𝒉

Welcome to
𝒖𝒚
𝑹

𝑥
𝒚 Motion in Plane

𝜽
𝒂𝒙 𝜃
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = tan 𝜃

𝒙
 Introduction to motion in 2D

𝑦
• A 2D motion can be interpreted as
combination of two simultaneous and
independent 1D motions.

𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 • The net motion is the vector superposition

of the motion along 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes.

𝒚𝑗 Ƹ • The two independent 1D motion have time

in common.
𝑂 𝑥
𝒙𝑖Ƹ • Projection of 𝑥 axis and 𝑦 axis is zero
Flow to analyze 2D motion
𝑦

𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑟Ԧ
𝜃
(0,0) 𝑥
𝑟 cos 𝜃

𝑥 𝑦
𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑠
 Parameters of motion in 2D

𝑣𝑦
𝑣
𝑣𝑥 𝑎
𝑢

• If 𝑎Ԧ is constant i.e., both 𝑎𝑥 and 𝑎𝑦 are constant.

X-axis Y-axis Resultant

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗;Ƹ 𝒗 = 𝒗𝟐𝒙 + 𝒗𝟐𝒚

1 1
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗;Ƹ 𝒓 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
2 2
 Parameters of motion in 2D

Position ( 𝒓 ) Velocity ( 𝒗 ) Acceleration ( 𝒂 )

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Just like in 1D Motion: =𝑎=𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒗𝒙 𝒅𝒗𝒙 𝒅𝒗𝒚 𝒅𝒗𝒚

In 2D Motion: = 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒗𝒙 & = 𝒂𝒚 = 𝒗𝒚
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒚
 A roller coaster rolls down a 45° incline with an acceleration of 5.0 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 .
(Starts from rest)

i. How far horizontally has the coaster travelled in 10 𝑠 ?

ii. How far vertically has the coaster travelled in 10 𝑠 ?

Given: 𝑎 = 5 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 , 𝑡 = 10 𝑠
To find: The distance travelled by the roller coaster,
horizontally and vertically in 10 s.
+𝑥
Formulae: 𝑟 = 𝑟0 + 𝑢𝑡 + 12𝑎𝑡 2
45°
Solution: 𝑟 = 𝑟0 + 𝑢𝑡 + 12𝑎𝑡 2
𝑟 =0+0× 10 + 12 × 5 × 102
𝑟 = 250 𝑚 5 𝑚 Τ𝑠 2
250
Horizontal distance = 𝑟 cos 45° = 𝑚
2 +𝑦
250
Vertical distance = 𝑟 sin 45° = 𝑚
2
 A rider climbs a 30° incline at 5.0 m/s for 5 𝑠 and rolls forward in the
same speed along a straight line parallel to the ground for 3 𝑠.
Assume the starting point as the origin. What is the position vector
of the rider at 5 𝑠 and at 8 𝑠.

Given: 𝑢 = 5 𝑚Τ𝑠, 𝑡1 = 5 𝑠, 𝑡2 = 3 𝑠, 𝑎 = 0 𝑚Τ𝑠 2

+𝑦
Solution: At 𝑡1 = 5 𝑠
5 𝑚 Τ𝑠
∆𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡1 ∆𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡1
= 5 cos 30° × 5 = 5 sin 30° × 5
30°
3 × 25 25
= 𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑡1 = 5 𝑠 𝑡2 = 3 𝑠
2 2

At t = 8 𝑠𝑒𝑐
∆𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡1 + 𝑢𝑡2 ∆𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡1
= 5 cos 30° × 5 + 5 × 3 = 5 sin 30° × 5
3 × 25 25 25 3 25
∆𝑥 = + 15 𝑚 ∆𝑦 = 𝑚 The position vector = + 15 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ
2 2 2 2
 The position of a particle is 𝑟Ԧ = 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 𝑖Ƹ − 4 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑡 2 − 2 𝑘෠ 𝑚,
where 𝑡 is in seconds. Determine the magnitude of the particle’s
velocity and acceleration when 𝑡 = 2 𝑠.

𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑣
Formulae: 𝑣Ԧ = , 𝑎Ԧ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Solution: Velocity of the Particle 𝑣Ԧ Acceleration of the Particle 𝑎Ԧ

2
𝑑 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 𝑖Ƹ − 4 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑡 2 − 2 𝑘෠ 𝑑 9𝑡 2 − 2 𝑖Ƹ − + 1 𝑗Ƹ + 6𝑡 𝑘෠
𝑣 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑎 =
𝑑𝑡
2
𝑣 = 9𝑡 2 − 2 𝑖Ƹ − + 1 𝑗Ƹ + 6𝑡 𝑘෠ 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑎 = 18𝑡 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑡
−3ൗ
2 𝑗Ƹ + 6 𝑘෠ 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑡

For 𝑡 = 2 𝑠 For 𝑡 = 2 𝑠

2
𝑣 = 9 × 22 − 2 𝑖Ƹ − + 1 𝑗Ƹ + 6 × 2 𝑘෠ 𝑎 = 18𝑡 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑡
−3ൗ
2 𝑗Ƹ + 6 𝑘෠ 𝑚Τ𝑠 −2
2

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑦2 + 𝑣𝑧2 = 36.1 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦2 + 𝑎𝑧2 = 36.5 𝑚Τ𝑠 2

 The particle travels along the parabolic path given by 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥 2 . If its
component of velocity along the y axis is 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑐𝑡 2 , determine the 𝑥 and
𝑦 components of the particle’s acceleration. Assume 𝑏 and 𝑐 to be
constants.

Given: 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥 2 , 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑐𝑡 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑥
Formulae: 𝑣𝑦 = , 𝑣𝑥 = , 𝑎𝑦 = , 𝑎𝑥 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Solution: 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑐
𝑏𝑥 2 = 𝑡 3
3
𝑐 3ൗ 𝑐
𝑥= 𝑡 2 𝑦 = 𝑡3
3𝑏 3
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑐 3ൗ
𝑣𝑥 = = 𝑡 2 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑐𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡 2 3𝑏

𝑑𝑣𝑥 9 𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑣𝑦
𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑎𝑦 = = 2𝑐𝑡
𝑑𝑡 4 3𝑏 𝑑𝑡
 Projectile motion and its breakdown

A particle projected near the earth’s surface with initial velocity moves along a curved
path under constant acceleration 𝑔 , directed towards the center of the earth, is said to
execute projectile motion.

• Launch Angle(𝜃) The angle with the

horizontal at which a projectile is
𝑦 launched.
0° < 𝜃 < 90°
𝑔

𝑣𝑥 • Initial velocity (𝑢) The velocity with which

𝑢 the projectile is launched.

𝑣𝑦 𝑣(𝑡) • Instantaneous velocity of projectile(𝑣)

𝜃 Always tangential to the parabolic path
𝑥 and is resolved into components.

• Acceleration due to gravity (𝑔) Acts

constantly on a projectile in vertical
All projectiles follow a parabolic path. direction to gives a parabolic path.
 Projectile motion and its breakdown

All projectile motion is considered as vector superposition of two simultaneous and

independent rectilinear motions in mutually perpendicular directions (𝑣𝑦 and 𝑣𝑥 ) which
are completely independent from each other i.e., Horizontal motion and vertical motion.

Assumptions of Projectile motion:

• Consider only those trajectories that are of sufficiently short range and
height so that the gravitational force can be considered constant.
• Earth surface is assumed to be flat over the range of projectile.
• Air resistance is ignored.
 Velocity of Projectile

𝑦 X-axis Y-axis

𝑢 𝑎𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑦 = −g
𝑣𝑥
𝑔
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃
𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑣(𝑡)
𝜃 𝑣𝑦 1
𝑥 x = (𝑢 cos θ) t y = (𝑢 sin 𝜃)t − g𝑡 2
𝑢𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢 sin θ − 𝑔𝑡

Velocity at any point:

𝑣= 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 = (𝑢 cos 𝜃)2 +(𝑢 sin 𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡)2

𝑣= 𝑢2 + 𝑔2 𝑡 2 − 2(𝑢 sin 𝜃)𝑔𝑡

 Parameters of Projectile motion

Time of Flight (𝑻) Maximum Height (𝑯) Range (𝐑)

1 𝑣𝑦2 = 𝑢𝑦2 − 2𝑔𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡
𝑦 = (𝑢 sin 𝜃)𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
At 𝑦 = 𝐻 , 𝑣𝑦 = 0 At 𝑥 = 𝑅 , 𝑡 = 𝑇
𝐻 At 𝑡 = 𝑇, 𝑦 = 0
2𝑢 sin𝜃
1 02 = 𝑢 sin𝜃 2
− 2𝑔𝐻 𝑅 = 𝑢 cos𝜃 ×
0 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑇 − 𝑔 𝑇 2 𝑔
𝑅 2
2
𝑢 sin𝜃 𝑢2 sin2𝜃
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 2𝑢 sin𝜃 𝐻= 𝑅=
𝑇= 2𝑔 𝑔
𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑔

2𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑢2 sin2 𝜃 𝑢2 sin 2𝜃

𝑇= 𝐻= 𝑅=
𝑔 2𝑔 𝑔
 A ball is thrown at a speed of 50 𝑚/𝑠 at an angle of 600 with the horizontal.
Find (take 𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
i. Time of flight
ii. The maximum height reached
iii. The range of the ball.

2𝑢 sin𝜃 2 × 50 × sin600
i. Time of flight ,𝑇 = =
𝑔 10 𝑦

𝑇 =5 3𝑠
𝑢 𝑇
2
𝑢 sin𝜃 50 sin600 2
ii. Maximum height, 𝐻 = = 𝐻
2𝑔 2 × 10
𝜃
𝐻 = 93.75 𝑚 𝑥
𝑅
2 2 0
𝑢 sin2𝜃 50 × sin(2 × 60 )
iii. Range , 𝑅 = =
𝑔 10

𝑅 = 216.5 𝑚
 In a soccer practice session, the football is kept at the center of the
field 40 yards (1 yard=3 feet) from the 10 ft high goalposts. A goal is
attempted by kicking the football at a speed of 64 ft/s at an angle of
45o to the horizontal. Will it be a goal ? [Take 𝑔 = 32𝑓𝑡𝑠 −2 ]

Solution:
𝑢 = 64 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 , 𝜃 = 45𝑜

It is a goal iff at 𝑥 = 120 𝑓𝑡, 𝑦 < 10 𝑓𝑡

𝑥 120 15 2
𝑥 = (𝑢 cos 𝜃)𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 = = = 𝑠
(𝑢 cos 𝜃) 64 cos 45° 8
1
𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
2
115 2 1 15 2
𝑦 = 64 × × − × 32 ×
2 8 2 8

𝑦 = 7.5 𝑓𝑡 < 10 𝑓𝑡 It is a goal

 Maximum Range for a given Launch speed

• Range is maximum when 𝜃 = 450

𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 𝑢2
𝑅= 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑔 𝑔

• When range is maximum, height 𝐻 reached

by projectile, 𝟒𝟓𝟎

𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 450 𝑢2 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝟑𝟎𝟎

𝐻= = =
2𝑔 4𝑔 4
𝟏𝟓𝟎

• If 𝑅 = 𝐻,

𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= ⇒ tan 𝜃 = 4 𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑔 2𝑔
 Complementary Launch angles

• For objects projected at

complementary launch angles,
range will be same. 𝟕𝟓𝟎
𝟔𝟎𝟎
Let 𝑅1 = 𝑅2
𝟒𝟓𝟎
𝑢2 sin 2𝜃 𝑢2 sin 2𝛼
𝑔
=
𝑔 𝟑𝟎𝟎

2𝜃 = 1800 − 2𝛼 ⇒ 𝛼 = 900 − 𝜃 𝟏𝟓𝟎

𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙
 A stone is projected from ground with certain speed at an
angle 𝜃 with horizontal and it attains maximum height ℎ1 .
When it is projected with the same speed at an angle 𝜃 with
vertical, it attains maximum height ℎ2 . Find the horizontal
range of the projectile.

Solution:
Angle with vertical = 𝜃 Then Angle with horizontal = 90 − 𝜃

So, ranges will be same

𝑢sin𝜃 2 𝑦
ℎ1 = ℎ2
2𝑔
𝜃
𝑢sin[90 − 𝜃] 2
𝑢 cos𝜃 2 𝑢
ℎ2 = = 𝑢
2𝑔 2𝑔 ℎ1
𝜃

2 2 𝑥
𝑢sin𝜃 𝑢cos𝜃
ℎ1 ℎ2 = × 𝑅
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑢2 sin𝜃cos𝜃 2
𝑅2
ℎ1 ℎ2 = =
4𝑔2 16 𝑅 = 4 ℎ1 ℎ2
 An object is projected with the same speed at two different
angles cover the same horizontal range 𝑅. If the two times of the
𝑔
flight be 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 , then prove that 𝑅 = 𝑡1 𝑡2
2

Solution:

Let 𝜃1 = 𝜃 𝑠𝑜 𝜃2 = 90 − 𝜃

2𝑢 sin𝜃
𝑡1 =
𝑔
2𝑢 sin(90 − 𝜃) 2𝑢 cos𝜃
𝑡2 = =
𝑔 𝑔

2𝑢 sin𝜃 2𝑢 cos𝜃
𝑡1 𝑡2 = ×
𝑔 𝑔

2𝑢2 sin2𝜃 2𝑅 𝑡1 𝑡2
𝑡1 𝑡2 = = 𝑅=𝑔
𝑔2 𝑔 2
 A stone is projected from a point on the ground in such a direction
so as to hit a bird on the top of a telegraph post of height ℎ and
attains a maximum height 2ℎ above the ground otherwise. If at the
instant of projection, the bird were to fly away horizontally with a
uniform speed, find the ratio of the horizontal velocities of the bird
and the stone if the stone still hits the bird.

Solution:
𝑦
𝑣 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
𝑣𝑡2 = 𝑢cos𝜃(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) =
𝑢cos𝜃 𝑡2
𝑢sin𝜃 2 𝑢
Maximum height of stone = 𝐻 = 𝐴𝑡 𝑡1 2ℎ 𝑡2
2𝑔
2
𝑢sin𝜃
= 2ℎ 𝑢sin𝜃 = 2 𝑔ℎ ℎ
2𝑔 𝜃
1 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑢sin𝜃 𝑔 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2

1 ℎ ℎ 𝑣 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 2
ℎ = 2 𝑔ℎ 𝑔 − 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑡1 =
𝑔
2− 2 , 𝑡2 =
𝑔
(2 + 2) = =
2 𝑢cos𝜃 𝑡2 2+1
 If a projectile crosses two walls of equal heights ℎ symmetrically as shown
in figure. Find time of flight, height of each wall, 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 . (𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

Solution:
1
By symmetry, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
𝑇 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 1
ℎ = (𝑢sin𝜃)𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
𝑇 =8𝑠
1
ℎ = 40 2 − 10 × 22
2
Time of flight, ℎ = 60 𝑚

2𝑢sin𝜃
𝑇=
𝑔
2
𝑢sin𝜃 402
2𝑢sin𝜃 Maximum height, 𝐻 = =
8= 2𝑔 2 × 10
10

𝑢sin𝜃 = 40 𝐻 = 80 𝑚
A gun is kept on a straight horizontal road is used to hit a car,
travelling along the same roadway from the gun with a uniform
speed of 20 𝑚/𝑠. The car is at 160 𝑚 from the gun, when the gun
is fired at an angle of 450 with the horizontal. Find the distance
of the car from the gun when the shell hits it, and the speed of
projection of the shell from the gun.(𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

𝑣
450

160 𝑚 𝐷
Solution:
2𝑢sin𝜃 For the shell to hit the car: 𝑅 = 160 + 𝐷
Time of flight of the shell = 𝑇 =
𝑔
𝑢2 𝑢 2
2𝑢sin45 𝑢 2 = 160 + 20 ×
𝑇= 𝑇= 𝑔 𝑔
𝑔 𝑔
𝑢2 − 20 2𝑢 − 1600 = 0

Distance covered by the car in time,𝑇 = 𝐷 𝑢 = 40 2 𝑚/𝑠

𝑢 2
𝐷 = 20 × 𝑇 = 20 ×
𝑔
𝑢2
Range = 𝑅 =
𝑔
2
𝑢 sin2𝜃
Range of the shell = 𝑅 = (40 2 )2
𝑔 𝑅=
10
𝑢2 sin(2 × 45) 𝑢2
𝑅= = 𝑅 = 320 𝑚
𝑔 𝑔
 Equation of Trajectory

• The trajectory is the path travelled by any projectile.

𝑦
𝑔𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 − 2
2𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝜃 𝑥
𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 1 −
𝑅
−𝜃
𝑢
 A particle moves in the 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane with a constant acceleration
𝑎 directed along the negative 𝑦 axis. The equation of motion of
the particle has the form 𝑦 = 𝛼𝑥 − 𝛽𝑥 2 , where 𝛼 and 𝛽 are positive
constants. Find the velocity of the particle at the origin.

Solution: Comparing the equation 𝑦 = 𝛼𝑥 − 𝛽𝑥 2 with

the standard equation of the projectile,

𝑎𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 −
2𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝛽 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
2𝑢2

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃

𝑎
𝑢= (1 + 𝛼 2 )
2𝛽
 A particle is projected over a triangle from one extremity of its
horizontal base. Grazing over the vertex, it falls on the other
extremity of the base. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the base angles of the triangle
and 𝜃 the angle of projection, prove that tan 𝜃 = tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽

ℎ ℎ
Solution: tan 𝛼 = , tan 𝛽 =
𝑎 𝑏

Since (𝑎, ℎ) lies on the trajectory

of the projectile,
𝑎
⇒ ℎ = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 1 −
𝑎+𝑏

ℎ 𝑏 ℎ ℎ
= tan 𝜃 ⇒ tan 𝜃 = +
𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 1 − …1
tan 𝜃 = tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽 𝑅
 If a projectile is fired from the ground with velocity 𝑢, prove that
sum of the two-time instants it is at a given height is equal to
the time of flight. (𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

Solution: Along 𝑦 direction, 𝑦

1 𝑢
𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 × 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2 At 𝑡1 At 𝑡2

2𝑦 = 2𝑢 sin 𝜃 × 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑦 𝑦
𝜃 𝑥
2𝑢 sin 𝜃
𝑡2 − 𝑡 + 2y = 0
𝑔

𝑏
For, 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, having 𝛼 and 𝛽 as roots, 𝛼 + 𝛽 = −
𝑎

2𝑢sin θ
𝑡1 + 𝑡2 =
g
 Factors influencing Projectile Motion

The following factors influence the time of flight, range, and

maximum height reached by a projectile:

• Velocity of release
𝑦
• Angle of release 450

• Point of projection

𝑣
150 & 750 300 & 600 𝑥
 Horizontal Projection

• Velocity at a general point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑣= 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2

Using, 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡

𝑣𝑦 = 0 − 𝑔𝑡

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢

𝑣𝑝 = 𝑢2 + 𝑔2 𝑡 2

• Velocity with which projectile hits the ground:

• Horizontal Range: 𝑅 = 𝑢 2ℎ
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢
𝑔 𝑣= 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2
𝑣𝑦2 = 02 − 2𝑔 −ℎ
• Time of flight: 𝑡 = 2ℎ
𝑔
𝑣𝑦 = 2𝑔ℎ 𝑣= 𝑢2 + 2𝑔ℎ
𝑡1 = 𝑡2 = 𝑡3 = 𝑡
 Helicopter on flood relief mission, flying horizontally with a speed 𝑢 at an
altitude 𝐻 has to drop a food packet for a victim standing on the ground.
At what distance from the victim should the packet be dropped? (The
victim stands in the vertical plane of the helicopter’s motion.)

Time taken by the food packet to 2𝐻

reach the ground. ⇒ 𝑡=
𝑔
𝑢
Horizontal distance food packet 2𝐻
needs to travel to reach the victim. ⇒𝐷=𝑢×
𝑔
𝐻 𝑑

The distance between the victim and

𝐷2 + 𝐻2 𝐷
the packet at the time of release is ⇒𝑑=

2𝑢2 𝐻
𝑑= + 𝐻2
𝑔
 An object is thrown between two tall buildings 180 𝑚 from
each other. The object is thrown horizontally from the top of
one building which is 45 𝑚 high and lands on the top of the
other building which is 10 𝑚 high. Find out the speed of
projection. (Use 𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

Solution: Vertical separation the ball must travel,

ℎ = 𝐻1 − 𝐻2 = 30𝑚

Time taken to cover ℎ distance,

𝐻1 = 45 𝑚
2ℎ 2 × 35
𝑡= = 𝐻2 = 10 𝑚
𝑔 10
180 𝑚
Range the projectile must cover,
180
𝑅 =𝑢×𝑡 ⇒𝑢 =
2 × 35
10 180
𝑢= 𝑚/𝑠
7
 Projection at an Angle with Horizontal

Projection at an angle Projection at an angle

𝜃 above horizontal 𝜃 below horizontal In vertical direction

𝑎 = −𝑔, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃, 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃

𝑢
For 𝑡 = 𝑇, Displacement = −ℎ
𝜃
𝜃 1
−ℎ = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑇 − 𝑔𝑇 2
2
𝑢

ℎ We will get 𝑇 by solving the above equation

Horizontal Range: 𝑅 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑇 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 . 𝑇

 In a high-speed ski-chase, a secret agent skis off a slope inclined
at 300 below the horizontal at 10 𝑚/𝑠. In order to land safely on
the snow 100 𝑚 below, the agent must clear a valley 30 𝑚 wide.
Does he make safe landing? Ignore the air resistance.

1
Solution: s = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1
−100 = −10 sin 300 𝑡 + −10 𝑡 2
2
𝑡 2 + 𝑡 − 20 = 0
𝑡 =4𝑠

For the safe landing, he must cover a distance

greater than 30 𝑚 horizontally in 4 𝑠
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡
𝑥 = 10 cos 300 × 4 𝑚

𝑥 = 34.6 𝑚 Yes, safe landing!

 Elastic Collision of Projectile with Wall

𝑣 Mirror

• 𝑖 Angle of Incidence = 𝑟 (Angle of Reflection)

• Speed remains same after collision as there is no KE loss during collision.
 Elastic Collision of Projectile with Wall

𝑹 𝑹
Case 1: 𝒙 ≥ Case 2: 𝒙 <
𝟐 𝟐

• Time of flight and maximum • Time of flight and maximum

height attained by the projectile height attained by the projectile
remains same. remains same.

• Range = 2𝑥 − 𝑅 • Range = 𝑅 − 2𝑥
 A body falling-freely from a given height 𝐻 hits an inclined plane in its
path at a height ℎ. As a result of this impact, the velocity of the body
becomes horizontal. For what value of ℎ/𝐻, will the body take maximum
time to reach the ground?

Solution:
2(𝐻 − ℎ) 𝑂 𝑡=0
• Time taken to Fall from 𝑂 to 𝐴: 𝑡1 =
𝑔
• Time taken to Fall from 𝐴 to 𝐵:

2(𝐻 − ℎ) [∵ Velocity at 𝐴 becomes 𝐴

𝑡1 = Horizontal. i.e., 𝑣𝑦 = 0] 𝐻
𝑔 𝐴
ℎ
• Total Time taken by the Body: 𝑡=𝑇
2
𝑇 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = ( 𝐻 − ℎ + ℎ) 𝐵 𝐵1
𝑔

• For the Maximum Time,

𝑑𝑇 2 −1 1 ℎ 1
=0 ⇒ + =0 ⇒ =
𝑑ℎ 𝑔 2 𝐻−ℎ ℎ 𝐻 2
 Inclined Plane Projectile: Time of Flight

𝛼: Angle of Incline
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃
𝜃: Angle of Projection from Inclined Plane

𝑎𝑥 = −𝑔 sin 𝛼 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 cos 𝛼

1
Equation of Motion: 𝑆𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2 ,
2
At 𝑡 = 𝑇 , 𝑆𝑦 = 0
1
⇒ 𝑢𝑦 𝑇 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑇 2 = 0
2
1
⇒ 𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑇 − × 𝑔 cos 𝛼 × 𝑇 2 = 0
2
𝑔 cos 𝛼
⇒ 𝑇 𝑢 sin 𝜃 − 𝑇 =0
2

2𝑢 sin 𝜃 2𝑢𝑦 2𝑢⊥

⇒ 𝑇 = 0 or 𝑇 = General Form: 𝑇= =
𝑔 cos 𝛼 𝑎𝑦 𝑎⊥
 Inclined Plane Projectile: 𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑋

𝑇
𝑎𝑥 = −𝑔 sin 𝛼 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 cos 𝛼 𝑌

Equation of Motion: 𝑣𝑦2 = 𝑢𝑦2 + 2𝑎𝑦 𝑆𝑦

At 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 = 0 𝜃
𝛼
2
⇒ 0 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 + 2 −𝑔 cos 𝛼 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑔 sin 𝛼
𝑔 cos 𝛼
2 2
𝑢 sin 𝜃
⇒ 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝑔 cos 𝛼

𝑢𝑦2 𝑢⊥2
General Form: 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
2𝑎𝑦 2𝑎⊥
 Inclined Plane Projectile: Range

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃

𝑌
𝑎𝑥 = −𝑔 sin 𝛼 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 cos 𝛼 𝑋

1
Equation of Motion: 𝑆𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
2
2𝑢 sin 𝜃
At 𝑆𝑥 = 𝑅, 𝑡 = 𝑇 = 𝜃
𝑔 cos 𝛼
𝛼
2𝑢 sin 𝜃 1 (4𝑢2 sin2 𝜃)
⇒ 𝑅 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 + −𝑔 sin 𝛼
𝑔 cos 𝛼 2 (𝑔2 cos 2 𝛼) 𝑔 sin 𝛼
𝑔 cos 𝛼
2
2𝑢 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝛼 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝛼
⇒𝑅=
𝑔 cos 𝛼 cos 𝛼

2𝑢2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝛼

𝑅=
𝑔 cos2 𝛼
 A projectile is thrown from the base of an inclined plane of angle 300 . It
is thrown at an angle of 300 from the incline at a speed of 20 𝑚/𝑠. Find
the total time of flight of projectile. (Take 𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) Find:
1. The total time of flight of the projectile
2. Maximum distance from the incline

Solution: 𝑋
𝑻
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 = 20 cos 30° = 10 3 𝑚/𝑠 𝑌

𝑎𝑥 = −𝑔 sin 𝛼 = −10 sin 30° = −5 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 = 20 sin30° = 10 𝑚/𝑠 𝜃
𝛼
𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 cos 𝛼 = −10 cos30° = −5 3 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑔 sin 𝛼
𝑔 cos 𝛼

• Time of Flight of the Projectile:

• Maximum Distance from the Incline 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
2𝑢𝑦 2 × 10 4
𝑇= = = 𝑠 𝑢𝑦2 102 10
𝑎𝑦 5 3 3 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 𝑚
2𝑎𝑦 2 × 5 3 3
 Inclined Plane Projectile: Top to Bottom

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑌

𝑢 𝑢 sin 𝜃
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑔 sin 𝛼 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 cos 𝛼
𝑇′
𝜃
• Time of Flight of the Projectile: 𝑂

2𝑢 sin 𝜃 2𝑢𝑦 2𝑢⊥

𝑇′ = General Form: 𝑇′ = = 𝑋 𝑔 𝑔 cos 𝛼
𝑔 cos 𝛼 𝑎𝑦 𝑎⊥

• Maximum Distance from Incline:

𝑢2 sin2 𝜃 2
𝑢𝑦 2
𝑢⊥
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 ′ = General Form: 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 ′ = =
2𝑔 cos 𝛼 2𝑎𝑦 2𝑎⊥
 Inclined Plane Projectile: Top to Bottom

𝑌
𝑋 𝑢 sin 𝜃
𝑢

𝜃
𝑂
𝑌
𝜃 𝑔 𝑔 cos 𝛼
𝛼 𝑋
𝑅′
𝛼
𝑔 cos 𝛼
𝑔 sin 𝛼

𝟐𝒖𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝜶 𝟐𝒖𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝜶

𝑹= 𝑹′ =
𝒈 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜶 𝒈 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜶
 A projectile is projected from 𝑃 as shown in the figure and it touches the
incline again at 𝑄, then compute 𝑃𝑄.

Given: 𝜃 = 90°, 𝛼 = 𝜃 𝑌

To find: 𝑃𝑄
𝑢
2𝑢2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃−𝛼
Formulae: 𝑅′ =
𝑔 cos2 𝛼 90° 𝑃
Solution:
𝑋 𝑔 𝑔 cos 𝜃
2
2𝑢 sin 90° cos 90° − 𝜃
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑅′
𝑔 cos2 𝜃
𝜃
𝑄
2𝑢2 sin 𝜃
𝑃𝑄 =
𝑔cos2 𝜃
 Two inclined planes of angles 300 and 600 are placed touching each other at the
base as shown in the figure. A projectile is projected at right angle with a speed of
10 3 𝑚/𝑠 from point 𝑃 and hits the other incline at point 𝑄 normally, find
1. Time of flight
2. Speed with which the projectile hits the point 𝑄
Solution:

𝑢𝑥 = 10 3 𝑚/𝑠 𝑢𝑦 = 0

𝑎𝑥 = −5 3𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑎𝑦 = −5 𝑚/𝑠 2

Equation of Motion along 𝑥-direction,

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡

As the projectile lands normally, 𝑣𝑥 = 0. Equation of Motion along 𝑦-direction, 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡

𝑢𝑥 10 3 At point 𝑄, 𝑇 = 2 𝑠
⇒ 0 = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑇 ⇒ 𝑇 = − =
𝑎𝑥 5 3 ⇒ 𝑣𝑄 = 0 − 5 × 2 ⇒ 𝑣𝑄 = −10 𝑚/𝑠

⇒𝑇 =2𝑠
𝑣𝑄 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 ( ∵ 𝑣𝑥 = 0 )
 Relative Motion of Projectiles

Consider two balls 𝐴 & 𝐵 projected with speeds 𝑢𝐴 and 𝑢𝐵 respectively.

Observer in Ground frame Observer in A frame

𝑢𝐴 = 𝑢𝐴 cos 𝜃𝐴 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑢𝐴 sin 𝜃𝐴 𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝐴 = −𝑔𝑗Ƹ

𝑢𝐴𝐴 = 0 𝑎𝐴𝐴 = 0
𝑢𝐵 = 𝑢𝐵 cos 𝜃𝐵 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑢𝐵 sin 𝜃𝐵 𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝐵 = −𝑔𝑗Ƹ
𝑢𝐵𝐴 = (𝑢𝐵 cos 𝜃𝐵 − 𝑢𝐴 cos 𝜃𝐴 ) 𝑖Ƹ
+ 𝑎𝐵𝐴 = 0
(𝑢𝐵 sin 𝜃𝐵 − 𝑢𝐴 sin 𝜃𝐴 ) 𝑗Ƹ
Two towers 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 are 𝑑 apart. A ball of mass 𝑚 is thrown from
𝐴𝐵 horizontally with a velocity of 10 𝑚/𝑠. Simultaneously another ball
of mass 2𝑚 is thrown from 𝐶𝐷 at 37° with the vertical (as shown) with
initial velocity of 10 𝑚/𝑠 as well. The two balls move in the same
vertical plane, collide in mid air. Calculate the distance 𝑑 between
the towers.

2𝑚
C
𝑚
A 370

30 m
20 m
B D
𝑑
 2𝑚 16
C C

10 m
10 m
𝑚 8
A 10 𝑚Τ𝑠
370 A
𝑑

20 m
20 m

20 m

20 m
B D B D
𝑑 𝑑
A frame
Ground frame 𝑣𝐶𝐴 = 𝑣𝐶 − 𝑣𝐴 = −16𝑖Ƹ − 8𝑗Ƹ
𝑣𝐴 = 10𝑖Ƹ 𝑎𝐴 = −𝑔𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝐶𝐴 = 𝑎𝐶 − 𝑎𝐴 = 0
𝑣𝐶 = −6𝑖Ƹ − 8𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝐵 = −𝑔𝑗Ƹ 8 10
tan 𝜃 = = 𝑑 = 20 𝑚
16 𝑑
 Velocity of separation or approach

The component of relative velocity of one particle with respect to another, along the line joining them.
 If the separation decreases, it is called Velocity of Approach.
 If the separation increases, it is called Velocity of Separation.
Observer in Ground Frame Observer in A Frame

𝑣𝐴 sin ⍺ 𝑣𝐵 sin 𝛽 𝑣𝐵 sin 𝛽 − 𝑣𝐴 cos 𝛼 (𝑣𝐵𝐴⫠ )

𝑣𝐵 𝑣𝐵𝐴
𝑣𝐴 𝑦

⍺ β
𝐴
𝑥 𝑥
𝑣𝐴 cos ⍺ 𝑣𝐵 cos 𝛽 B 𝑣𝐵 cos 𝛽 − 𝑣𝐴 cos 𝛼 (𝑣𝐵𝐴ǁ )
𝐴 𝐵 𝑂
Rest
𝑣𝐵𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 − 𝑣𝐴
𝑣𝐵𝐴ǁ represents velocity of separation or approach.
𝑣𝐵𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 cos 𝛽𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝐵 sin 𝛽 𝑗Ƹ − (𝑣A cos ⍺ 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣A sin ⍺ 𝒋)Ƹ
𝑣𝐵𝐴ǁ = 𝑣𝐵 cos 𝛽 − 𝑣𝐴 cos 𝛼
 Minimum Distance

 If the separation between two particles Observer in A Frame

decreases and then increases, there will 𝑣𝐴
be a minimum at the transition.
𝑣𝐵 𝐵
 Velocity of approach changes to Rest
velocity of separation.
𝐴
 When 𝑣𝐵𝐴ǁ = 0: Distance 𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝐵𝐴 is 𝑣𝐵𝐴
minimum then

𝐵
𝑑 𝑠𝐵𝐴 𝑣𝐵𝐴
=0
𝑑𝑡
 Two ships are 10 𝑘𝑚 apart on north-south vertical at an instant.
The one farther north is streaming west at 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟. The other is
streaming north at 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 as shown. What is their distance of
closest approach? How long do they take to reach it?

Solution:
20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 𝐵 Ground Frame
𝑣𝐴𝐺 = 20𝑗Ƹ
20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 𝑣𝐵𝐺 = −20𝑖Ƹ
10 𝑘𝑚

𝑟= 20𝑡 2 + 10 − 20𝑡 2

𝐴 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 2
At d𝑠ℎ , = 0 or =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Ground Frame
1
𝑡= ℎ𝑟
4
1
For 𝑡 = ℎ𝑟, d𝑠ℎ = 5 2 𝑘𝑚
4
Solution:
𝑦
B Frame
Rest 𝐵
𝑣𝐴𝐵 = 20𝑖Ƹ + 20𝐽መ 𝑥
𝑣𝐵𝐵 = 0 O

d𝑠ℎ = 10 sin 45°

10 𝑘𝑚
d𝑠ℎ = 5 2 𝑘𝑚

d𝑠ℎ = 5 2 = 20 2𝑡 20𝑗Ƹ
450
1
𝑡= ℎ𝑟
4
𝐴 20𝑖Ƹ
 Figure shows two particles 𝐴 and 𝐵 are fired simultaneously.
Find the minimum distance between them during their flight.

Solution:
B Frame
Ground Frame 𝑣𝐴𝐺𝑣= 9𝑖Ƹ + 12𝑗Ƹ
𝐴𝐴 = 0
𝑎𝑎𝐴𝐴==−𝑔
𝐴𝐺 0 𝑗Ƹ
𝑣𝐴𝐺 = 9𝑖Ƹ + 12𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝐴𝐺 = −𝑔𝑗Ƹ 𝑣𝑣𝐵𝐴 =−21
𝐵𝐺 = −12𝑖𝑖Ƹ −
Ƹ +39𝑗𝑗Ƹ Ƹ 𝑎𝐵𝐴==−𝑔
𝑎𝐵𝐺 0 𝑗Ƹ

𝑣𝐵𝐺 = −12𝑖Ƹ + 9𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝐵𝐺 = −𝑔𝑗Ƹ

𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 20 2 sin 𝜃
3 1
tan 𝜃 = =
21 7
1
sin 𝜃 =
50
1
𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 20 2 × =4𝑚
5 2
 Muzzle Velocity

Muzzle velocity is the speed of a projectile (bullet) with respect to the muzzle (gun) at
the moment it leaves the muzzle.

Muzzle velocity
Recoil velocity

𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑢𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑣Ԧ𝑔𝑢𝑛

 Relative Motion between River-Swimmer

 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 = 𝑢 = Velocity of the river w.r.t. ground

 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟 = 𝑣Ԧ = Velocity of man w.r.t. river

or
Velocity of man in still water 𝑢
or
Swimming speed
𝑣

 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = Velocity of the man w.r.t. ground

𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 = 𝑣Ԧ + 𝑢

 Downstream Motion Upstream Motion

𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = Velocity of the man w.r.t. ground 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = Velocity of the man w.r.t. ground
= 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔
= 𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑖Ƹ = 𝑣 − 𝑢 𝑖Ƹ
 Time taken to cover distance 𝑑:  Time taken to cover distance 𝑑:

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑇𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = < 𝑇𝑢𝑝 = > >
𝑣+𝑢 𝑣 𝑣−𝑢 𝑣 𝑣+𝑢
𝑇𝑢𝑝 > 𝑇𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛
 As the river supports the swimmer in downstream motion, less time is required.
 As the river opposes the swimmer in upstream motion, more time is required.
 Flow for River Crossing Problem

• Write down 𝒗𝒎𝒓 in component form

𝑣𝑚𝑟

• Write down 𝑣𝑟𝑔 in component form

𝑣𝑟𝑔

• Add 𝑣𝑚𝑟 and 𝑣𝑟𝑔 to get 𝑣𝑚𝑔

𝑣𝑚𝑔

• Prepare the table of 𝑥 and 𝑦 components

𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

• Use the components to find solution

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
 Crossing the River: Minimum Time

 When the swimmer swims perpendicular to river, he crosses the river in minimum time.
Step 1: 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟 = 𝑣𝑗Ƹ
Step 2: 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 = 𝑢𝑖Ƹ
Step 3: 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = Velocity of the man w.r.t. ground

𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 = 𝑢𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝑗Ƹ

Step 4: Parameter 𝒙 𝒚
𝑣 𝑢 𝑣  Time required to cross the river:

𝑎 0 0 Δ𝑦 𝑑
𝑡= =
𝑣𝑦 𝑣

 Displacement in 𝑦 direction:  Displacement in 𝑥 direction:

∆𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑡 = 𝑑 = Width of the river 𝑢𝑑

∆𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑢𝑡 = = Drift of the man
𝑣
 Crossing the River without Drift 𝑣𝑚𝑟 > 𝑣𝑟𝑔

 Swimmer need to swim at an angle 𝜃 to cross the river without drift.

Step 1: 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟 = −𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ 𝐵
Step 2: 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 = 𝑢𝑖Ƹ 𝑦
𝑣 𝑟𝑔
Step 3: 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = Velocity of the man w.r.t. ground
𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 𝑑 𝑥
𝑣 𝑚𝑟 𝑣 𝑚𝑔
𝜃
= −𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑢𝑖Ƹ
= 𝑢 − 𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ 𝐴

Step 4: Parameter 𝒙 𝒚  Angle for Zero Drift:

For Zero Drift, 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ = 0
𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 sin 𝜃 = 0 𝑣 cos 𝜃
𝒖
𝑎 0 0 𝜃 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏
𝒗

 Time Required to Cross the River  Displacement in 𝑥 direction:

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑡= = = ∆𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑡 = 0 = Drift of the man
𝑣𝑦 𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2
 The stream of a river is flowing with a speed of 2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. A
swimmer can swim at a speed of 4 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. What should be the
direction of the swimmer with respect to the flow of the river
to cross the river along the shortest path?

Given: 𝑣𝑚𝑟 = 4 𝑘𝑚/ℎ , 𝑣𝑟𝑔 = 2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ

𝑣 𝑟𝑔 𝐵
To find: Direction of swimmer for a zero drift 𝑦

Formulae: 𝑣𝑚𝑟 sin 𝛼 = 𝑣𝑟𝑔

𝑣 𝑚𝑟 𝛼 𝑥
Solution: 𝑣 𝑚𝑔

𝑣𝑚𝑟 sin 𝛼 = 𝑣𝑟𝑔 𝐴

⇒ 4 sin 𝛼 = 2
1
⇒ sin 𝛼 =
2
⇒ 𝛼 = 30°

Angle made with the river flow = 90° + 𝛼 = 90° + 30° = 120°
 A man wants to reach point 𝐵 on the opposite bank of a river flowing at
a speed 𝑢 as shown in the figure. What minimum speed relative to
water should the man have so that he can reach point 𝐵? In which
direction should he swim?

Solution:
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 = Velocity of the river = 𝑢𝑖Ƹ
𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟 = Velocity of man w.r.t. water = −𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ
𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = 𝑢 − 𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ

 For 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 to make 45° with the vertical,

𝑣𝑚𝑔 = 𝑣𝑚𝑔
𝑥 𝑦
𝑢
⇒ 𝑢 − 𝑣 sin 𝜃 = 𝑣 cos 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑣 = = 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟
sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
 For minimum 𝑣, (sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃) is maximum.
𝜃 = 45°

 The corresponding minimum 𝑣, 𝑢

𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2
 Crossing the River: General Case

𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 𝐵 𝑑𝑠 𝐶

𝑦
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔
𝑣𝑚𝑔 = 𝑣𝑚𝑟 cos 𝛼
𝑦
𝐷 𝑥
𝛼
𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔
𝑣𝑚𝑔 = 𝑣𝑟𝑔 − 𝑣𝑚𝑟 sin 𝛼
𝑥 𝐴
𝐴
 Time taken in Crossing the River:

𝐷 𝐷
𝑡= =
𝑣𝑚𝑔 𝑣𝑚𝑟 cos 𝛼
𝑦

 Drift of the Swimmer:

𝐷 𝑣𝑟𝑔 − 𝑣𝑚𝑟 sin 𝛼
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑚𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑟𝑔 − 𝑣𝑚𝑟 sin 𝛼 𝑡 =
𝑥 𝑣𝑚𝑟 cos 𝛼
 Crossing the River: General Case

𝐷 𝑣𝑟𝑔 − 𝑣𝑚𝑟 sin 𝛼 𝑑𝑠

Drift of the Swimmer, 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐵 𝐶
𝑣𝑚𝑟 cos 𝛼
𝑦
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔
Minimum Drift of the Swimmer, 𝑑𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =?
𝐷 𝑥
𝛼
 For Minimum Drift, 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑟 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔
𝐴
𝑑 𝑑𝑠 𝑑 𝐷 𝑣𝑟𝑔 − 𝑣𝑚𝑟 sin 𝛼 𝐴
= =0
𝑑𝛼 𝑑𝛼 𝑣𝑚𝑟 cos 𝛼

⇒ 𝑣𝑚𝑟 cos 𝛼 × −𝑣𝑚𝑟 cos 𝛼 − 𝑣𝑟𝑔 − 𝑣𝑚𝑟 sin 𝛼 × 𝑣𝑚𝑟 − sin 𝛼 = 0

2
⇒ 𝑣𝑚𝑟 = 𝑣𝑟𝑔 𝑣𝑚𝑟 sin 𝛼

2 2
𝑣𝑚𝑟 𝑣𝑟𝑔 − 𝑣𝑚𝑟
⇒ sin 𝛼 = ; cos 𝛼 = 𝑫 𝒗𝟐𝒓𝒈 − 𝒗𝟐𝒎𝒓
𝑣𝑟𝑔 𝑣𝑟𝑔
𝒅𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝒗𝒎𝒓
 Aircraft Wind Problem

𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑔 = Velocity of the airplane w.r.t. ground

𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑤 = Velocity of the airplane w.r.t. wind 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑔

𝑣Ԧ𝑤𝑔
𝑣Ԧ𝑤𝑔 = Velocity of the wind w.r.t. ground
𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑤 𝑦

𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑔 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑤 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑤𝑔 𝑥

 An aeroplane has to go from a point 𝐴 to another point 𝐵, 500 𝑘𝑚 away due 30° east of
north. A wind is blowing due north at a speed of 20 𝑚/𝑠. The air-speed of the plane is
150 𝑚/𝑠. Find the direction in which the pilot should head the plane to reach the point 𝐵.

𝑣Ԧ𝑤𝑔 = Velocity of wind 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑤 = Velocity of plane w.r.t. wind

= 20 cos 30° 𝑖Ƹ + 20 sin 30° 𝑗Ƹ = 150 cos 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ − 150 sin 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ 𝑚/𝑠

= 10 3𝑖Ƹ + 10𝑗Ƹ 𝑚/𝑠

𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑔 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑤 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑤𝑔

𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑔 = 150 cos 𝜃 + 10 3 𝑖Ƹ + 10 − 150 sin 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ 𝑚/𝑠

 To reach point 𝐵 directly,

𝑣𝑎𝑔 =0
𝑦

10 − 150 sin 𝜃 = 0
1
1 𝜃 = sin−1
sin 𝜃 = 15
15
 Rain - Umbrella

Case 1: Case 2:
Man is at rest and rain be falling vertically. Man is running horizontally with speed 𝑢. and rain be fallin

• To protect the man from rain, umbrella • Umbrella should be oriented against the
should be against the velocity of rain. velocity of rain w.r.t. man.

• The tilt angle of umbrella is different for

different relative velocities of rain w.r.t. man.
 Rain - Umbrella

𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 = Velocity of rain = 𝑣𝑗Ƹ 𝜃

𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 𝑦
𝜃
𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = Velocity of man = 𝑢𝑖Ƹ

𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 − 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = 𝑣𝑗Ƹ − 𝑢𝑖Ƹ 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔

Ground frame
𝑣𝑚𝑔 𝑢
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑣𝑟𝑔 𝑣
𝑥

𝜃 𝑦
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚
The tilt angle of umbrella is given by, 𝜃
𝑢
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑣
Man frame
 Rain - Umbrella
Case 3:
Man is running horizontally with speed 2𝑢. and rain be falling vertically.

𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚𝜃2
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 𝑦
𝜃2

𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 = Velocity of rain = 𝑣𝑗Ƹ

𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = Velocity of man = 2𝑢𝑖Ƹ 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = 2𝑣
Ground frame
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 − 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = 𝑣𝑗Ƹ − 2𝑢𝑖Ƹ
𝑣𝑚𝑔 2𝑢
tan 𝜃2 =
𝑣𝑟𝑔
=
𝑣 • The tilt angle of umbrella in this case 3,
is not same as in Case 2.
The tilt angle of umbrella is given by,

2𝑢
𝜃2 = tan−1
𝑣
 All cases comparison
𝑥

𝑣𝑟𝑔 = 𝑣 𝑣𝑟𝑔 = 𝑣
𝑣𝑟𝑔 = 𝑣
𝜃2
𝜃1

𝑣𝑚𝑔 = 0 𝑣𝑚𝑔 = 𝑣 𝑣𝑚𝑔 = 2𝑣

• The orientation of the umbrella is always against 𝒗𝐫𝐦, in order to avoid getting
drenched.

• 𝜽𝟐 > 𝜽𝟏
 Rain is falling vertically with velocity 8 𝑚/𝑠 and a man is moving
with velocity 6 𝑚/𝑠. Find the angle at which the man should hold
the umbrella to avoid getting wet?

Solution:

Ground frame

Velocity of rain (𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 ) Velocity of man (𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 )

𝑥
8𝑗 Ƹ 6𝑖Ƹ 𝜃
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 𝑦
𝜃
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 8𝑗Ƹ 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑎𝑛 = 6𝑖Ƹ
𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑛 = 8𝑗Ƹ − 6𝑖Ƹ Ground frame

3
tan 𝜃 = 𝜃 = 370 with vertical.
4
 A lorry with a vertical wind shield moves along in a rain storm at
speed of 36 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. The rain drops vertically with a speed of 20 𝑚/𝑠.
The angle at which the rain drops strike the wind shield is.
Solution:

5
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑙 𝑥
𝑣Ԧ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑦 = 36 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 36 × 𝑚/𝑠 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
18
𝜃 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔
𝑣Ԧ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑦 = 10𝑖Ƹ
𝑦
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 20𝑗Ƹ

𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛,𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑦 = 20𝑗Ƹ − 10𝑖Ƹ 𝑣Ԧ𝑙𝑔

𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛,𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑦 = 202 + 102 = 10 5 𝑚/𝑠

10
𝑥

𝜃 20
10 1 1
tan𝜃 = = 𝜃 = tan−1
20 2 2
𝑦
 A man running on a horizontal road at 8 𝑘𝑚/ℎ finds the rain
falling vertically. He increases his speed to 10 𝑘𝑚/ℎ and finds
that the drop make angle 370 with the vertical. Find the speed
and the direction of the rain with respect to the road.

Solution: Case - 1

𝑥
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 − 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔
𝜃
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 − 8 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 𝑦
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚
Raindrops are seen falling vertically.

𝑣𝑟𝑚 𝑥 =0 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔
Ground frame
𝑢 sin 𝜃 − 8 = 0

𝑢 sin 𝜃 = 8
Case - 2
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 = 10𝑖Ƹ
𝑥
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 − 𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔 𝜃
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚 37° 𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 𝑦
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 − 10 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ
𝛼
𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑚 = −2𝑖Ƹ + 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ ∵ 𝑢 sin 𝜃 = 8 𝜃 + 𝛼 = 90°
𝑣Ԧ𝑚𝑔
2 3 Ground frame
tan 37° = =
𝑢 cos 𝜃 4
8
𝑢 cos 𝜃 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 8
3 = =3
2 𝑢 cos 𝜃 8ൗ
2 2
8 640 3
𝑢 cos 𝜃 + 𝑢 sin 𝜃 = + 82 =
3 9 tan 𝜃 = 3 = tan 90° − 𝛼
8
𝑢= 10 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 𝛼 = cot −1 3
3
A man moving with a velocity of 5 𝑚/𝑠 on a horizontal road observes
that raindrops fall at an angle of 450 , with the vertical. When he moves
with a velocity of 15 𝑚/𝑠 along an incline staircase of inclination 370 ,
he observes raindrops falling vertically downwards as shown in the
figure. Find the actual velocity of rain?

450

5 𝑚/𝑠

370
Solution:

Case - 1
Ground frame

Velocity of rain (𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 ) Velocity of man (𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 ) 𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑚 𝑥

450
𝑎 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏 𝑗Ƹ 5𝑖Ƹ 𝑦
5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑚 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑔 − 𝑣Ԧ𝑚,𝑔

𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏 𝑗Ƹ − 5𝑖Ƹ

𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑚 = 𝑎 − 5 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝑗Ƹ

∵ 𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑚 makes angle of 450 with vertical.

𝑎−5 (1)
tan 450 = =1 𝑎−5=𝑏
𝑏
Case - 2
Ground frame

Velocity of rain (𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 ) Velocity of man (𝑣Ԧ𝑟𝑔 )

𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑚 𝑥

𝑎 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏 𝑗Ƹ 12 𝑖Ƹ + 9 𝑗Ƹ 𝑦

𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑚 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑔 − 𝑣Ԧ𝑚,𝑔 12

370
𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏 𝑗Ƹ − (12 𝑖Ƹ + 9 𝑗)Ƹ
𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑚 = 𝑎 − 12 𝑖Ƹ + (𝑏 − 9)𝑗Ƹ 9
∵ 𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑚 is vertically down. 370

𝑎 − 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 12

∵ 𝑎−5=𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏=7 So, 𝑣Ԧ𝑟,𝑔 = 12𝑖Ƹ + 7𝑗Ƹ

 There are three particles 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are situated at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 of side 𝑎 at 𝑡 = 0. Each of the particles moves
with constant speed 𝑣. 𝐴 always has its velocity along 𝐴𝐵 , 𝐵 along 𝐵𝐶
and 𝐶 along 𝐶𝐴 . At what time will the particle meet each other?

C
C

𝑎 𝑎

𝑣
A 𝑎 B A B
𝑣
G Frame
 Ground frame A frame C
𝑣Ԧ𝐴 = 𝑣𝑖Ƹ 𝑣Ԧ𝐴𝐴 = 0

𝑣 3𝑣 3𝑣 3𝑣
𝑣Ԧ𝐵 = − 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ 𝑣Ԧ𝐵𝐴 = − 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ
2 2 2 2
𝑣 3𝑣 3𝑣 3𝑣 O
𝑣Ԧ𝐶 = − 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ 𝑣Ԧ𝐶𝐴 = − 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ
2 2 2 2 𝑣 3𝑣
2
600
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝐵 𝑎
𝑡= = A 𝑣 B
𝑣Ԧ𝐵𝐴 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝐵 3𝑣/2
2

𝑎
2𝑎
𝑡=
3𝑣
 Circular Motion

• When a particle moves in a plane such that its

distance from the reference point remains
constant, then its trajectory/locus is called a
Circle. The motion is Circular Motion.

Circular Motion

Angular Position Angular Displacement Angular Velocity Angular Acceleration

 Angular Position

 The angle made by the position vector(𝑂𝑃) w.r.t origin, with the reference
line (𝑂𝑋) is called angular position(𝜃).

𝑦
 The angle made by the 𝑂𝑃 w.r.t
𝑃 𝑂𝑋 is 𝜃 in anti-clockwise sense.

 By default :
𝜃 Anti-clockwise → +𝑣𝑒

𝑂 𝑟 𝑥 Clockwise → −𝑣𝑒
 Angular Displacement

 Difference between two angular positions : Δ𝜃 = 𝜃2 − 𝜃1 .

 Angular displacement is a dimensionless quantity.

 SI unit of Angular displacement

is Radian (𝑟𝑎𝑑).

2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 360° = 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣

 Angular displacement in one complete revolution

along a circular path is 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑.

 Angular displacements are added or subtracted

based on the sense of rotation.
 Angular Displacement

 Infinitesimal angular displacement is a

vector quantity, but finite angular
displacement is scalar.

Ԧ is an axial vector.
 Infinitesimal angular displacement (𝑑𝜃)
 Average Angular Velocity

● The change in the angular coordinate 𝜃, expressed in radians,

divided by the change in time.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
● Average Angular Velocity =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

𝜃2 − 𝜃1 Δ𝜃
𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑔 = =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 Δ𝑡

● SI unit is 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠.

Instantaneous Angular Velocity

● The instantaneous rate of change of angular position w.r.t.

time.
Δ𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜔 = lim =
Δ𝑡→0 Δ𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 50
An insect moves in a circular path of radius 𝑐𝑚 steadily and
𝜋
completes 10 revolutions in 100 𝑠. What is the average angular
speed(𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) and the average linear speed(𝑐𝑚/𝑠) of the motion?

Δ𝜃
Solution: Average angular speed, 𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
Δ𝑡
10 × 2𝜋
𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
100
𝜋
𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
5
Δ𝑥
Average linear speed, 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
Δ𝑡
10 × 2𝜋𝑟
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
Δ𝑡

10 × 2𝜋 × 50 𝜋
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 10 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠, 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 10 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
𝜋 × Δ𝑡 5
 Angular Velocity ≪−≫ Linear Velocity

𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝑑𝜃Ԧ × 𝑟Ԧ 𝑣 = 𝜔 × 𝑟Ԧ

Circular Motion

Uniform Circular Non-Uniform Circular

Motion Motion
 Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)

• Tangential Speed(𝑣) is constant.

• Angular Speed(𝜔) is constant.

• UCM is a periodic motion.

𝑣 𝑣
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 1 𝜔
Time period : 𝑇 = = Frequency : 𝑓 = =
𝑣 𝜔 𝑇 2𝜋

Centripetal Acceleration

• 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎Ԧ𝑐 = 𝜔2 𝑟 =
𝑣2
𝑟

• Perpendicular to the velocity at all

the times.

• Radially inwards at all the times.

 A particle moves in a circle of radius 4 𝑐𝑚 clockwise at a constant
speed of 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠. If 𝑥ො & 𝑦ො are unit vectors along 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes
respectively, the acceleration of the particle at the instant
halfway between 𝑃𝑄 is given by

Solution: Centripetal acceleration at 𝑆 will be,

𝑣2 4
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐 = = = 1 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑄
𝑅 4
𝑎𝑥 𝑆
at 45° with 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
1 −1
𝑎 𝑥 = − 𝑎 cos 45° 𝑥ො = −1 × 𝑥ො = 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑥ො
2 2 𝑎𝑦
45°
1 𝑃
𝑎 𝑦 = − 𝑎 cos 45° 𝑦ො = − 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑦ො
2

1
𝑎 =𝑎𝑥+𝑎𝑦 =− 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 (𝑥ො + 𝑦)
ො
2

1
𝑎 =− 𝑐𝑚𝑠 −2 (𝑥ො + 𝑦)
ො
2
 Non-Uniform Circular Motion

𝜔
• Tangential speed(𝑣) is variable.

• Instantaneous tangential acceleration(𝑎𝑡 )

is non-zero. 𝑎𝑡3

𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑎𝑐3
|𝑎Ԧ𝑡 | = = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑐1 𝑟
𝑎𝑐2 𝑎𝑡2
𝑎𝑡1
𝑎𝑐 ⊥𝑣 & 𝑎𝑡 ∥𝑣

𝑣 → 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒

 Angular Acceleration

• Speed of the particle is variable – Tangential acceleration 𝑎Ԧ𝑡 .

• Angular velocity is also variable – Angular acceleration(𝛼)

Ԧ .
• Angular Acceleration 𝛼Ԧ is an axial vector.

𝑑𝜔
= 𝛼Ԧ 𝑎Ԧ𝑡 = 𝛼Ԧ × 𝑟Ԧ
𝑑𝑡
• If 𝜔1 and 𝜔2 are the instantaneous angular velocities at times 𝑡1 and
𝑡2 respectively, then the average angular acceleration is

𝜔2 −𝜔1 Δ𝜔
α𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = SI Unit : 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2
𝑡2 −𝑡1 Δ𝑡

• Instantaneous Angular Acceleration is the instantaneous rate of

change of angular velocity with respect to time.

Δ𝜔 𝑑𝜔
α = lim =
Δ𝑡→0 Δ𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Net or Total Acceleration

• Total acceleration is the vector sum of centripetal acceleration

and tangential acceleration.

𝑎Ԧ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑎Ԧ𝑐 + 𝑎Ԧ𝑡

𝑎Ԧ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑎Ԧ𝑡
|𝑎Ԧ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 | = 𝑎𝑡2 + 𝑎𝑐2

𝑎𝑡 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑐
𝑂
𝑎Ԧ𝑐
 A scooterist is approaching a circular turn of radius 80 𝑚. He reduced
his speed from 27 𝑘𝑚/ℎ at constant rate 0.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 . Find the magnitude
of net acceleration on the circular turn at position 𝐴.

Solution: Centripetal acceleration,

2
27 × 1000
𝑣2 3600
𝑎𝑐 = = = 0.703 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑅 80

𝑎𝑡 = 0.5 𝑚/𝑠 2

Total acceleration,

𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑎𝑐2 + 𝑎𝑡2

= 0.7032 + 0.52 = 0.86 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0.86 𝑚/𝑠 2

 Comparison of UCM with NUCM

Parameters UCM NUCM

Angular Speed Constant Variable

Angular Velocity Constant Variable

Angular Acceleration Zero Non-Zero

Tangential Acceleration Zero Non-Zero

Centripetal Acceleration Non-zero Non-Zero

 Analogy b/w Linear & Angular Parameters

Parameters Linear Angular

Position/Angle Position(𝑥) Angle(𝜃)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃
Velocity 𝑣= 𝜔=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 2 𝑥 𝑑𝜔 𝑑 2 𝜃
Acceleration 𝑎= = 𝛼= = 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Constant Angular Acceleration

Equations of Motion

Transition
Linear 𝑢 → 𝜔0 , 𝑣 → 𝜔, 𝑎 → 𝛼, 𝑥 → 𝜃, 𝑡 → 𝑡 Angular

• 𝑣 = 𝑢 + α𝑡 • 𝜔 = 𝜔0 + α𝑡

• 1
Δ𝑥 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
• 1
Δ𝜃 = 𝜔0 𝑡 + α𝑡 2
2

• 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎Δ𝑥 • 𝜔2 = 𝜔02 + 2αΔ𝜃

A fan is rotating with angular speed 100 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠. Then it is switched off. It takes
5 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 to stop.

a) Find the total number of revolutions made before it stops (Assume uniform
angular retardation).

b) Find the value of angular retardation.

c) Find the average angular velocity during this interval.

Angular Total number of Average angular

retardation revolutions velocity

𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡 1 ∆𝜃 15000
𝜃 = 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2 𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
⇒ 0 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡 2 ∆𝑡 300
⇒ 𝜃 = 15000 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 50 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
𝜔0 1
⇒𝛼=− = − 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠 2
𝑡 3

1
𝛼=− 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠 2 𝜃 = 15000 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 50 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
3
 As part of a maintenance inspection, the compressor of a jet
engine is made to spin according to the graph shown in the
figure. How many revolutions does the compressor make
during the entire motion?

Solution: 𝜔 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛

We know that area under the angular speed

vs time graph gives us angular
displacement. 3000

So, the area of the parallelogram is,

1 𝐴
⇒ 𝐴 = × 5 + 3.5 − 1 × 3000 𝑟𝑒𝑣
2
⇒ 𝐴 = 11250 𝑟𝑒𝑣

O
The compressor 1 2 3 4 5 𝑡(𝑚𝑖𝑛)
makes 11250 revolutions.