in the installation of systems, as
900 V d.c. between conductors and Earth.
determined from time to time by CAI. Where necessary, the
High Voltage (HV) - Normally exceeding low voltage. installation staff may need to attend CAI approved or
VSB: Vestigial Side Band (see SSB). recommended training courses (such as CAI’s SMATV & IRS
WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic
Networks Distance Learning Course). An experienced and
Equipment.
trained installer shall be in attendance at all times. Assistants
shall accompany him, where appropriate.
For additional terms refer to the CAI Website Glossary -
http://www.cai.org.uk/site/glossary
6.2 Identification

All members of staff should carry photographic identity cards.

2 INSURANCE It is preferred that all Members display CAI’s logo on their
installation/maintenance vehicles and relevant stationery.
2.1 Liability Insurance

Members shall comply with current statutory obligations in 7 CUSTOMER RELATIONS

respect of Public Liability and Employer’s Liability Insurance.
Notwithstanding the above, Members affected by this Code
7.1 Contract Conditions
shall carry a minimum of £5,000,000 Public Liability Insurance
cover. This minimum shall be increased if so required by any
In addition to the requirements of section 4, the following
Client in respect of any installation covered by this Code.
information shall be provided to the Client, in writing, prior to
the commencement of the work:-
2.2 Accident Cover
(a) All signal types that the installation will provide.
Members are advised to take out personal accident insurance
(b) The location of the aerials/antennas, their types and
consistent with the hazardous nature of the work involved.
methods of installation.
(c) The routes of all cable runs, their fixings and their
relative visibility.
3 SUITABILITY OF SITE (d) The location of any other equipment.
(e) Type and number of outlets and their locations.
At an early stage of development, the architect or Client shall (f) The expected quality of signals to be provided for all
be consulted with regard to the positioning of aerials, satellite services required - see section 11.
antennas, headend equipment and network components. The
soundness of the structure to support such aerials/antennas

2
 (g) The equipment which the end user will require to essential to use measurement instruments designed for the
receive the services. purpose.
(h) Programme providers may provide scrambled signals
and/or charge for their programmes. Whilst this is A spectrum analyser capable of the following is required:-
the responsibility of the Client or end user, the
Member has a duty to point this out as the provider Measurement in the frequency range specific to the services
of the installation. The Member shall inform the provided.*
Client that some programme providers shall be Absolute level accuracy of ± 2 dB.
advised, where necessary, of the reception and C/N accuracy of ± 3 dB.
distribution of their channel for the purposes of Bit Error Ratio (BER).
copyright or licensing arrangements (e.g. CNN). Modulation Error Ratio (MER).
(i) Programming is beyond the control of the Member
who cannot, therefore, make any claims or accept within the following bands as appropriate:-
any responsibility for changes to encryption,
programming, transmitted frequency, or other 87.5 -108 MHz; 117-450 MHz; 470-860 MHz; 950-2150 MHz
technical parameters.
(j) A quotation or estimate for the work involved where *For return path measurements this will require an analyser
the cost implications of different options may be measuring down to 5 MHz.
included.
(k) To inform the Client that, unless the installation It is essential that the accuracy of the meter be checked at least
company has a waste carriers registration, the only annually, to recognised national standards or in accordance
waste that may be removed from site has to have with the manufacturer’s guidelines. Where applicable a
been brought onto the site by the company in the calibration certificate shall be available for inspection.
first place, e.g. off-cuts of coaxial cable and
packaging. If redundant electrical or electronic A spectrum analyser may have many functions in addition to
equipment is being removed then the WEEE the above, but for a satisfactory system set up and
Directive shall also be complied with. Details of how commissioning the options listed are minimum requirements.
further information may be found is given in
Appendix H.
(l) The Client shall be informed of the standard Terms 9 CHOICE OF MATERIALS
and Conditions unless separate arrangements are
agreed. Refer to Appendix F - Standard Conditions of
UV stability – the outer covering of all items – cables, paint
Trading.
finish, housings etc – installed externally in a system shall
protect those items from the long term degradation effects of
7.2 Installation Liaison
ultra-violet light.
The Member shall liaise with the Client at the commencement
Weather resistance – all materials used externally in the
of the installation and discuss the siting of the aerial/antenna,
installation of a system shall be resistant to the adverse effects
method of cable entry, its run, its termination and positioning
of weather during the normal life expectancy of the product
of the receiving equipment. Attention shall be drawn to any
and due regard to the environment in which it is installed.
matters concerning the structure of the building, such as
defective brickwork, and every effort shall be made to work
Chemical reactivity – all materials used in the installation of a
tidily and to avoid undue dust, debris etc.
system shall be chemically neutral and non-reactive to any item,
whether solid, liquid or gaseous, with which it might reasonably
be expected to contact during its lifetime. This includes the
8 INSTALLATION AND TEST EQUIPMENT degree of acidity found in rainwater.

8.1 Vehicles EMC/RoHS/WEEE – all electronic items used in the installation

of a system shall be EMC compliant with regard to unwanted
Vehicles shall be adequately equipped to include ladders, roof effects on the system, have been tested to relevant IEC
ladders and tool kits, including PPE, to enable the installation standards and carry the CE mark. All applicable products should
staff to execute an installation conforming to this Code. be compliant to RoHS and WEEE Directives.

8.2 Test Equipment

10 TERRESTRIAL / SATELLITE RECEPTION
The minimum requirement for test equipment is as follows:-
10.1 General
(a) Inclinometer and compass or other means to identify
satellite locations. It is essential that suitable quality materials are used and that
(b) Spectrum analyser (see below). the work is carried out with due regard for public safety. As the
(c) Multimeter. installation is a metal structure it is elastic to some degree.
(d) The Member shall have available the means to Whenever it is continually flexed by the action of the wind or
demonstrate the quality of reception, which shall other vibration, the metal section that is experiencing most
include the applicable set top box, TV or measuring strain is subject to change whereby it becomes ‘work hardened’
equipment that can demonstrate picture and sound and brittle, it ceases to be elastic and may break. The effect is
quality on all signal types received. termed ‘metal fatigue’ and it can be avoided by ensuring the
structure is sufficiently robust to resist excessive flexing.
8.3 Signal Measurement
Many of the metal parts of an installation are fabricated of
When measuring signals on any type of system, it is important aluminium, which has a natural protective oxide film on its
that the instrument used is within the accuracy limits specified surface. This film can be destroyed if the installation is exposed
herein and designed for the particular service. Analogue meters to a sulphurous or acidic emission from a chimney. The effects
will not measure digital terrestrial or satellite correctly so it is of this corrosion can be minimised by positioning the antenna

3
 away from the chimney outlet. Where this is not possible a Table 2
minimum vertical clearance of 1.25 m between the antenna and
the top of the chimney shall be maintained. In extremely Band Longest Wavelength Half Wavelength
difficult reception areas, where the antenna will only receive
useable signal if positioned closer than 1.25 m to the top of a II FM 3.4 m 1.7 m
chimney, the Client shall be informed of a possible reduction in III DAB 1.4 m 0.7 m 4
the life expectancy of the antenna. IV/V UHF 0.64 m 0.32 m
4
If dissimilar metals are brought into contact, they and/or their A spectrum analyser shall be used to ensure that the optimum
finishes shall be selected so as to minimise galvanic corrosion. receivable signal is obtained. The analyser should be used not
only to locate the direction of maximum signal strength and
10.2 Terrestrial Reception quality, but also the optimum height and lateral position of the
aerial. In difficult reception areas, a balance between the
10.2.1 Terrestrial Aerial Selection digital multiplexes should be attempted, rather than have one
or two much stronger than the others. In the case of DTT
For digital transmissions it is essential that the aerial be signals, C/N or MER shall be checked and where possible BER.
matched to 75 Ohms. Where it is possible to use an aerial that Additionally, a check of all required services on a suitable
has passed CAI’s Benchmarking Scheme, then that aerial shall be receiver shall be made before the final position of the aerial is
used. established. Every endeavour shall be made to eliminate multi-
path effects.
Whilst grouped aerials have a better gain than wideband
aerials, it is recommended that the appropriate aerial is used 10.3 Satellite Reception
for the receive location. Where signals are outside Group A, a
Group T aerial should be used. It is not recommended that 10.3.1 Satellite Dish Selection
Group W aerials be used due to the possible interference from
LTE in the 800 MHz band. Care should also be taken if there is Care shall be taken to select:-
to be possible changes in channel allocation in the future.
• a dish of the appropriate size and efficiency,
For aerial parameters, see CAI’s Aerial Benchmark and refer to • an LNB and feedhorn that correctly illuminates the
industry websites for information on possible changes to dish, with the correct local oscillator/s and of the
channel allocations. appropriate gain, noise figure and phase noise etc

10.2.2 Terrestrial Aerial Groups for the chosen satellite transmitter’s downlink budget
calculation.
Table 1
The assembly of the antenna and LNB shall conform to the
CHANNELS/ GROUP/ COLOUR manufacturer’s instructions.
FREQUENCY BAND CODE
10.3.2 Satellite Bands
UHF Television
For the purpose of this Code, the frequency ranges according to
21 – 37 A Red the IEEE are as follows:-
35 – 53 B Yellow
48 – 68 C/D Green C Band 4 – 8.0 GHz
21 – 48 K Grey X Band 8.0 – 12.0 GHz
35 – 68 E Brown Ku Band 10.95 – 14.5 GHz
21 – 68 W Black Ka Band 26.5 – 40 GHz
21 – 60 T White
10.3.3 Siting of Satellite Dishes
FM Radio
In order to avoid unnecessary hazard, where practicable,
87.5 – 108 MHz Band 2 antennas shall not be sited directly above any area to which the
public has access. In addition the position of any overhead
Digital Audio Broadcasting power lines shall be noted and their close proximity avoided.

217.5 – 230 MHz Part Band 3 Reference shall be made to CAI’s document ‘Health & Safety in
the Aerial & Satellite Industries’. The antenna shall be kept as
clear from local obstruction as possible.
10.2.3 Siting of Terrestrial Aerials
A compass and inclinometer, or other suitable means, shall be
In order to avoid unnecessary hazard, aerials shall not be sited used to find a suitable position where the antenna has a clear
directly above any area to which the public has access. In “view” of the transmitting satellite(s). The installation shall
addition the position of any overhead power lines shall be comply with current planning regulations (Appendix A). A
noted and their close proximity avoided. spectrum analyser shall be used to ensure that the optimum
receivable signal is obtained by adjusting elevation, azimuth,
Reference shall be made to CAI’s document ‘Health & Safety in polarity alignment (skew) and, where necessary, focal point
the Aerial & Satellite Industries’. The aerial shall be kept as clear positioning for the LNB. In the case of DVB signals C/N or MER
from local obstruction as possible. Where more than one aerial shall be checked and, when appropriate, BER.
is mounted on a mast, a vertical distance greater than half the
wavelength of the lowest frequency being received shall be
maintained between aerial dipoles to avoid possible signal
degradation.

4
 (*3)
10.3.4 Multi-satellite Reception Where no analogue signals are present on the system a
maximum level of 80 dBµV is allowable at the outlet.
(*4)
When reception from more than one satellite is required, it is With the advent of 4G LTE signals in the 800 MHz
recommended that a separate dish is used for each satellite. spectrum it is advised that the minimum level for DTT at
Where the use of individual dishes is not possible, then a dish the outlet should be 50 dBµV.
specifically designed for multi-satellite reception is
recommended. Cloud cover and precipitation can have a significant effect on
signal level and quality, particularly with satellite frequencies. It
Where neither of these two options is possible and a is recommended that the prevailing weather conditions are
‘conventional’ single dish is employed for multi-satellite noted during the signal measurement and test phase of system
reception, it shall be remembered that the overall gain will commission.
reduce when an LNB is moved away from the dish focal point.
The dish size shall therefore be increased accordingly to
compensate and maintain the correct link budget. Due regard 11.1.1 Carrier Level Differences
shall also be given to the mechanical rigidity of the LNB’s
support structure. The difference in carrier levels when the carriers are in the
ranges VHF, UHF or satellite IF shall not exceed the values given
See Appendix G for link budget calculations. in Table 4.

10.3.5 Cross Polar Rejection The difference in carrier levels when carriers are in both the
VHF and UHF range shall not exceed 15 dB.
The minimum cross polar rejection of the LNB and dish
combination shall be 26 dB for both analogue and digital. If FM and/or DAB radio signals are present at any system outlet
intended for television signals, the level of any FM and DAB
10.3.6 Painting of Satellite Dishes carrier shall be at least 3 dB lower than the lowest television
signal level at that outlet.
Should the antenna require painting to minimise the visual
impact, it is recommended that matt lead-free paint be used. Table 4 – Maximum level differences at system outlets
To avoid solar damage, the paint shall not be more than 30% between distributed analogue television channels
thermally and optically reflective and metallic paint shall be
avoided. Frequency range Interval Maximum level
difference (dB)
30 MHz to Entire range 12
11 SIGNAL MEASUREMENT / SYSTEM LIMITS 300 MHz (VHF) 60 MHz range 8
Adjacent channel 3
11.1 Level Table
300 MHz to Entire range 15
3 – Carrier/signal levels at system outlets 850 MHz (UHF) 100 MHz range 9
Adjacent channel 3
Frequency range Maximum Minimum 950 MHz to 2.15 GHz Entire range 20
and service Level (dBµV) Level (dBµV)
11.1.2 Window of Operation
Analogue
30 MHz to The minimum and maximum signal levels for each type of
300 MHz television 74 57 service (satellite/terrestrial; analogue/digital) define a “Window
300 MHz to of Operation”, within which the signal levels shall be
1 GHz television 80 (*1) 60 maintained. Since terrestrial analogue and digital signals are
transmitted at different power levels, this window can be
0.95 GHz to relatively small and care is needed to achieve and maintain the
2.3 GHz satellite IF 77 47 correct criteria. The size of the “window” is further reduced as
87.5 – 108 MHz VHF band II radio (*2) the system increases in complexity due to the build up of
FM sound (mono) 74 40 equipment effects such as noise, slope and flatness.
FM sound (stereo) 74 54
For small digital terrestrial systems, the use of a cluster filter or
Digital cluster amplifier may increase the relative size of the “window”.
300 MHz to 860 MHz For larger systems, satisfactory operation may only be
television(DVB-T) 65 (*3) 45(*4) achievable by using individual channel processors or channel
300 MHz to 860 MHz specific amplifiers to equalize the digital multiplexes and, where
television (DVB-T2) 65 48 necessary, change their amplitude with respect to the analogue
channels (where carried), ideally to 15 dB below analogue.
0.95 GHz to 2.15 GHz
Satellite IF 77 52
217.5 – 230 MHz Digital
Audio Broadcasting 65 40
(*1)
Due care shall be exercised should the analogue signal
level exceed 75 dBµV as some digital receivers may
overload.
(*2)
Where extra radio channels are added to the off-air
broadcasts resulting in successive FM channels at an
interval of 300 kHz, it is recommended that a maximum
level of 66 dBµV is not exceeded.

5
11.2 Carrier to Noise (C/N) 11.2.2.3 Bit Error Ratio

11.2.1 Analogue Broadcast For all digital services, a maximum Bit Error Ratio (BER) of 2 x 10-
4
(2e-4), measured post Viterbi, shall be achieved at the outlet.
Table 5 – Analogue Broadcast – Minimum Carrier to Noise
Ratios 11.3 CCIR – 5 Point Impairment Scale - Analogue

Service System Minimum carrier/ Noise In order to avoid dispute and prior to the work taking place, it is
noise ratio (dB) bandwidth (MHz) up to the Member to obtain the Client’s written acceptance of
the agreed quality grade.
Television 625 line 43 5.08
- terrestrial PAL I
Table 8 – CCIR (ITU-R) 5-Point Impairment Scale:-
Television 18 27
- satellite Quality Grade Impairment
VHF FM sound
mono 25 0.18 Excellent 5 Imperceptible
stereo 45 0.18 Good 4 Perceptible but not annoying
Fair 3 Slightly annoying
Signal/cross modulation ratio shall not be worse than Poor 2 Annoying
46 + 10 log (N - 1) dB, where N is the total number of analogue Bad 1 Very annoying
channels for which the system is designed.
11.4 Interference
11.2.2 Digital Broadcast
The installation may suffer from various forms of impairment.
11.2.2.1 Carrier to Noise Ratio On a normal installation, the technician shall aim for a
minimum of Grade 4 for analogue services and quasi error free
Table 6 – Digital Broadcast – Minimum Carrier to Noise Ratios for digital services (see above), unless prior agreement has
been made with the Client. Where there is interference, all
Service Minimum Carrier/Noise Ratio (dB) efforts to minimise it shall be made including the fitting of
at antenna at outlet suitable filters if required and advice given to the Client as to
(clear sky conditions) the suitability of distributing at the frequencies concerned.
Television - terrestrial
DVB – T 27 23 All systems shall be planned and installed in line with the
DVB - T2 30 26 relevant requirements of BS EN 50083-2 and BS EN 50083-8
(EMC) to minimise signal egress/ingress.
Television – satellite
DVB – S 13 10 For further information refer to Code of Practice 06, ‘Dealing
DVB - S2 13 10 with interference caused by signal generation into the TV, Radio
Radio - DAB 18 15 and Satellite Bands’.

11.2.2.2 Modulation Error Ratio (MER)

12 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
MER measurement is a useful feature of a spectrum analyser
when identifying reception problems, particularly where C/N All equipment should be located in an area that is secure and
and BER appear satisfactory. accessible for future maintenance. This may require the use of
a lockable cabinet. It is important that the installer arranges
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) with the Client for a suitable area to be made available. The
document ETR290, ‘Measurement Guidelines for DVB Systems’, Client should be advised that equipment contained within this
states “MER can be regarded as a form of signal to noise ratio area needs to be accessible at all times for maintenance.
measurement that will give an accurate indication of a
receiver’s ability to demodulate the signal, because it includes 12.1 Types of System
not just Gaussian noise but all other impairments of the
received constellation as well. If the only significant Different types of distribution systems may be utilised
impairment present in the signal is Gaussian noise then MER depending upon Client requirements - MATV, SMATV, IRS etc.
and signal to noise ratio are equivalent.” Systems may include terrestrial television in both digital and,
where still broadcast, analogue plus satellite channels either in
Table 7 – Digital Broadcast – Modulation Error Ratios their original IF format or re-modulated in the terrestrial band.
Service Fail Marginal Pass The system is also likely to carry radio in the form of FM and
DAB.
Television – terrestrial
DVB – T <18 dB 19 – 22 dB >23 dB Whilst some demand is still experienced for MATV and
DVB - T2 <21 dB 22 – 25 dB >26 dB specialist SMATV systems, the bulk of new communal build is
Television– satellite IRS. By carrying all broadcast services both terrestrial and
DVB - S <7 dB 8 – 10 dB >11 dB satellite radio and television in their original formats, IRS
DVB - S2 <7 dB 8 – 10 dB >11 dB delivers the most benefit for both landlord and tenant.

12.2 System Planning (see Appendix B)

The table refers to broadcasts with FEC of 2/3 via terrestrial and
2/3 ASTRA & 5/6 Eurobird via satellite and include a margin for
Whilst technical advice is available from various sources, such
variation in transmission conditions and receiver performance.
as manufacturers and distributors, ultimately it is up to the
Different FECs require different minimum MER values; consult
Member to decide the most suitable layout for the system. It is
your meter manufacturer for details.
expected that Members undertaking this type of work will have

6
 successfully completed CAI’s SMATV & IRS Networks Distance (b) The equipment shall be so designed and constructed that
Learning Course. In any case the planning of the system shall no dangerous currents can flow under normal operating
take account of all appropriate safety requirements. or single fault conditions.
(c) The unit providing the power shall, if that power is
12.3 Loop Wired Systems derived from a mains supply, comply with BS EN 60065,
BS EN 60950-1, BS EN 50083-2, BS EN 60728-11 and
Loop wired systems on new installations shall not be used. IEC 62368-1 Ed 1.0.

12.4 System Architecture 12.8 Signal Splitting and Impedance Matching

Whilst MATV and SMATV systems can be designed as a When selecting splitters and taps, consideration shall be given
traditional tree and branch network, the nature of an to performance and mechanical parameters, including the
7
Integrated Reception System (IRS) means that each subscriber following:-
cable needs to be routed back to a central distribution point (or
points). Backbone cables terminate at these points into • Impedance matching (generally measured as Return Loss
switching units capable of delivering signal to the outlets. Ratio (RLR).
• Insertion loss.
The number of backbone cables required will depend upon the • Isolation.
number of satellites to be received and reference shall be made • Frequency range.
to the specification associated with the installation. Allowance • Line current carrying capacity.
shall be made for terrestrial services on either a dedicated • Weatherproofing, if applicable.
backbone cable or superimposed onto all satellite IF backbone • Connection method.
cables.
Manufacturers/distributors of the equipment can supply this
12.5 Headend Equipment information.

Headend equipment shall be housed in an accessible, secure 12.9 Frequency Planning

and well-ventilated area and, where required, fed by a
dedicated mains supply. Great care shall be taken when allocating analogue channels in
both the UHF and VHF bands to avoid possible interference,
When designing the headend and its output levels for a system including that caused to or by digital multiplexes whether
containing cascaded amplifiers, due consideration shall be intended for redistribution or not. Refer to Appendix D.
made both for the number of amplifiers and the total number
of channels to be distributed. The derating tables in Appendix C 12.10 Modulators
shall be followed.
Double side band type modulators, such as those commonly
In poorly ventilated areas or where the ambient temperature is fitted in typical domestic set top boxes are not recommended
likely to rise or fall outside the equipment operating for use on distribution systems and in order to preserve the
temperatures, due care and attention shall be exercised in digital nature of the systems it is preferable to use digital
order to ensure the equipment is operated within those modulators on all new and upgraded systems. Once the off air
temperature limits. analogue channels have been switched off, all TVs will either
have to have a built-in DTT receiver or be connected to a DTT
12.6 Cascaded Amplifiers STB to facilitate this requirement.

In planning the network, members shall ensure that cascaded

amplifiers run at the appropriate output level. Derating tables
shall be used when planning systems with cascaded amplifiers - 13 CABLE AND WIRING
see Appendix C.
13.1 General Cabling Requirements
12.7 Network Powering
Electrical wiring shall be carried out in accordance with the
Generally MATV and SMATV amplifiers are powered with a local current IET Wiring Regulations. All electrical work in dwellings
mains supply or by a lower voltage, not exceeding 65 V AC or shall comply with Part P requirements of the Building
50 V DC line power. IRS active equipment can be powered Regulations and be carried out by a 'competent person'. It may
either individually with mains voltage or by lower voltage line be necessary for the Member to check if and how the
power. installation falls within the Scope, Compliance, and Notification
parameters of Part P.
The total power requirements should be borne in mind when
designing a system. Care should be taken not to exceed the All coaxial cable runs shall be continuous lengths where
maximum current available from a power source and that the possible. If joints cannot be avoided care shall be taken by using
line current requirement does not exceed the capability of the only connectors intended for the purpose, so as to maintain the
system components. impedance and screening properties. In selecting the cable,
due regard shall be paid to the signal levels available from the
Where back powering from the subscriber outlet or receiver is aerial/antenna or other inputs and the requirements of the
incorporated, the system shall comply with the following:- distribution system.

(a) The maximum voltage applied between the inner and All pipes, conduits, ducts and cable shall be identified in
outer conductor of the subscriber feeder shall not exceed accordance with the requirements of BS 1710. Some plasters
24 V AC or 34 V DC and the system designed so that no and cements have a corrosive effect on metals and precautions
multi-dwelling system shall be powered by just one against this may be necessary, particularly where cables or
receiver. conduits are installed in damp situations.
 If distribution cables are used where their temperature is likely RF coaxial cables with a diameter equal to or greater than 7 mm
to exceed 50° Celsius or fall below -20° Celsius, advice shall be shall be fixed at the following spacing:-
sought from the cable manufacturer. PVC cables may be used
internally. Where appropriate, use Low Smoke Zero Halogen (a) On masts - intervals no greater than 230 mm.
(LSZH) or Low Smoke and Fume (LSF) which should be indelibly (b) On other vertical runs - intervals no greater than
marked to indicate this. Polyethylene cables may only be used 750 mm.
on parts of the distribution network situated outside the (c) On horizontal runs - intervals no greater than 460 mm.
building.
RF coaxial cables and telephone/data cables with a diameter
13.1.1 Coaxial Cables less than 7 mm shall be fixed at the following spacing:-
8
Cables are chosen for distribution systems on their (a) On masts – intervals no greater than 230 mm.
characteristics of screening efficiency, return loss ratio and (b) On vertical runs – intervals no greater than 450 mm.
attenuation. Cables are typically constructed in the form of a (c) On horizontal runs – intervals no greater than 300 mm.
copper centre conductor surrounded by an insulating dielectric
then a screen in the form of a longitudinal copper tape and Fixing shall be such that deformation of the cable does not
braid with a further insulating outer sheath. occur. Staples may be used providing they are specifically
designed for the purpose and for the cable being used.
All cable used for reception systems shall be properly screened,
conform to BS EN 50117 and, where available, have achieved 13.4 Installation and Routing of Cables
the relevant CAI Benchmark certification. For outdoor runs,
cable shall be adequately protected against prevailing weather Cable installation shall be carried out in a neat and workmanlike
conditions. manner.

With any system it is essential that suitable connectors and/or Bending radii shall be consistent with good aesthetics and never
adapters be used. These shall be of a robust mechanical design less than the manufacturer’s specifications. In the event of
and shall match the cable dimensions. Where there is doubt, such specifications being absent, the radius of the bend shall be
the cable manufacturer/distributor should be consulted to at least 10 times the outside diameter of the cable.
confirm the correct connector type and method of termination.
Refer to CAI’s Code of Practice 08 “Electrical Safety The cable route employed from the aerial/antenna shall be
Requirements for Signal Reception Systems (excluding CATV)”. chosen so as to keep the length of cable to a reasonable
Screw-on connectors shall not be used on communal systems. minimum and conform to the aerial manufacturer’s
instructions.
13.1.2 IRS Cable Colour Coding
Cable entry into a building shall be through a hole drilled at a
A standard colour coding has been adopted for the IRS 5 cable slight downward angle towards the exterior of the building.
backbone to assist identification of cables carrying individual After installation of cables, the hole shall be sealed against
polarisations and bands, as follows:- water ingress.

Yellow Horizontal High Band HH Internal cable holes/ducts shall be sealed to meet the
Green Horizontal Low Band HL appropriate fire regulations. Internal runs of cable shall be
Red Vertical High Band VH routed in as inconspicuous a manner as practicable.
Black Vertical Low Band VL
White Terrestrial T Where cables are routed through joists, consideration shall be
given to the positioning of any drilled holes or cut-outs.
13.1.3 Labelling Limitations may restrict where and how cables are routed with
respect to position in the joist and to other services using a
All cables should be indelibly labelled to identify source or similar route. Where doubt exists, it is recommended that the
destination and any other relevant information as applicable. advice of a Structural Engineer be sought.

13.2 Cable Connections Cables shall be terminated in accordance with the

manufacturer’s recommendation (see CAI’s Code of Practice 03
External cable connections shall be made in such a manner as “Electrical Safety Requirements for Signal Reception Systems
to prevent any ingress of moisture to either the cable or the (excluding CATV)”. Drip loops shall always be formed at entry
component to which it is connected. External cables shall points into buildings and on the output connections of an LNB.
always enter terminal or junction boxes in an upward slope so Cable shall not be coiled, however, it is recommended that
that any water drains away from the point of entry. where a cable terminates a service loop should be left
Terminations shall be adequately weather proofed. consisting of one turn greater in diameter than twice the
minimum-bending radius of the cable used.
Cable joints shall be avoided wherever possible. However,
where a join is imperative, it shall be made with a recognised ELV cables (which include signal carrying cables) should be a
type of coaxial connector (see Section 13.1). Terminations shall minimum of 10 mm away from LV cables when installed
be mechanically and electrically sound. internally and 20 mm externally. However care should be taken
that the screening of the cable is also sufficient to cope with
Cables shall not be terminated directly to, or by means of, a EMC, the use of benchmarked cable would cover this.
different metal where there is a possibility of electrolytic
corrosion. 13.4.1 Overhead Spans

Cable connections shall not be made in a way that exerts strain Overhead cable spans shall be supported either by:-
or pressure on the cable or termination.
(a) A catenary or lashing wire*, with a loop of coax at
each end to aid with expansion and contraction, and
13.3 Cable Fixing erected at a height to be agreed with the Client.
 Short spans of up to 1.5 m, or as agreed, may be 13.5.3 Safety Aspects
supported by enclosure in ducting.
Fibre optic cables are made of silica glass and shall be handled
(b) The use of specially designed coaxial cables with care. Off cuts can be hazardous as can the cleaning
incorporating steel catenary wires, installed in materials and adhesives used in jointing and all these items
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. shall be disposed of properly.
9
Where a span of greater than 10 m is to be installed, it is Optical transmitters use lasers that produce an intense beam of
recommended that advice be sought from a Structural invisible light that can damage the skin and eyes. The
Engineer. The span shall be at a minimum height of 6 m above transmitter shall always be switched off before making splices
any road surface, but in any case where a span is to cross a or fitting connectors, never use a magnifying glass to inspect a
highway it is essential to consult with the Local Authority for live fibre. Always use the appropriate PPE.
current planning regulations.
13.6 Multi Pair Telephone Cable / Data Cable (types CW1308 or
Due consideration shall be taken of the possible resultant Category 5/6 etc)
fouling as birds will settle on the cable.
The installation of telephone extension points (other than an
* The minimum specifications for each of these wires are:- extension lead plugged into an existing socket) for connection
to a digital Set Top Box, should only be carried out by a trained
Catenary wire - all wires shall be between 0.8 mm and 1 mm in technician. The front of any existing line-box belonging to a
diameter with six wires wound around the central core wire. PSTN operator should only be removed if it does not expose live
-2
The tensile strength is to be a minimum of 440 Nmm . cabling, and slave wiring shall be connected to the front safety
plate using the appropriate tool.
Lashing wire - all wires shall be a minimum of 1.20 mm in
diameter with six wires wound around the central core wire. The connections to the new extension shall be made before
The tensile strength is to be a minimum of 490 Nmm -2. connecting the cable to the telephone line. On no account
should a REN of four be exceeded without the provision of a
13.4.2 Underground Cables REN booster.

Unless specified differently by the relevant Local Authority, Consideration shall be given to lines with DSL present and the
underground cables are to be installed at a recommended appropriate filters fitted.
minimum depth of 450 mm and shall be of a type provided with
an integral water barrier designed specifically for underground All telephone cables shall be fixed with either clips or staples.
use. It is recommended that PVC sheathed cables are not used All external telephone cable shall be UV stabilised.
in any underground situation due to moisture absorption over a
period of time.
14 AERIAL INSTALLATION
Coaxial cable installed underground, not designed for direct
burial, shall be enclosed in a duct with a cross sectional area not
14.1 Mast, Brackets and Fixings
less than 3 times that of the cable and, in any case, a minimum
external diameter of 25 mm. The duct shall have a wall
When installing an aerial, a suitable mast shall be employed to
thickness of not less than 2.5 mm and, where available, be
withstand wind speeds of 160 km/h (100 mph). Refer to
coloured green for network identification purposes.
Appendix E – Mechanical Stability of Outdoor Aerial Systems for
information on the correct size mast and brackets to be used.
The pulling load applied to a cable drawn into a duct shall not
Where the size or strength of the structure may be in doubt, it
exceed that specified for the cable by the manufacturer.
is recommended that a structural report is obtained from a
competent person.
Where necessary, local utility companies shall be consulted to
determine routes of other services.
Ferrous metals do not have the natural protective coating of
aluminium and should have a separate protective finish to
13.5 Fibre Cables
BS EN ISO 15614 for galvanisation and BS EN 12329:2000
Fe/Zn5 for passivation/plating.
Commonly monomode optical fibre is used for the distribution
of signals and data associated with the industry. Many fibres
When an aerial or satellite dish is added to an existing
can be grouped together in a single jacket.
installation, the strength and suitability of the installation shall
be checked to ensure that it will sustain the additional stresses
13.5.1 Jointing Techniques
introduced. Due attention shall also be made to aerial spacing
as shown in Table 2.
Fibre optic cable shall be joined using the appropriate
connector and jointing technique to keep insertion losses to a
minimum. All joints shall be adequately protected from
14.2 Tubular Masts
moisture and physical damage by housing them inside a cabinet
or box where the incoming and outgoing cables are rigidly
It is preferred that masts shall be of a non-ferrous metal, e.g.
secured.
aluminium. If a steel mast is used it shall have a fully galvanised
finish, to ensure that the inside is adequately protected.
13.5.2 System Planning
With all installations, care shall be taken that no water can be
The output power of a typical fibre optic transmitter is between
trapped inside the mast. This is particularly important where
+3 and +16 dBm, the receiver sensitivity is typically -15 to
steel masts are used.
+3 dBm. It is useful to have an optical power meter available
with the appropriate connectors to ensure that the optical
Mast diameter alone is no indication of mast strength; the wall
signal is being transmitted and/or received at the correct level.
thickness shall also be adequate (see Table 9) as shall the
method of manufacture and the grade of material used. When
 aluminium masts are used they should be of a seam welded Protective corner plates shall be installed between the
construction. brickwork and the lashing wire at each corner to protect the
structure of the stack.
Any mast above 6 m (20’) in height shall be guyed to a
minimum of 3 equidistant points. Chimney fixing kits are also available that use a galvanised,
stainless steel or nylon strap with a width of 18 mm to 30 mm.
On communal systems, 50 mm minimum diameter masts shall This method can have great strength and may be useful in
be used for terrestrial aerials. supporting large chimney mounted installations. Due to the
width of the strap, it may not be necessary to use protective
Table 9 - Tubular Mast, tube diameter wall thickness and corner plates.
length
The top of the lashing bracket shall be at least 3 courses of
Maximum Tube diameter Alloy wall Steel wall brickwork or not less than 250 mm from the top of the stack.
Tube length minimum thickness thickness
minimum minimum
A lashing bracket shall have the minimum vertical spacing
1.8 m (6’) 25 mm (1”) 1.2 mm 1.2 mm between V bolt centres as follows:-
2.5 m (8’) 32 mm (1.25”) 1.6 mm 1.2 mm
3.0 m (10’) 38 mm (1.5”) 1.6 mm 1.2 mm Masts up to 0.9 m 150 mm spacing
6.0 m (20’) 51 mm (2”) 2.0 mm 1.6 mm Masts up to 1.8 m 300 mm spacing
Masts up to 3.0 m 500 mm spacing
14.3 Brackets and Lashings Masts over 3.0 m shall be fitted with a double lashing with
spacing of no less than one-sixth of the mast length.
14.3.1 Installation
14.3.3 Wall Mounted Brackets
Masts are generally secured to buildings by one of 3 methods:-
For wall fitting, only brackets with at least 4 fixings shall be used
(a) A bracket and lashing kit attached to a chimney stack. and all appropriate fixings shall be utilised. When brackets are
(b) A bracket attached to the wall of a building. secured to brickwork, the bolts shall enter the brick and not the
(c) By passing a mast through a roof seal into the loft mortar joint. The top of any bracket shall be a minimum of 6
space where it is attached to the roof timber work by brick courses from the top of the wall.
appropriate brackets.
(d) Non-Penetrating Roof Mounts (NPRM) for flat roof. Bracket size should be determined by mast length and shall
have the minimum vertical spacing between V bolt centres as
For brackets of a welded construction, it is essential that the follows:-
welds are of a good quality with a clean surface for final
finishing. In preference all brackets should be galvanised. Masts up to 0.9 m 150 mm spacing
Painted brackets should never be used. All assembly nuts and Masts up to 1.8 m 300 mm spacing
bolts shall be either stainless steel or plated to BS Standards. Masts up to 3.0 m 500 mm spacing

Care shall be taken to ensure that the surface, onto which the Masts over 3.0 m shall be fitted with a double bracket with
aerials are to be mounted, is sufficiently strong and durable to spacing of no less than one-sixth of the mast length.
withstand the expected loadings. The use of mortar courses for
fasteners shall be avoided. Holes shall always be drilled to the In addition the K bracket shall be at the bottom to spread the
correct diameter and depth for the chosen fastener, e.g. load. Where there is a possibility of high bending moments
expansion bolt or plug and coach bolt. Where there is doubt being applied to the top bracket, for example the addition of an
about the security of fixing, advice shall be sought from the extra aerial, then two K brackets shall be used or brackets
builder or architect. For exceptionally thin or weak walls, designed with additional support. Refer to Appendix E –
additional support and measures to spread the loading over a Mechanical Stability of Outdoor Aerial Systems.
large area shall be provided. Guy wires, where used, shall be
properly terminated with provision for adjustment of the 14.3.4 Pitched Roof Mounts
tension.
If the property has no chimney stacks or gable ends, but
When fitting the mast to the bracket, all nuts shall be spanner requires an outdoor installation in an elevated position, it may
tightened. Care shall be taken to avoid distortion of the mast. be possible to pass a mast through a roof seal and support it
Distortion can result in metal fatigue and fracture after a period internally with secure brackets. It is vital to make sure the roof
of time. seal is watertight and the top of the mast is capped. If in doubt
consult a roofing contractor. Installers should be aware that
(Refer to Appendix E – Mechanical Stability of Outdoor Aerial this method of mounting can exaggerate any resonance
Systems.) characteristics of the mast length or aerial/antenna used.
Maximum mast length will be governed by the available spacing
14.3.2 Chimney Mounted Brackets between joists.

These are available in several types; the most appropriate for a Brackets that fix to the roof covering (tiles, slates or felted
particular installation will depend on the type of aerial and the wood etc) should not be used for work undertaken within the
mast. scope of this document.

Lashing wire shall not be less than 7 strands of galvanised wire 14.3.5 Flat-Roof Mounts
each of 1.2 mm minimum diameter or have the overall
equivalent cross sectional area. Lashing wires shall be either When proposing an installation on a flat roof, it is advisable to
pre-terminated, ferruled lashing or terminated by the ‘spliced’ check the wind loads and roof structure carefully; if necessary,
method. If thimbles are used they should be metal and suitably a qualified structural engineer shall be engaged by the Client.
protected. No attempt shall be made to pierce the roof structure with
fixing bolts. A non-piercing roof mount with suitable ballast is

10
 recommended. A suitable membrane should be installed wind speeds of 160 km/h (100 mph). Refer to Appendix E –
between the mount and roof. Mechanical Stability of Outdoor Aerial Systems.

Wind loading specified by the manufacturer shall be taken into For ground mounting of king posts, civil engineering or
account when planning the installation. Exposed areas should consultancy advice may be required before the installation, and
be avoided. Refer to Appendix E – Mechanical Stability of the installation cleared with the Client. It is also essential that
Outdoor Aerial Systems. the antenna installation conforms to the general development
orders and local planning requirements etc. The visual effects
14.3.6 Loft Fixing of the siting shall be taken into account, plus the aesthetics of
the building such that there is a minimum effect on the
It is not recommended to fit aerials, for services operating environment.
between 40 – 860 MHz, in lofts and the Client shall be made
aware that, as far as interference is concerned, Ofcom 15.2 Structural Supports for Satellite Antennas
designate any internally installed aerial as providing an
unprotected service. The same criteria apply to fixing satellite antennas to buildings
as any other antenna. Refer to section 14 for details.
14.3.7 Wall Fixings
When an additional antenna is added to an existing satellite
Fixings shall be suitable for the material to which the bracket is installation, the strength and suitability of this installation shall
to be attached. Generally, coach screws and nylon plugs should be confirmed.
be used in brickwork and expansion bolts in concrete. When
mounted on wood, care shall be taken to ensure that the 15.2.1 Ground Level Mounting
timber is thoroughly secure and sound. The fixings shall be
coach screws or through-bolted. Where a satellite antenna is to be mounted at ground level, a
suitable base is required depending on dish size and location. A
Expansion anchors shall not be used with any type of breeze- concrete base of suitable size and mass is recommended for
block, thermalite or low density material. For these materials a tripod mounts. The antenna mount shall be secured to this
resin type anchor is recommended. concrete base using weatherproof high tensile bolts, locking
nuts and washers. Planning permission may be required in
Due to the possibility of bricks splitting, it is recommended that certain areas - see Appendix A.
bolt sizes above M10 are not used for brickwork. Avoid over-
tightening a wall bolt by following manufacturer’s Small dishes, up to 85 cm, can be secured to a patio stand or
recommended torque settings. tripod mount affixed to concrete flags or blocks using
appropriate fixings.
A margin of safety shall be taken into consideration when
selecting a fixing by adhering to a safety factor of 7 for nylon Large antennas, above 85 cm, shall be secured to a suitable
plugs and 4 for steel anchors. concrete base using weatherproof high tensile bolts, locking
nuts and washers. Ensure that the plinth is properly
14.4 Masthead Amplifiers constructed in accordance with the appropriate building
regulations. If in doubt, a local builder shall be engaged to carry
Before considering the use of an amplifier, every step shall be out the work.
taken to increase the signal levels received by adjusting the
location of the aerial or by using one of higher gain. 15.2.2 Roof Mounting

When choosing any amplifier the following criteria should be Where an antenna is to be installed above roof level, the
considered:- following points shall be considered:-

• Noise figure. (a) Planning Requirements. Site plans; photographs and

• Maximum output capability. antenna details are to be provided to the Client.
• Gain. (b) Building Regulations. Site plans; photographs, structural
• Bandwidth and out of band filtering. details, existing roof covering and wind force calculations
• Screening. are to be provided to the Client.
• Durability to weather conditions.
• EMC conformity to BS EN 50083-2 (refer to section 1.5). For pitched roof installations see section 14.3.4.

For flat roof installations see section 14.3.5.

Wind loading specified by the manufacturer shall be taken into

15 SATELLITE ANTENNA INSTALLATION account when planning the installation. Exposed areas should
be avoided. Refer to Appendix E – Mechanical Stability of
Outdoor Aerial Systems.
15.1 General
15.3 Wall Mounted Brackets
Care shall be taken to select an antenna for the correct
channels or bands required and of an appropriate size for the
See section 14.3.3.
location of the receive site with respect to the satellite(s) to be
received.
Dishes above 1.2 m are not recommended for wall mounting,
unless specific stress requirements are taken into consideration
Equipment shall be chosen so as to deliver sufficient signal as
prior to installation.
defined for adequate reception in Section 11 and shall be
installed according to manufacturers’ instructions.
Areas exposed to high winds shall be avoided. Refer to
Appendix E – Mechanical Stability of Outdoor Aerial Systems.
All antenna installations shall remain operational at wind
speeds up to 80 km/h (50 mph) and be capable of surviving

11
16 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST DAMAGE AND 17.2 Subsequent Reports on Installations
INTERFERENCE FROM ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY
If required, the member shall be able to produce an accurate
and meaningful report on any existing IRS, MATV or SMATV
Refer to separate CAI’s Code of Practice 08 – “Electrical Safety system and be able to advise correctly on the requirement and
Requirements for Signal Reception Systems (excluding CATV)”. suitability of headend equipment to upgrade the system. It is
suggested that the member company use a standard form of
report, sample copies of which are available from CAI – see
17 COMPLETION OF INSTALLATION Appendix F.

17.1 Reporting and Registration of Final Installation

18 MAINTENANCE
On completion of the installation, a commissioning report,
including appropriate signal levels and quality, shall be The Member shall offer a full maintenance service in respect of
produced and submitted to the Client for his information and the entire system. If required, this is to include a next working
records. This should include a completion certificate for the day call out service; however, this may not be possible under
Client’s signature. Standard CAI reporting forms are available certain adverse weather conditions.
from CAI’s office – see Appendix F.

19 CUSTOMER CARE

CAI has issued a Code of Conduct booklet to which all Members

shall adhere.

12
APPENDIX A

PLANNING REGULATIONS FOR THE INSTALLATION OF ANTENNAS, INCLUDING SATELLITE DISHES

Do you need planning permission or listed building consent?

Section 1

Do you live in a large block of

flats 15 m or more in height? YES Go to Section 2 below

NO
Will there be more than 2
antennas on the house or block YES
of flats?

NO

Will there be one or two Is either antenna greater than

antennas on the building? 100 cm in any linear
TWO YES
dimension?

ONE
NO
Is the antenna greater than 100
cm in any linear dimension?
YES YOU NEED PLANNING

PERMISSION

Is the smaller antenna greater YES

NO than 60 cm in any linear
dimension?

If any antenna is to be sited on

the chimney, is it more than 60
cm in any linear dimension or NO
does it protrude more than 60
cm above the highest part of
the roof or highest part of the
chimney, whichever is the
NO lower? YES

If the antenna is to be mounted

on the roof of a property YES
without a chimney, will it
protrude above the roof line?

Is the antenna to be installed

NO
on a chimney, wall or roof slope
that faces onto, and is visible YES
Do you live in a designated YES from, a road or a Broads
area? (See note (a) below) waterway?

NO

Is the volume occupied by any NO

antenna greater than 35
litres? YES

YOU DO NOT NEED PLANNING

NO PERMISSION

13
Section 2

Do you live in a house or a YES

small block of flats less than Go to Section 1 above
15 m in height?

NO

Will there be more than 4

antennas on the building as a YES
whole?

NO

Will any of the antennas

exceed 130 cm in any linear YES
dimension?

NO
Will the volume occupied by YOU NEED PLANNING
any antenna exceed YES PERMISSION
35 litres?

NO

If any antenna is to be sited on

the chimney, is it more than 60 YES
cm in any linear dimension?

NO

If any antenna is to be sited on

a roof, is it more than 300 YES
cm above the highest part of
the roof?

NO
Is the antenna to be installed
on a chimney, wall or roof slope YES
Do you live in a designated YES that faces onto, and is visible
area? (See note (a) below) from, a road or a Broads NO
waterway?

YOU DO NOT NEED PLANNING

NO PERMISSION

(a)Designated areas are:-

Conservation Areas, National Parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and The Broads.

For further information refer to the government document:-

“A Householder’s Planning Guide for the Installation of Antennas, including Satellite Dishes”,
which can be downloaded from CAI website.

14
APPENDIX B

SYSTEM PLANNING

B.1 General

BS EN 50083 and 60728 apply to all cable networks for terrestrial and satellite signals and refer to all installations and equipment for headend
reception, processing and distribution of all television, sound and interactive services together with their associated data signals.

These Standards apply to the entire installation and all the equipment from the antenna and any other signal source inputs on the system right
through the network up to and including the system outlets, or the terminal points where no system outlet exists.

They apply to all kinds of networks, including:-

CATV networks.
MATV and SMATV networks.
IRS networks.
Individual receiving networks.

The purpose of this Code is to specify the overall system limits to produce, from an unimpaired signal source a maximum BER of 2e-4 (2 x 10-4) for
digital television signals and, where still broadcast or locally generated, analogue picture and sound signals with no impairment worse than Grade
4 on the CCIR 5-grade impairment scale.

B.2 System Planning

a) When planning systems it is important to ensure all outlets supply no less than the minimum and no more than the maximum recommended
signal level for any channel or band (refer to Tables 3 and 4 of the Code of Practice). Cable runs shall be measured accurately and the losses
calculated across all frequencies to be distributed by the network. Cable losses shall be calculated using the manufacturers quoted
attenuation figures plus a 5% contingency allowance.

b) System planners should use the quoted maximum, not typical, loss figures for all passive equipment and quoted minimum gain figures for all
equipment applying amplification.

The following graphs and tables can be useful in determining system performance.

15
B.3 Radiation from Complete Systems: Maximum Permitted Field Strengths (from BS EN 50083-8:2002)

Frequency range Maximum permitted interfering field strength at 10 m distance from the system
MHz dB(�V/m)

30 - 41 +26 (Note 1)
41 - 50 +6
50 - 54 -8
54 - 68 +6
68 - 74.8 +6
74.8 - 75.2 Use prohibited (Note 2)
75.2 - 108 +5 (Note 1) (Note 3)
108 - 117.975 Use prohibited (Note 2)
117.975 - 121.3 +29
121.3 - 121.7 Use prohibited (Note 2)
121.7 - 136 +29
136 - 144 +6 (Note 1)
144 - 146 -18
146 - 156.6 +6 (Note 1)
156.6 - 157 Use prohibited (Note 2)
157 - 225 +5
225 - 235 +21
235 - 242.8 +11
242.8 - 243.2 Use prohibited (Note 2)
243.2 - 328.6 +11
328.6 - 335.4 Use prohibited (Note 2)
335.4 - 400 +11
400 - 405.85 +21
405.85 - 406.25 Use prohibited (Note 2)
406.25 - 425 +32 (Note 1)
425 - 432 +12
432 - 440 -15
440 - 470 +12
470 - 854 +13 (Note 1) (Note 3)
854 - 1000 +18

Note 1: Where systems operate close to radio astronomy and space service stations, tighter radiation limits may be necessary in one or more
of the frequency ranges 37.75 – 38.25, 80.5 – 82.5, 136 – 144, 150.05 – 153, 406.25 – 410 and 608 – 614 MHz to protect such services.

Note 2: The use of vision, sound, pilot and narrow band data carriers and colour sub-carriers in this frequency range is prohibited. The
radiated levels of any sidebands or of any intermodulation products or spurious frequencies on the system falling within this
frequency range shall not exceed -21 dB(�V/m) at a distance of 10 m from the system. However, broadband digitally modulated
signals with a noise-like characteristic are permitted provided that the radiated levels do not exceed -59.0 dB(�V/m/√(Hz) at a distance
of 10 m from the system. This is equivalent to:-

10 dB�V/m) in 8 MHz bandwidth.

-19 dB(�V/m) in 9 kHz bandwidth.
-23 dB(�V/m) in 4 kHz bandwidth.

Note 3: This limit will apply where distribution in a cabled system is on the same, or overlapping, frequencies as used for off-air television and
FM radio reception in the area and at frequencies used by video cassette recorders, or other locally modulated equipment that may
be connected to the system. In cases where distribution in a cabled system is not on the same or overlapping frequencies as used for
off-air reception, consideration may be given to a relaxation of this limit.

16
B.4 Change of Attenuation with Temperature for Coaxial Cables with Copper Conductors

B.5 Addition of Cross-modulation and Noise

(S/X) dB

5 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

1.0 1000

0.5 500
0.4 400
0.3 300

0.2 200

0.1 100

0.05 50
0.04 40

0.03 30

0.02 20

FACTOR FACTOR

0.01 10

0.005 5
0.004 4

0.003 3

0.002 2

0.001 1

25 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 55

5 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 85

(S/N) dB

Note: For each ratio scale use the factor indicated by the corner arrows.

(a) For overall signal-to-noise ratio add the factors corresponding to the (S/N) for each cascaded amplifier or device and from their sum
obtain (S/N)m.

(b) For overall signal-to-cross-modulation ratio add the factors corresponding to the (S/X) for each cascaded amplifier or device and from
their sum obtain (S/X)m.

17
APPENDIX C
DERATING

Broadband terrestrial amplifiers shall be derated: (a) if they are cascaded and (b) where the channel total is increased. It is good practice to run
an amplifier at 3 dB below its maximum output rating to allow for signal variations. Any derating necessary is then calculated on this new figure.

The basic rules for broadband amplifiers are:-

(a) Every time the number of channels is doubled, each amplifier output shall be reduced by 3 dB including the broadband headend. Include DTT
channels unless their level is more than 15 dB below the analogue signal levels.

(b) Every time the number of broadband amplifiers in a cascade is doubled, each amplifier output shall be derated by 3 dB.

Most broadband distribution amplifiers for use in MATV/SMATV and cable systems are quoted by the manufacturer for maximum output level of
either 2 or 4 channels being amplified. Where these amplifiers are to be employed for amplification of a larger number of channels, then the
maximum output level is to be reduced according to the following table.

Where maximum output is specified for 2 channel operation

Number of 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Channels
Derating 0 2 3 4 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.4 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.7 9
Figure dB

Where maximum output is specified for 4 channel operation

Number of 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Channels
Derating 0 1 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.4 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.7 6
Figure dB

Example:

If a particular broadband amplifier has a maximum output of 110 dB�V when rated for 2 channels and it is necessary to amplify 10 channels, then
according to the above table the derating figure of 7 dB should be used. Including the 3 dB reduction for signal variation gives a total deration of
10 dB. Therefore, the maximum output of this amplifier would be 100 dB�V rated for 10 channels.

Similarly, where a cascade of similar amplifiers (Trunk or Distribution) is to be used, the maximum output of each amplifier in the cascade should
be derated according to the following table.

Number of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
amplifiers in
cascade
Derating 0 3 5 6 7 7.7 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.4 10.7 11.1 11.4 11.7 12
Figure (dB)

Due to the complex nature of how amplifiers behave with the loading of digital only systems the current advice for derating in post-switchover
areas is as follows:-

Calculate the de-rating in the normal way (as if there were five analogue channels plus any locally modulated services), then reduce the resulting
figure by 3 dB, and use that for the maximum power level of each multiplex.

18
APPENDIX D
CHANNEL ALLOCATION

D.1 Channel Allocation

To avoid ‘built in’ problems on a network the frequency allocation of both digital multiplexes and analogue channels shall conform to certain
rules, particularly where analogue channels are carried. For the purposes of this Appendix reference to ‘channel’ includes digital multiplexes.

There were many instances, during the terrestrial digital switchover, where digital channels were transmitted adjacent to analogue. Severe
bandwidth restriction made this poor practice necessary but problems were avoided by transmitting the DTT signals at substantially lower levels
than analogue. Switching off the analogue broadcasts in each region allowed the DTT signals to be correspondingly increased.

For UHF distribution, where a channel frequency ‘N’ is allocated no other channel or multiplex should be allocated to the adjacent N ± 1 channel.

In cases where analogue channels are distributed then N ± 5 should also be avoided. This is because, in UHF reception, signals carried 5 channel
spaces away from Ch ‘N’ can interfere with the TV tuner local oscillator, the severity of the interference depending on the quality of the tuner.

Analogue channel allocation within VHF is more complex and not amenable to chart production. Where VHF distribution is necessary reference
should be made to a specialist in the field.

D.2 UHF Allocation Notes for Systems

(a) Decide which off-air digital multiplexes and, where applicable, analogue channels are to be distributed.
(b) Filter the off-air channels to avoid potential interference from unwanted transmissions.
(c) Ensure the levels of any unwanted carriers entering the network, such as off-air transmissions from overlapping transmitters, are at least
60dB below the wanted transmissions.
(d) Using an N ± 1 / N ± 5 chart allocate other distributed channels, such as locally generated services, to available channel numbers.
(e) Due to the sell off of spectrum for the Digital Dividend it is not recommended that channels above UHF 60 plus those between 31 and 40 be
used for locally modulated services in either digital or analogue format.

D.3 Channel Chart

N–5 N–1 Channel N + 1 N+5 N–5 N–1 Channel N + 1 N + 5

Used (N) Used (N)

16 20 21 22 26 41 45 46 47 51
17 21 22 23 27 42 46 47 48 52
18 22 23 24 28 43 47 48 49 53
19 23 24 25 29 44 48 49 50 54
20 24 25 26 30 45 49 50 51 55
21 25 26 27 31 46 50 51 52 56
22 26 27 28 32 47 51 52 53 57
23 27 28 29 33 48 52 53 54 58
24 28 29 30 34 49 53 54 55 59
25 29 30 31 35 50 54 55 56 60
26 30 31 32 36 51 55 56 57 61
27 31 32 33 37 52 56 57 58 62
28 32 33 34 38 53 57 58 59 63
29 33 34 35 39 54 58 59 60 64
30 34 35 36 40 55 59 60 61 65
31 35 36 37 41 56 60 61 62 66
32 36 37 38 42 57 61 62 63 67
33 37 38 39 43 58 62 63 64 68
34 38 39 40 44 59 63 64 65 69
35 39 40 41 45 60 64 65 66
36 40 41 42 46 61 65 66 67
37 41 42 43 47 62 66 67 68
38 42 43 44 48 63 67 68 69
39 43 44 45 49 64 68 69
40 44 45 46 50

19
APPENDIX E

MECHANICAL STABILITY OF OUTDOOR AERIAL SYSTEMS

Wind Loading of Structure

MB = Bending Moment (Nm)

WM = Wind loading of Mast (N)
WA1 = Wind loading of Aerial 1 – UHF (N)
WA2 = Wind loading of Aerial 2 – FM (N)
a1 = Distance from upper bracket to Aerial 1 fixing (m)
a2 = Distance from upper bracket to Aerial 2 fixing (m)
a3 = Distance between brackets (m)

E.1 General Requirements

All parts of the aerial system shall be so designed that they will withstand the maximum wind forces defined below, without breakage.
However, in general terms, it would be wise to limit the antenna mast installation to:-

• Minimum mast wall thickness ≥ 2 mm

• Maximum free length of mast, a1 ≤6m
• Distance between brackets, a3 ≥ 1/6 of total mast length

E.2 Bending Moment

Masts have a strength dependent upon their dimensions and materials used. This strength can be transformed into a maximum permitted
bending moment (not to be exceeded) that should be forthcoming from mast manufacturers. There will necessarily be a pre-defined safety
margin built into these bending moment figures so as to avoid the possibility of mast breakage when loaded in excess of the maximum
permitted bending moment.

E.3 Wind Pressure Values

For the purpose of establishing mast loadings, the following values of wind pressure P (in Pascals i.e. Nm-2) shall be used.

In general, where aerial systems are established on buildings with a height of less than 20 m, the value of P shall be assumed to be 800 Nm-2
corresponding to a wind speed of 130 km/h (80 mph).
 For aerial systems established on buildings with a height greater than 20 m, the value of P shall be assumed to be 1100 Nm-2 corresponding to
a wind speed of 150 km/h (93 mph).

Where adverse environmental conditions apply, a higher wind pressure value may need to be assumed, e.g.

- for a wind speed of 160 km/h (100 mph), the wind pressure shall be 1250 Nm-2.
- for a wind speed of 200 km/h (124 mph), the wind pressure shall be 1900 Nm-2.

For a mast, the wind loading figure can be calculated from the following formulae:-

WM = cPA

where:-

WM is the wind loading of the mast (N)

c is the area correction coefficient = 1.2 for mast
-2
P is the wind pressure in Pascals (Nm ) A
2
is the component area (m )

For a mast, the component area, A, is equal to the product of the mast diameter and the free length, i.e. that part of the mast above the
topmost bracket (a1).

A = a1 x DM DM is the mast diameter (m)

For antennas, the wind-loading figure shall be obtained from the manufacturers for the corresponding wind pressure relevant to the site of
the antenna installation.

From the diagram, the bending moment can be calculated from the following formula:-

MB = (WA1 x a1) + (WA2 x a2) + (WM x a1/2)*

* Load on mast is taken at mid point of free length

This bending moment, MB, shall not exceed the maximum permitted bending moment for the mast employed.

Note: Additional loadings due to ice formation on the aerials and supporting structure have not been considered.

E.4 Mast Construction

Where the mast is constructed from steel, the steel shall have a guaranteed extension limit and the maximum loading shall not exceed 90% of
the extension limit.

E.5 Data to be published

The aerial and mast manufacturers shall publish the following data for various wind pressures within the range of acceptability for the
recommended usage.

(a) Wind loading of aerials and masts.

(b) Maximum permitted bending moments of masts.

E.6 Example: Calculation for bending moment on a mast.

Three aerials mounted 1 m apart on a 6 m x 50 mm (0.05 m) mast, 1 m of which is between the brackets, leaving 5 m of mast free.

Wind load of each aerial at a wind speed 150 km/h (93 mph) and wind pressure 1100 Nm-2

UHF aerial (A1) 185 N

DAB aerial (A2) 50.2 N
FM aerial (A3) 157 N

WM = cPA

= [1.2 x 1100 x (5 x 0.05)] = 330 N

MB = (WA1 x a1) + (WA2 x a2) + (WA3 x a3) + (WM x a1/2)

= (185 x 5) + (50.2 x 4) + (157 x 3) + (330 x 5/2)

= 2421.8 Nm

A mast with 2 mm wall thickness will not withstand this bending moment and the manufacturer/distributor should be contacted to suggest a
mast of suitable dimensions and corresponding bracketry.
E.7 Correct method for terminating lashing wire

21
 Courtesy - Blake UK Ltd

Splice method - whereby the wire bundle is bent around the thimble and laid back alongside the incoming wire for a minimum of 150 mm.

Where thimbles are not supplied the wire should be wrapped twice around the J bolt. A single strand is unwound from the bundle and
wrapped tightly around both wire bundles. The next strand is uncoiled and similarly wound but in the opposite direction around both
bundles below the first strand. Each individual strand is treated in the same way until all strands are secured.

22
APPENDIX F

SAMPLE FORMS

The following pages contain sample forms, electronic copies can be downloaded by members from CAI’s website as Microsoft Office files or in
.pdf format. Hard copies are available from CAI’s office at a cost.

Terrestrial and Satellite Reception System Standard Report Form p.24

Signal Records p.25
Certificate of Completion and Compliance p.28
Dangerous Situation Report p.29
Standard Conditions of Trading p.30

23
 Terrestrial and Satellite
Association For
Reception System Audio Visual Professionals Standard Report Form

Date Commissioned Order/Contract No. No. of Copies

Date Form Completed By:

Client/Customer………………………………………………………………………………………….. Site Address………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Address……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………Postcode …………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………Postcode…………………………………………….

Contact………………………………………….Tel. ……………………………………………………… Contact…………………………………………….Tel. …………………………………………………….

Installing Company………………………………………………………………………….………….. Engineers…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Address……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………Postcode …………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Co. Contact(s)……………………………………………………………………………………………… Planned by……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Tel. ………………………………..………… Fax. ……………………………………………………. Mobile…………………………………….............

A UHF Aerial(s) Details (Manufacturer, Model, Polarity)

B FM/DAB Aerial Details (Manufacturer, Model)

C Mast(s) Material Height (m) Diameter (mm) Additions

D Bracketry Details (Type, Size etc)

E Satellite Dish(es) Size (cm) Mount LNB (Quad/Quatro/OMT)

Size (cm) Mount LNB (Quad/Quatro/OMT)

Size (cm) Mount LNB (Quad/Quatro/OMT)

Size (cm) Mount LNB (Quad/Quatro/OMT)

F Headend Location Housed Locked (Yes/No)

Launch Levels DTT Locally Modulated Satellite IF

G System Architecture Tree/Branch Star Wired Switched IF

Cable(s) Antenna Feeds Trunk Feeds Subscriber Feeds

Splitter/Tap/Switch/Cable
Internal External Both
Location
H System Safety Building’s Main Bonding Point
Positions of necessary
Bonding
Building equipped with LPS? (YES/NO) Antennas Bonded to LPS? ( YES/NO/NA)

I Summary Info No. of Outlets Location of Terrestrial Aerials

Location of Satellite Dish(es)
System Plan attached? (YES/NO)

Summary of Signal Levels attached? (YES/NO)

24
Signal Records

For IRS and satellite only systems it is necessary to record signals in both high and low bands and with both polarities. Readings should be taken from
both the bottom and top of each band.

Suggested frequencies for the common satellites are available on CAI’s website.

Records should be taken at a minimum of 10% of the outlets or 6 points whichever is the greater.

25
 SIGNAL RECORDS
Digital Transmitter Satellite Position

Locally Modulated Terrestrial Digital Low band Satellite MHz High band Satellite MHz DAB FM
Service BB CA D3&4 BBCB HD SDN A RQA ARQB COM 7 HD Lo cal Local Oscillator 9.75 GHz Local Oscillator 10.6 GHz
Channel
A/D

Programme
Off Air
Level - dBμV
C/N or MER - dB
BER
Launch
Level - dBμV
C/N or MER- dB
BER
Flat No

26
RESIDENTIAL RECORDS
Level
C/N or MER - dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER - dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER - dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER - dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER - dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER - dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER - dB
BER
 RESIDENTIAL RECORDS
Flat No Channel
Level
C/N or MER- dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER- dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER- dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER- dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER- dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER- dB

27
BER
Level
C/N or MER- dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER- dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER- dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER- dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER- dB
BER
Level
C/N or MER- dB
BER
 CAI Ltd
Communications House
41a Market Street
Watford
Hertfordshire
WD18 OPN
Association For
Audio Visual Professionals Tel: 01923 803030

This is to certify that the system detailed below has been installed by a Registered Member of CAI Ltd,
and who has made a binding declaration that all work done will comply in every respect to British
Standards 50083 and 60728.

All systems installed by the Registered Member are subject to random inspection by a duly authorised
Inspector of CAI. Any deviations from the Standard or agreed specification will have to be corrected
within 21 days at the Member’s expense.

This certificate does not express nor imply CAI gives any warranty or accepts any responsibility for any
failure or defect that may occur now or hereafter relating to the products or services supplied by the
Member.

Installer: ……………………………………. Client: ……………………………………….

Address: …………………………………… Address: ……………………………………
……………………………………………….. ………………………………………………..
Tel: ………………………………………….. Tel: …………………………………………..

CAI Membership No: …………………….. Installation Ref. No: ………………………

Maintenance Contract: YES/NO Date Commissioned: ……………………..

Please tick relevant boxes

Type of Premises Type of System

Domestic SDU Domestic MDU MATV SMATV

Commercial IRS

Installer’s Signature: ………………………....... Print Name: ………………………………….........…

Client’s Signature: ............................................ Print Name: ………………………………….........…

Date: …................................................……………..
Dispute Procedure

If you, the Client, have a dispute relating to quality or compliance with standards then CAI will,
at your written request, inspect and report on the installation. Should the complaint be
justified, then it shall be put right at the Registered Member’s expense and he will be liable for
the cost of the inspection. Should no deviation be found then the Client will be liable for the
cost of the inspector’s visit and charged the amount current at that time and available from
CAI’s office.
 Dangerous Situation Report

To be used by an engineer to inform a Client of a dangerous situation that the engineer feels needs rectifying, either by himself or a third party.
This form enables the engineer to complete his work and also exonerates him if the Client does not wish the situation to be made safe. A copy of
this form should be kept for your records and a further copy sent to CAI’s office.

CAI Dangerous Situation Report

For reporting an observed dangerous situation.
Association For Job No.
Audio Visual Professionals Please complete all the unshaded areas.
Page of

Owner/Occupier/Client Date
Address

Postcode

Site address
If different

Postcode

Inspector Member No. Signature

To the owner/occupier/client:
A dangerous situation has been observed. It is recommended that it is rectified immediately / made
safe until remedial works can be undertaken. Details of the dangerous situation are recorded below.
Defect details

I have been informed of this dangerous situation Yes No

I give my permission to make the dangerous situation safe Yes No

(In not agreeing to make safe I understand that I take responsibility)

Owner/Occupier/Client Signature

Method of making safe

CAI Ltd, Communications House, 41a Market Street, Watford, WD18 0PN

29
Standard Conditions of Trading

A copy of the latest version of the suggested Standard Conditions of Trading may be downloaded from CAI’s website.

Disclaimer

The Conditions suggested are provided as an example only and it is not intended that Members should rely on these Conditions and adopt them
entirely as their own, without first obtaining legal advice. Each Member may have different circumstances necessitating different conditions and
some of the clauses contained within the standard conditions may not be appropriate for every Member Company.

As an example, these conditions include an arbitration clause that commits both the Company and the Client to arbitration to determine any
dispute or difference between them. This then means that the parties are not at liberty to pursue such a matter through the courts. Some
Members may prefer to resolve matters through the courts without first either using arbitration or may prefer to have the ability to use the court
procedure if the outcome of arbitration is unsatisfactory. We do, however, recommend arbitration.

CAI will not be held liable for any Member adopting these standard Conditions as their own. CAI do not represent or warrant that the terms and
conditions comply with the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (or any re-enactment thereof or any supplemental regulations) or Trading Standards’
requirements nor that they are the most appropriate conditions for each Member Company or organisation.

30
APPENDIX G

LINK BUDGET

The link budget is an important calculation which will show whether reception of a satellite signal is feasible at a given location. The calculation
reveals the expected received signal power level and noise level, so the Eb/No of the signal (closely related to the carrier to noise ratio, C/N) at the
receiver can be found. Note that the link budget shown here takes no account of interference, and a site survey must be made so that visibility
from the proposed receiving dish location is assured.

The first step in calculating a link budget is to gather all the required information. For the purposes of illustrating how the calculation is done,
typical figures are used here, but in practice real data must be found for all parameters for each specific installation.

The following data are required:

Satellite orbital location 25.0°E If the satellite is west of the Greenwich meridian, use a negative
number
Downlink Frequency 11.5GHz From the satellite operator
EIRP in the direction of the receiving dish 41dBW From the satellite operator
Gain of the receiving dish at the downlink frequency 44.5dBi Typical of a 1.8m dish at 11.5GHz
Noise temperature of the dish at the operating 40K From the dish manufacturer
elevation
Noise figure of the LNB 0.5dB From the LNB manufacturer
Bandwidth of the signal 33MHz
Symbol rate 27.5Msym/s
Modulation DVB-S QPSK
FEC 3/4
Threshold Eb/N0 5.5dB See EN300421, section 5
Latitude of the receiving dish 51.032°N Use negative values if in the southern hemisphere
Longitude of the receiving dish -1.544°E Negative value because the receiver is west of the Greenwich
meridian

First calculate the look angles from the receive dish to the satellite.

Calculate an intermediate value, A, which will be used later:

A = arccos (cos (receiver latitude) x cos (receiver longitude – satellite longitude))

= arccos (cos (51.032) x cos(-1.544 – 25.0))

= arccos (0.6289 x 0.8946)

= 55.76O

Calculate the elevation and azimuth:


Elevation = arctan ( 



=      

= 26.47O

Azimuth =    




=   

 

= 32.71O east of south

Calculate the distance, D in kilometres, to the satellite:

D = 42644 √1−(0.2954×cos(A))

= 42644 √1−(0.2954×cos(55.76))

= 38939 km

31
Calculate the path loss LP from the satellite to the receiving location:

LP = 20 × (log (frequency in MHz)+log (path length in km)) + 32.45

= 20 × (log (11500) + log (38939)) + 32.45

= 205.5 dB

The total system noise temperature, TSYS, is the sum of the LNB noise temperature and the dish noise temperature.
Convert the LNB noise figure to a noise temperature:
 
TLNB = T0    

Where
Noise Figure is in dB
T0=290K

TLNB = 290 (100.05−1)

= 35.4O

Calculate TSYS:

TSYS = TDISH + TLNB

= 40+35.4

= 75.4 K

Calculate the noise power PN in the signal's bandwidth:

PN = kTB

Where
k =−228.6dB(JK−1)
T=TSYS
B = bandwidth in Hz

PN = −228.6 + 10log (75.4) + log(36×106)

= −134.3dBW

= −104.3dBm

Calculate the level of received signal power, PSIG:

PSIG = EIRP – LP + GDISH

= 41 – 205.5 + 44.5

= -120 dBW

= -90 dBm

The threshold or failure point of the signal is defined in terms of Eb/No, so calculate the Eb/No of the signal in this system in order to
calculate the margin above threshold:

Eb/NO = (PSIG – 10 log (useful bit rate)) – (PN – 10 log (bandwidth))

The useful bit rate (UBR) is obtained from the symbol rate and FEC rates:

UBR = symbol rate x no. of bits per symbol x FEC x RS

Where
FEC is Forward Error Correction of 3/4
RS is Reed Solomon correction for a packet length of 188 bytes with 16 error protection bytes

= 27.5 x 106 x 2 x 0.75 x


= 38.01 Mbit/s

32
Therefore:

Eb/NO = (-90 – 10 log (38.01 x 106)) – (-104.3 – 10 log (33 x 106))

= 14.2 dB

For this transmission mode the threshold value of Eb/No is 5.5dB, so:

Margin to failure = actual Eb/NO – threshold Eb/NO

= 14.2 – 5.5

= 8.7 dB

Note that this link budget calculation deals only with clear sky conditions. Atmospheric gas, cloud and rain will cause attenuation of the
signal and an increase in the system temperature, both of which will act to reduce the Eb/No of the signal. Calculation of the availability, i.e.
the percentage of time for which the Eb/No of the signal remains above threshold, is derived from rainfall statistics and is best carried out
using specialised software.

A calculator is available on CAI’s website.

33
APPENDIX H

LIST OF RELEVANT STANDARDS AND OTHER REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

1 BS EN 50083/60728 Series

Cabled distribution systems for television, sound and interactive multimedia signals.

BS EN 60728-11:2005 Part 11: Safety requirements.

BS EN 50083-2:2001 Part 2: Electromagnetic compatibility for equipment.
BS EN 60728-3:2006 Part 3: Active wideband equipment for coaxial cable networks.
BS EN 50083-4:1999 Part 4: Passive wideband equipment for coaxial cable networks.
BS EN 50083-5:2002 Part 5: Headend equipment.
BS EN 60728-6:2003 Part 6: Optical equipment.
BS EN 50083-7:1997 Part 7: System performance.
BS EN 50083-8:2002 Part 8: Electromagnetic compatibility for networks.
BS EN 50083-9:2002 Part 9: Interfaces for CATV/SMATV headends and similar professional equipment for DVB/MPEG-2
transport streams.
BS EN 60728-10:2006 Part 10: System performance for return paths.
BS EN 60728-7-1:2005 Part 7-1: Hybrid fibre coax outside plant status monitoring.
BS EN 60728-7-2:2005 Part 7-2: Hybrid fibre coax outside plant status monitoring. Media access control (MAC) layer
specification.
BS EN 60728-7-3:2005 Part 7-3: Hybrid fibre coax outside plant status monitoring. Power supply to transponder interface
bus (PSTIB). Specification.

2 EN 50117 Series

Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks.

BS EN 50117-1:2002 Coaxial cables. Generic specification.

BS EN 50117-2-1:2005 Coaxial cables. Sectional specification for cables used in cabled distribution networks. Indoor drop
cables for systems operating at 5 MHz - 1000 MHz.
BS EN 50117-2-2:2002 Coaxial cables. Part 2-2. Sectional specification for cables used in cabled distribution networks.
Outdoor drop cables for systems operating at 5 MHz - 1000 MHz***.
BS EN 50117-2-3:2004 Coaxial cables. Part 2-3: Sectional specification for cables used in cabled distribution networks.
Distribution and trunk cables for systems operating at 5 MHz - 1000 MHz***.
BS EN 50117-2-4:2004 Coaxial cables. Part 2-4: Sectional specification for cables used in cabled distribution networks.
Indoor drop cables for systems operating at 5 MHz - 3000 MHz***.
BS EN 50117-2-5:2004 Coaxial cables. Part 2-5. Sectional specification for cables used in cabled distribution networks.
Outdoor drop cables for systems operating at 5 MHz - 3000 MHz***.
BS EN 50117-3:1996 Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks. Sectional specification for outdoor drop cables.
BS EN 50117-3-1:2002 Coaxial cables. Sectional specifications for cables used in telecom applications. Miniaturized cables
used in digital communication systems.
BS EN 50117-4:1996 Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks. Sectional specification for distribution and trunk
cables.
BS EN 50117-5:1997 Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks. Sectional specification for indoor drop cables for
use in networks operating at frequencies between 5 MHz and 2150 MHz.
BS EN 50117-6:1997 Coaxial cables used in cabled distribution networks. Sectional specification for outdoor drop cables
for use in networks operating at frequencies between 5 MHz and 2150 MHz.

3 Miscellaneous Standards and Regulations

BS EN 60065:2002 Electrical Safety requirements for Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus.
BS 5640-1:1978 Aerials for the reception of sound and television broadcasting in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1
GHz. Specification for electrical and mechanical characteristics.
BS 5640-2:1978 Aerials for the reception of sound and television broadcasting in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1
GHz. Methods of measurement of electrical performance parameters.
Building Regulations Part P Electrical Safety.
ETSI Document ETR290 Measurement Guidelines for DVB Systems.

BS and BS EN standards are available from the British Standards Institution.

4 Other Reference Documents

CAI Code of Practice 02 - Installation of Aerials/Antennas and Receiving Equipment in the SDU (Single
Dwelling Unit).
CAI Health and Safety in the Aerial and Satellite Industries
CAI Guidelines on Safe Operating Procedures.
CAI Code of Conduct.

34
CAI Method Statements and Risk Assessments.
CAI Code of Practice 03 - Electrical Safety Requirements for Signal Reception Systems (excluding CATV).
CAI Aerial Benchmark Specification.
CAI Cable Benchmark Specification.
DTG R-book 5 - Installing Digital Television (MATV and IRS), available as a download from the DTG
website
Ofcom Communications Act 2003, available from:-
www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/21/contents

Environment Agency for Waste Carriers Registration

www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/sectors/wastecarriers.aspx

VCA for information regarding Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
www.vca.gov.uk/enforcement/weee-enforcement.asp

Note: The above URLs were correct at the time of printing.

35
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