AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE AND THE MOLE

1. 200 cm3 of 0.45 moldm-3 HCl solution are added to 300 cm3 of 0.25 moldm-3 of
NaOH solution. Calculate the concentration of the chloride ions in solution.
Ans: Chloride ions do not react in this mixture. Hence it is dilution.

For Cl- dilution is 200 cm3 → 500 cm3; 1 in 2.5

Therefore, the new concentration of Cl- = 0.45/2.5 = 0.18

moldm-3

2. A hexahydrate salt has a molar mass of 185. Calculate the molar mass of the
anhydrous salt. O = 16.0; H = 1.0
Ans: Mass of 6H2O = 6 *18g = 108 g

Mass of the anhydrous salt = (185 – 108) g = 77 g

3. What is the simplest chemical test for an organic ester

Ans: Warm a mixture of the ester and aqueous KOH or NaOH. The sweet smell of
the ester disappears.

1. How many moles of magnesium are present in 18g of the metal? The atomic mass is 24.
ANSWER: 0.75mole or 3/4mole
2. How many grams will 0.5mole of hydrogen gas weigh? The atomic mass of hydrogen is
1.
ANSWER: H2 = 2g
Hence 0.5mole = 1g

3. How many moles of sulphur are present in 8g of the element? The atomic mass is 32.
ANSWER: Mole of S = 8/32 = 0.25 (or ¼) mole
1. How many moles of oxygen gas are present in a volume of 8.06 dm3 at STP? Give your
answer to 2 places of decimal. Molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4dm3
ANSWER: 22.4 dm3 of O2 at STP contains 1mole
8.06m3 of O2 at STP = 8.06/22.4*1 = 0.36mole
2. Calculate the number of mmole of ethanoic acid in 250cm3 of 0.12moldm-3 of its solution.
ANSWER: 1000cm3 of the solution contain 0.12 mole
Therefore, 250cm3 of the solution contain =250/1000*0.12 = 0.03mole
 mmole of ethanoic acid = 30.0
3. Calculate the number of moles of CaCO3 in a 1kg piece of limestone which contains only
60% CaCO3.
ANSWER: Formula mass of CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 48 = 100g
Mass of CaCO3 in the 1 kg limestone = 600g
Moles of CaCO3 = 600/100 = 6
moles
1. If you are provided with a mixture or a suspension of a solid in a solvent, name one piece
of equipment or glassware that will be needed to perform suction filtration.
ANSWERS:

a) Conical Flask with side arm.

b) Buchner funnel
c) Suction pump – Vacuum pump or water suction pump
d) Rubber or Plastic tubing
e) Filter paper
f) Glass rod

300 cm3 of a 0.24 moldm-3 KOH solution is diluted to 900 cm3. What is the new
concentration of the KOH solution?
ANSWER: Dilution is 300 cm3 to 900 cm3
Hence 1 in 3
New concentration is 0.24/3 = 0.08 moldm-3
100 cm3 of a 0.100 moldm-3 HCl solution is added to 400 cm3 of 0.05 moldm-3 HCl
solution. What is the total mmole of HCl in the resultant solution?
ANSWER: mmol of HCl in 100 cm3 = 10.0
mmol of HCl in 400 cm3 = 20.0
Total mmol of HCl = 30.0
200 cm3 of a 0.100 moldm-3 HCl solution was added to 300 cm3 of 0.25 moldm-3
solution of KOH. How many moles of KOH will be present in the resultant solution?
ANSWER: moles of HCl = (200/1000) * 0.1 = 0.02
moles of KOH = (300/1000) * 0.25 = 0.075
moles of KOH = 0.075 - 0.02 = 0.055 moles
1. A 200cm3 solution of NaCl containing 30mmol of NaCl is diluted to 1dm3. What is the
 concentration in moldm-3?
ANSWER: mmol of NaCl in 1dm3 = 30
But mmol = concentration(moldm-3) * volume (cm3)
Therefore, concentration = 30/1000 = 0.030moldm-3.

2. 15 cm3 of a 0.230moldm-3 solution of KI is diluted to 300cm3. What is the new concentration of

the KI in moldm-3?
ANSWER: Dilution 15 → 300; i.e. 1 in 20
Therefore, new concentration = 0.230/20 = 0.0115moldm-3.
3. 200 cm3 of 0.175 moldm-3 solution of KOH are added to 300 cm3 of 0.12moldm-3 ethanoic
acid. What is the concentration of the K+ ions in the new solution?
ANSWER: For K+, dilution from 200 → 500
i.e. 1 in 2.5
New K+ concentration = 0.175/2.5 = 0.07 moldm-3.

4 How many moles of nitrogen gas at STP are present in a vessel of volume 14.0 dm3?
Molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4 dm3. Give your answer to three places of decimal.
ANSWER: Volume of N2 = 14.0 dm3
Vm at STP = 22.4 dm3
Moles of N2 = V/Vm = 14/22.4 = 0.625 mol.
5 Calculate the number of moles of silica (SiO2) in 1 kg of gold ore that contains only
1.00% gold, the rest being sand.
Si = 28.0, O = 16.0
ANSWER: Mass of sand in the ore = (1000 – 10) = 990
Molar mass of sand = 28 + 32 = 60
Moles of sand = 990/60 = 16.5 moles.
6 Calculate the number of moles of ethanol in 120 cm3 of 50% v/v aqueous ethanol. For
this calculation assume that the specific gravity of ethanol is the same as that of water.
Molar mass of ethanol is 46. Give your answer to 2 places of decimal.
ANSWER: Mass of ethanol = 60g
Therefore, moles of ethanol = 60/46 = 1.30
1. Calculate the volume that 16g of Oxygen gas will occupy at S.T.P., assuming that the
molar volume of a gas at S.T.P is 22.4dm3 [ O = 16].
ANSWER: 16g of O2 = 0.5mol of O2
 Volume = 0.5*22.4=11.2dm3.
2. How many moles of Nitrogen gas are in 7g of the gas? [N = 14]
ANSWER: Moles of N2 = 7/28 = 0.25 or ¼.
3. What volume will be occupied by 40g of bromine gas at S.T.P? The molar volume of a
gas at S.T.P is 22.4dm3. [ Br = 80].
ANSWER: Molar mass of Br2 = 160
40g of Br2= 40/160 mol
= 0.25 or ¼ mol
Volume at S.T.P = 22.4x0.25 = 5.6dm3.
1. A pesticide solution contains 0.4g of the active substance in 8 dm3. What is the
concentration in ppm (parts per million)?

ANSWER: 1mg in 1 dm3 of solution ≡ 1ppm

0.4g ≡ 400 mg. This is in 8 dm3. Hence mg in 1 dm3 is 50

Hence conc is 50ppm

2. Explain how you would prepare a solution of 6 ppm concentration from a stock
solution of 50 ppm.

ANSWER: Dilution factor is 6 in 50 or 1 in 8.33

Hence measure 6cm3 and dilute to 50cm3 or any such proportions eg 12 cm3 to
100 cm3. (If 1 cm3 diluted to 8.33 cm3 award only 1 mark)

3. Carbon IV oxide can be obtained from the burning of carbon. What mass of CO2 can be
obtained from 30 g of carbon? [C = 12; O = 16]

ANSWER: C + O2 = CO2

12g → 44g

Therefore 30g → 30/12 x 44

= 110g of CO2

1. Calculate the mass of copper (II) tetraoxosulphate IV pentahydrate needed to prepare 300
cm3 of 0.2 moldm-3 concentration. [Cu = 64; S = 32, O = 16 H = 1]

ANSWER: GFM of CuSO4.5H2O = 64 + 32 + 64 + 5 x18 = 250

Mass of CuSO4.5H2O in 300 cm3 = 0.2/1 x 300/1000 x 250 g

= 15 g
2. A solution is found to be 0.15 moldm-3 with respect to Cu2+ ions. What mass of anhydrous
copper (II) tetraoxosulphate IV was dissolved in 400cm3solution to obtain this concentration?
[Cu = 64; S = 32, O = 16 H = 1]

ANSWER: GFM of CuSO4, = 64 + 32 + 64 = 160

Mass of CuSO4 in 400 cm3 = 0.15/1 x 400/1000 x 160

= 9.6g

3. 6.25 g of copper (II) tetraoxosulphate IV pentahydrate were dissolved in 200cm3 of deionised

water. What is the concentration of the solution in moldm-3?

[Cu = 64; S = 32, O = 16; H = 1]

ANSWER: GFM of CuSO4.5H2O = 64 + 32 + 64 + 5 x18 = 250

Conc. in moldm-3 = 6.25/250 x 1000/200

= 0.125mol/dm3

4. What is 15 millimole in moles?

ANSWER: 15 millimole ≡ 0.015mol

1. Explain how you would prepare 1dm3 of 0.16 mol dm-3 from a stock solution of 0.80
mol dm-3 HCl.
ANSWER:
Dilution
0.80mol dm3 0.16 mol dm-3
Dilution factor
16 in 80
2 in 10
200cm3 in 1000 or 1dm3

2. Explain how you would prepare 1dm3 of 0.2moldm-3 solution from a stock solution of
0.24moldm-3 of NaOH.
ANSWER:
Dilution
0.24mol dm-3  0.20mol dm3
20 in 24
That is in 1000 cm3, you should dilute
 20
X 1000 = 833.3cm3
24

: Style carries the stigma and exposes it properly for pollination.

1. In a volumetric exercise 20 cm3 of 0.075 moldm-3 HCl solution neutralizes 16.5 cm3 of
NaOH solution of unknown concentration. Calculate the concentration of the base. Give
your answer to three places of decimal.
ANSWER: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
20cm3, 0.075 16.5cm3, M
20*0.075/16.5*M = 1/1
M = (20*0.075)/16.5 = 0.091moldm-3
2. In a volumetric exercise using phenolphthalein as indicator 25 cm3 of 0.120 moldm-3 HCl
solution reacts with 18.5 cm3 of a solution containing both Na2CO3 and NaHCO3.
Calculate the concentration of Na2CO3 alone and give your answer to three places of
decimal.
ANSWER: With phenolphthalein
HCl + Na2CO3 → NaHCO3 + NaCl
25cm3, 0.12 18.5, M
25*0.12/18.5*M = 1/1: M = 25*0.12/18.5 = 0.162 moldm-3
3. In a volumetric exercise 15 cm3 of an iodine solution of unknown concentration reacts
with 25 cm3 of 0.120 moldm-3 trioxothiosulphate (VI)(Na2S2O3) solution using starch as
indicator. If iodine and thiosulphate react in a1:2 ratio, calculate the concentration of the
iodine solution and give your answer to 2 places of decimal.
ANSWER: I2 + 2S2O32- → 2I- + S4O62-
15, M 25, 0.12
15*M/25*0.12 = ½; M = (25*0.12)/(2*15) = 0.10
moldm-3
1. A salt of gram formula mass (GFM) 96 forms a dihydrate when it crystallizes out of
solution. Calculate the percentage increase in the GFM after the crystallization.

[O = 16; H = 1.0]

ANSWER: Salt → dihydrate

96 → 96 + 2 x 18
 % increase = 36/96 x 100

= 300/8 = 37.5

2. A salt of GFM 162 forms a trihydrate when it crystallizes out of solution. Calculate the
percentage water content of the crystals. [O = 16; H = 1.0].

ANSWER: Salt → salt trihydrate

162 → 162 + 3 x 18

% water 54/216 x 100 = 25

3. A salt of GFM 270 is pentahydrate. What is the salt to water ratio in the crystals.

[O = 16; H = 1.0]

ANSWER: Mass of 5H2O = 5 x 18

Mass of anhydrous salt = 270 – 90 = 180

Salt to water ratio = 180 : 90

≡ 2:1

4. 200 cm3 of 0.45 moldm-3 HCl solution are added to 300 cm3 of 0.25 moldm-3 of
NaOH solution. Calculate the concentration of the chloride ions in solution.
Ans: Chloride ions do not react in this mixture. Hence it is dilution.
For Cl- dilution is 200 cm3 → 500 cm3; 1 in 2.5
Therefore, the new concentration of Cl- = 0.45/2.5 = 0.18
moldm-3
5. A hexahydrate salt has a molar mass of 185. Calculate the molar mass of the
anhydrous salt. O = 16.0; H = 1.0
Ans: Mass of 6H2O = 6 *18g = 108 g
Mass of the anhydrous salt = (185 – 108) g = 77 g
1. Calculate the percentage loss in mass when chromium (VI) oxide is reduced to the

chromium metal. Cr = 52.0; O = 16

Ans: CrO3 → Cr

(52 + 48) 52

Loss in mass is 48

% Loss in mass = (48/100) *100 = 48 %

 Preamble to schools;

Copper is replaced from its solution of its salts by iron as given in the following
equation:

Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu

Fe = 56.0; Cu = 64.0; S = 32.0;

O = 16.0

1. To 84 g of iron is added excess CuSO4 solution until all the iron disappears. If 76.8 g
of copper metal is obtained, what is the percentage yield of this method of preparing
copper metal? Give your answer to one place of decimal.
Ans: Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu

56 64

84 g Fe  (64/56) *84 g Cu = 96.0 g Cu

% yield = (76.8/96) *100 = 80.0 %

2. In another preparation 13.0 g of impure iron was added to excess CuSO4 solution and
12.8 g of pure copper metal was obtained. What mass of impurity was present in the
iron. Assume the yield is 100%?
Ans: Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu

56 64

64 g of Cu is obtained from 56.0 g of Fe.

Therefore, 12.8 g of Cu is obtained from (12.8/64) *56 g = 11.2 g

Impurity present = 13.0 - 11.2 = 1.8 g

3. If 11.2 g of iron is dissolved completely in excess CuSO4 solution, what mass of

FeSO4 will be obtained?
Ans: Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu

56 152
 56 g of Fe gives 152 g of FeSO4

11.2 g Fe will give (11.2/56) *152 = 30.4 g

1. What volume of 0.10 moldm-3 NaOH will be required to neutralize 25.0 cm3 of 0.04

moldm-3 H2SO4

Ans: H2SO4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO4 + 2H2O

25, 0.04 V, 0.1

(25 *0.04)/(V *0.1) = ½;

V = (2 *25 *0.04)/0.1 = 20.0 cm3

2. When iron fillings are heated with excess sulphur, iron (II) sulphide is produced. If in one

such preparation 6.6 g of the sulphide is obtained, what mass of iron fillings may have

been used? Fe = 56.0; S = 32

Ans: Fe + S  FeS

56 32 88

88 g of FeS is obtained from 56 g Fe

Therefore, 6.6 g of FeS = (6.6/88) *56 = 4.2 g Fe

1. 200 cm3 of 0.30 moldm-3 NaHCO3 solution is partially neutralized with 100 cm3 of

0.15 moldm-3 HCl solution. Calculate the concentration in moldm-3 of the NaHCO3

solution after the partial neutralization. Give your answer to three places of decimal.

Ans: mmol of NaHCO3 in 200 cm3 solution = 60

mmol of HCl in 100 cm3 solution = 15

 mmol of NaHCO3 left after partial neutralization = 60 – 15

Concentration of resultant NaHCO3 = 45/300 = 0.150 moldm-3

2. 20 cm3 of 0.12 moldm-3 Na2SO4 is diluted to 1 dm3. What is the concentration of Na+

ions in the final solution

Ans: Dilution: 20 cm3 to 1000 cm3; Dilution factor is 1 in 50

New concentration of Na2SO4 = 0.12/50 = 0.0024

Concentration of Na+ = 0.0048 moldm-3

3. 0.94 g of a hydrated salt is dried in an oven at about 120 0C until a constant weight of

0.49 g is obtained. If the molar mass of the salt is 98 g, how many molecules of water

of crystallization are present in the hydrated salt.

O = 16.0, H = 1.0

Ans: Mass of water of hydration = 0.94 – 0.49 = 0.45

Salt H2O

0.49/98 0.45/18

0.005 0.025

1 5

The salt has 5 molecules (or moles) of water of hydration per molecule (or
mole) of the salt.

Preamble to all schools;

150 cm3 of 0.30 moldm-3 iron (III) tetraoxosulphate (VI) are added to 250 cm3 of 0.10

moldm-3 sodium tetraoxosulphate (VI) solution and the stirred to obtain a uniform

solution.
1. Calculate the concentration of sodium ions in the mixed solution and give your

answer to three places of decimal.

Ans: For Na+, there is a dilution of 250cm3 to 400 cm3; i.e. 1 in 1.6

New concentration of Na2SO4 = 0.1/1.6 = 0.0625

Concentration of Na+ alone = 2*0.0625 = 0.125

2. Calculate the total amount in mmole of SO42- ions in the mixed solution.

Ans: From 150 cm3 of 0.3 moldm-3 Fe2(SO4)3

mmole of SO42- = 3 *0.3*150 = 135

From 250 cm3 of 0.10 moldm-3 Na2SO4

mmole of SO42- = 250 *0.1 = 25

Total mmole of SO42- = 135 + 25 = 160

3. Calculate the concentration of Fe3+ in moldm-3 in the mixed solution and give your

answer to three places of decimal

Ans: For Fe3+, there is dilution from 150 cm3 to 400 cm3;

Dilution factor 1 in 8/3

New concentration of Fe3+ = 2 *0.3/(8/3) = 0.9/4 =

0.225

1. When the molecule N2O5 is heated it decomposes. Every 2 moles of N2O5 give four
moles of NO2 and one mole of O2. How many moles of N2O5 would decompose to
give 13 moles of NO2
Ans: 4 moles of NO2 come from 2 moles of N2O5
Therefore, 13 moles of NO2 will come from 6.5 mole of N2O5
Hence, 6.½ (or 6.5) mole N2O5
2. By calculation, estimate which of the nitrogen fertilizers urea and ammonium
trioxonitrate (V) supplies more nitrogen to the soil. Support your answer with the
appropriate figures. Molar mass of urea (H2NCONH2) = 60; molar mass
of NH4NO3 = 80; N = 14.0
Ans: % N in urea = 28/60 or 46.7%;
 % n in NH4NO3 = 28/80 or 35.0 %
28/60 (or 46.7 %) is larger than 28/80 (or 35.0 %), hence urea supplies more
nitrogen per unit (g or kg) mass

1. Hydrogen peroxide concentration of 6% w/v is a good antiseptic. If you buy a bottle of

hydrogen peroxide labelled 20% w/v how would you prepare a 100 cm3 of 6% w/v H2O2

from that?

Ans: Dilution: 20% w/v to 6% w/v; Dilution factor 3 in 10

For 100 cm3, measure 30 cm3 and make it up to 100 cm3 with clean water

1. Calculate the concentration of an aqueous KCl solution if 20.0 cm3 of this solution

gives 0.287 g of AgCl when treated with excess AgNO3 solution.

Ag = 108.0; Cl = 35.5

Ans: Reaction: KCl + AgNO3 → AgCl(s) +

KNO3

Molar mass of AgCl = 108 + 35.5 = 143.5

Moles of AgCl 0.287/143.5 = 0.002

Let concentration of the KCl solution be M; (M *20)/1000 = 0.002

M = 0.100 moldm-3

2. Calculate the concentration of sodium hydroxide if 12.0 cm3 of it is needed to

neutralize 20.0 cm3 of 0.15 moldm-3 of ethanedioc acid (oxalic acid). Give your

answer to two places of decimal

Ans: 2NaOH + H2C2O4 → products

NaOH/H2C2O4 = 2/1; M *12/20 *0.15 = 2/1

M = (2 *20 *0.15)/12 = 0.50 moldm-3

3. Calculate the volume of 0.049 moldm-3 H2SO4 that would be needed to neutralize

14.0 cm3 of 0.10 aqueous ammonia solution. Give your answer to one place of

decimal

Ans: 2NH3 + H2SO4 → products

14, 0.1 V?, 0.049

NH3/H2SO4 = 2/1; (14 *0.1)/(0.049 *V) = 2/1

V = (14 *0.1)/(0.049 *2) = 14.3 cm3

1. For the preparation of a standard solution of Na+ ions, 25 cm3 of a stock solution of

0.20 moldm-3 Na2SO4 is diluted to 1 dm3 with deionized water. 10 cm3 of the diluted

solution is further diluted to 50 cm3 and labelled A. Calculate the concentration of

Na+ ions in moldm-3 of A.

Ans: Concentration of Na+ in stock solution = 0.40 moldm-3

For A. First dilution: 25cm3 to 1000 cm3 1 in 40

Second dilution 10cm3 to 50 cm3 1 in 5

Total dilution 1 in 200

Concentration of Na+ in A = 0.4/200 = 0.002 moldm-3

2. 300 cm3 of 0.20 moldm-3 of NaOH is partially neutralized with 100 cm3 of 0.10

moldm-3 of HCl. What is the new concentration of the NaOH.

Ans: mmoles of NaOH initially present = 60

mmoles of HCl added = 10

mmoles of NaOH left = 60 – 10 = 50

New concentration = (mmole/volume) 50/ 400 = 0.125

moldm-3
3. From a stock solution of 0.50 moldm-3 of Na2SO4, a 500 cm3 solution which should

be 0.30 moldm-3 with respect to Na+ ions is to be prepared. Calculate the volume of

the stock solution that must be diluted to 500 cm3

Ans: 0.50 moldm-3 Na2SO4 = 1.0 moldm-3 Na+

To obtain a concentration of 0.30 moldm-3, a dilution of 3 in 10 has to be

done.

Hence, 150 cm3 of original solution has to be diluted to 500 cm3.

1. Hydrogen gas can be made to react with nitrogen gas to produce ammonia. Give a

balanced equation and calculate the mass of hydrogen in grams required to produce

1.7 kg of ammonia. N = 14.0; H = 1.0

Ans: 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3

3 mol 2 mol

3*2kg 2*17kg

Hence, 2*17 kg of NH3 can be made from 6 kg of H2

1.7 kg of NH3 ≡ [1.7/(2*17)]*6 kg H2 = 300 g of H2

2. Hot iron fillings react with sulphur to give iron (II) sulphide. In one typical reaction

when 6.22 g of impure iron is made to react with excess sulphur, 8.8 g of iron (II)

sulphide is obtained. If the yield of the method is 100%, what is the purity of the iron?

Give your answer to one place of decimal

Fe = 56.0; S = 32

Ans: Fe + S → FeS

56 32 88
 8.8 g FeS ≡ 5.6 g Fe

But yield is 100%

%Purity = (5.6/6.22)*100 = 90.0%

1. What is the current atmospheric level of CO2 in ppm

Ans: 400 ppm

1. How many litres of water should be added to 5 litres of 50% HCl solution to dilute it
35%?

ANSWER: Let the volme to be added be x litres.

(5 x 0.5) = (5 + x)0.35

Hence x = 2.14 litres

2. How many litres of water should be added to 10 litres of 25% NaOH solution to dilute it
to 15%?

ANSWER: Let the volume to be added be x litres.

(10 x 0.25) = (10 + x)0.15

Hence x = 6.67 litres

3. What is the new per cent concentration if 10 litres of water are added to 8 litres of 35%
HCl?

ANSWER: Let the new %concentration be M.

(8 x 0.35) = (10 + 8)M

Hence M = 15.6%

PREAMBLE: A certain solid is made up of a regular array that can be viewed as stacked
cubes with molecules at each cube corner. The cubes are 400 pm on each side. The mass of a
molecule is 28 × 10−26 kg. Give amswer to 2 significant figures.

1. Estimate the density of the solid.

ANSWER: 4375 kg/m3
𝜌 = 𝑀/𝑉 = 28 × 10−26 kg ÷ (400 × 10−12 m)3 = 4375 kg/m3
2. Estimate the number of molecules in a sample of mass 0.5 kg.
ANSWER: 2 × 1024
No. of mol. = volume ÷ cell vol. = 0.5 kg ÷ 4375 kg/m3 ÷ (400 × 10−12 m)3 = 1.7857 × 1024
3. Estimate the volume of a sample containing 1027 molecules.
ANSWER: 0.64 m3
𝑉 = no. of mol.× vol. per mol. = 1027 × (400 × 10−12 m)3 = 0.64 m3

1. Give me up to three significant figures, the charge in coulombs on 1 mole of electrons.

ANSWER: The charge on 1 mole of electrons = 96,500 Coulombs
2. Give me up to three significant figures, the number of carbon atoms in 12.0g of graphite

ANSWER: The number of atoms = 6.02 x 1023 atoms

3. Give me the volume in m3 up to three significant figures occupied by 32g of oxygen gas
at STP.
ANSWER: The volume = 0.0224 m3
1. In a volumetric exercise 25.0 cm3 of NaOH solution of unknown concentration, required
18.0 cm3 of 0.15moldm-3of HCl solution for total neutralisation. Calculate the
concentration of the NaOH solution and give your answer to 3 places of decimal.
ANSWER: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
18, 0.15 25.0, M
M = 18.0*0.15/25 = 0.108 moldm-3
2. In a volumetric exercise 20.0 cm3 of an iodine solution required 22.0 cm3 of 0.15moldm-3
solution of sodium trioxothiosulphate (VI), [Na2S2O3], using starch as indicator. If iodine
and the thiosulphate react in the ratio 1:2, calculate the concentration of the iodine
solution and give your answer to four places of decimal.
ANSWER: I2 + 2S2O32- → 2I- + S4O62-
20, M 22, 0.15
20*M/22*0.15 = ½
M = 22*0.15/20*2 = 0.0825 moldm-3
3. In a volumetric exercise, 19.0 cm3, of 0.020 moldm-3 of KMnO4 solution were required to
react completely with 25.0 cm3 of acidified Fe2+ solution. If MnO4- and Fe2+ react in the
acid medium in the ratio of 1:5, calculate the concentration of iron (II) solution and give
your answer to 3 places of decimal.
ANSWER: MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ +
5Fe3+ + 4H2O.
 19.0, 0.020 25.0, M
19.0*0.020/25.0*M = 1/5
1. 500 cm3 of 0.10 moldm-3 MgSO4 solution are added to 500cm3 of 0.20 moldm-3 Na2SO4
solution. Calculate the concentration of the SO42- ions in the new solution.
ANSWER: Mole of sulphate from Mg salt = 500/100 x 0.1 = 0.05

Mole of sulphate from sodium salt = 500/1000 x 0.2 = 0.1

Total sulphate = 0.15 in 1000 cm3

Hence concentration of suphate= 0.15 moldm-3

M = 5*19.0*0.020/25 = 0.076 moldm-3.

The balanced equation for the electrolysis of water of is 2H2O → 2H2+ O2.
1. How many Faradays of charge will be required to produce 16 g of oxygen gas? [O =
16]

ANSWER: 2 moles of water require 4F, giving one mole of oxygen gas
16g of oxygen gas = 0.5 mole
0.5 mole O2≡ 2F charge

2. How many Faradays of charge are required to produce 0.6g of hydrogen gas? [H =
1.0]

ANSWER: 0.6g H2 = 0.3 mole H2

But 1 mole H2≡ 2F of charge
Hence 0.3 mole H2≡0.6 F of charge

3. In one such electrolysis 4.48 dm3 of oxygen gas were produced at STP. How many
Faradays of charge were passed through the electrolytic cell? [Molar volume of gas =
22.4 dm3].

ANSWER: 4.48 dm3 of O2 = 4.48/22.4 mole of O2 = 0.2 mole

But 1 mole O2 = 4F of charge
Therefore 0.2 mole O2 = 0.8F

1. Calculate the percentage loss in mass when Haematite is purified to metallic iron. Give
your answer to one place of decimal [Fe = 56, O = 16]
ANSWER: Haematite is Fe2O3 Hence Fe2O3 → 2Fe
56 x2 +48 → 56 x 2
% loss in mass = 48/160 x 100
 = 30.0

2. Calculate the percentage loss in mass when Magnetite is purified to metallic iron.

Give your answer to one place of decimal. [Fe = 56, O = 16]

ANSWER: Magnetite Fe3O4 → 3Fe

% loss in mass = 64/232 x 100

= 27.6

3. Calculate the percentage loss in mass when Siderite is purified to metallic iron. Give your
answer to one place of decimal. [Fe = 56, O = 16, C = 12]

ANSWER: Siderite FeCO3 → Fe

% loss in mass = 60/116 x 100

= 51.7

1. How many millimoles of H+ ions are in 250 cm3 of 0.032 moldm-3 solution of HCl?
ANSWER: moles of H+ = 250/1000 x 0.032
mmoles of H+ = mole x 1000 = 250 x 0.032
= 8
2. How many millimoles of Na+ ions are in 200 cm3 of 0.45 moldm-3 solution of Na2CO3?
ANSWER: mmoles of Na+ = 200 x 0.45 x 2
= 180
3. The solubility product of a solid metal halide, MCl2 is 3.6 x 10-11 at 30oC. How many
moles of chloride ions will be present in a saturated solution of the solid at 30oC.
ANSWER: Ksp of MCl2 = 4x3 where x is the solubility of the solid
x = 3.0 x 10-4
Hence moles of chloride ions = 2 x 3.0 x 10-4
= 6.0 x 10-4
1. What volume of CO2 at STP will be discharged into the atmosphere when a mole of
butane is burnt completely in excess air? Molar volume of a gas at STP =22.4 litres.

ANSWER: C4H10 + 6½O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2O

Hence volume CO2 = 4 x 22.4 = 89.6 litres

2. What volume of oxygen at STP will be consumed when a mole of ethanol is burnt
completely in excess oxygen? Molar volume of a gas at STP =22.4 litres.

ANSWER: C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

Hence volume of oxygen = 3 x 22.4 = 67.2 litres

3. What volume of CO2 at STP will be discharged into the atmosphere when a mole of
benzene is burnt completely in excess oxygen? Molar volume of a gas at STP =22.4 litres.

ANSWER: C6H6 + 7½O2 → 6CO2 + 3H2O

Hence CO2 discharged = 6 x 22.4 = 134.4 litres

Preamble to all schools:

When glucose eventually breaks down in the body the process can be summarised by

the following chemical equation:

C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)

O = 16.0; C = 12.0; H = 1.0

1. Calculate the mass of oxygen gas required to break down 18.0 g of glucose.

Ans: C6H12O6 = 180; O2 = 32

180 g of glucose require 6 *32 g of O2 = 192.0 g of O2

18 0g of glucose will require 19.2 g of O2

2. What volume of oxygen at STP will be needed to break down 54 g of glucose? Give

your answer to two places of decimal. Molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4 dm3

Ans: 180 g glucose ≡ 6 *22.4 dm3 of O2 at STP

Hence, the glucose will require (54/180) *6 *22.4 = 40.32 dm3 of O2

3. What mass of CO2 will be produced when 36.0 g of glucose is completely broken

down?
 Ans: From the equation; 180 g of glucose ≡ 6 *44 g CO2

Hence, 36 g of glucose = (36/180) *6*44 g CO2

= 52.8 g CO2

Preamble to all schools:

Glucose undergoes fermentation process to yield ethanol and water. The balanced

equation for the reaction as follows:

C6H12O6 (aq) → 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g)

Molar mass of glucose = 180.0; O = 16.0; C = 12.0; H = 1.0

1. Calculate the mass of ethanol in kg that can be obtained from 27 kg of glucose if the

yield is 100 %

Ans: C2H5OH = 24 + 6 + 16 = 46 g;

180 kg glucose ≡ 46 *2 kg Ethanol

Hence, 270 kg glucose = (270/180) *46 *2 kg = 138 kg

ethanol

2. In another preparation, the maximum yield is 80 %. Calculate the mass in kg of

ethanol that can be obtained from 45 kg of glucose

Ans: Glucose → 2Ethanol

180 g 46 *2 kg

45 kg of Glucose ≡ (45/180 *46 *2) kg of ethanol = 23 kg

For 80 %yield, mass of ethanol = (0.8 *23) kg = 18.4 kg

3. If in another fermentation 54 kg of glucose produces only 24.84 kg of ethanol, what is

its percentage yield
Ans: Glucose → 2Ethanol
180 kg 46 *2 kg
 54 kg glucose ≡ (54/180) *92 = 0.3 *92 = 27.6
% yield = (24.84/27.6) *100 = 90 %
1. Calculate the mass of NaOH that must be added to 400 cm3of 0.15 moldm-3 HCl

solution in order to neutralize half of the acid.

Na = 23.0; O = 16.0; H = 1.0

Ans: Moles of acid in 400 cm3 of 0.15 moldm-3 = (400/1000) *0.15

= 0.060

Moles of NaOH to be added = 0.03

Mass of NaOH = 0.03 *40 = 1.2

When ammonia burns in limited amount of oxygen, NO gas and steam are formed.
The balanced equation is as follows:

4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 4NO (g) + 6H2O (g)

O = 16.0; N = 14.0; H = 1.0

1. Calculate the moles of oxygen needed to burn 51.0 g of ammonia. Give your answer

to 2 places of decimal

Ans: Molar mass of NH3 = 17.0;

Moles of NH3 in 51 g = 51/17 = 3

4 moles required 5 moles of O2

3 moles will require = (3/4) *5 = 3.75 moles

2. Calculate the moles of ammonia that will burn to produce 90.0 g of steam. Give your

answer to two places of decimal

Ans: Molar mass of water = 18;

Moles of water = 90/18 = 5

But 6 moles of water ≡ 4 moles of NH3

Hence, 5 moles of water = (5/6) *4 = 3.33 moles

3. Calculate the volume of oxygen in dm3 at STP that will be required to burn 85 g of

ammonia. Molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4 dm3

Ans: Moles of NH3 in 85 g = 85/17 = 5 moles

Moles of oxygen required = (5/4) *5

Volume of oxygen at STP = (25/4) *22.4 = 25 *5.6

= 140

dm3

1. 10 cm3 of a 0.90 moldm-3 solution of HCl are diluted to 250 cm3. Calculate the new

concentration of HCl in the diluted solution and give your answer to three places of

decimal.

Ans: Dilution: 10 cm3 → 250 cm3; 1 in 25

New concentration = (0.90/25) = 0.036 moldm-3

2. The balanced equation for the reaction between KMnO4 with SO32- solution in acidic

medium is as follows:

2MnO4 - + 5SO32- + 6H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5SO42- + 3H2O

Calculate the volume of 0.10 moldm-3 solution of KMnO4 that will react completely

with 20 cm3 of acidified solution of 0.012 moldm-3 K2SO3 and give your answer to

one place of decimal.

Ans: MnO4-/SO32- = 2/5; (V/0.010)/(20 *0.012) = 2/5

V = (20 *2 *0.012)/(5 *0.010)

= (8 *0.012)/0.01

= 9.6 cm3
1. will be present in the mixed solution, give their respective concentrations in moldm-3

and finally state the type of solution 200 cm3 of 0.090 moldm-3 HCl solution are added

to 300 cm3 of 0.120 moldm-3 ammonia solution. Name the species that it is

Ans: mmole of HCl = 200 *0.09 = 18

mmole of NH3 = 300 *0.12 = 36

When the two are mixed, 18 mmoles of HCl will react with 18 mmole of NH3

to give 18 mmoles of NH4+ and Cl- (or NH4Cl)

Species present are NH3, NH4+ and Cl- (NH4Cl)

Concentrations of NH3 or NH4+ or Cl- = 18/500

= 0.036 moldm-3

Type of solution: buffer weak base + its conjugate acid

1. A flask contains 400 cm-3of 0.125 moldm-3 H2SO4. What volume of 0.09 moldm-3

NaOH solution must be added to this solution to convert all the H2SO4 to NaHSO4?

Give your answer to one place of decimal

Ans: Moles of H2SO4 = (400/1000) *0.125 = 0.050

Moles of NaOH needed = 0.050

Let the volume of 0.09 moldm-3 NaOH needed be V cm3

(0.090*V)/100 0 = 0.05

V = (1000 *0.05)/0.09 = 555.6 cm3

1. Decane is a hydrocarbon. What is the molar mass of decanal?

 O = 16.0; C = 12.0; H = 1.0

Ans: Decane = C10H22

Decanal = C9H19-CHO = 108 + 19 + 29 = 156

OR Decane = C10H22 = 142

For decanal, decane loses 2H and gains one O, hence = 142 – 2 +

16 = 156

2. Magnesium metal burns in excess oxygen to give MgO. Calculate the mass of MgO

expected from 78.0 g of magnesium metal, assuming the yield is only 90 %

Mg = 24.0; O = 16.0

Ans: Mg + ½ O2 → MgO

24 16 40

24 g of Mg ≡ 40 g MgO

Hence, 78 g Mg = (78/24) *40g MgO = (13/4)*40g MgO =

130g MgO

For 90 % yield, mass of MgO = 0.9 *130 = 117

1. 20 cm3 of 0.170 moldm-3 of HCl are diluted to 400 cm3. Calculate the new
concentration and give your answer to three places of decimal
Ans: Dilution: 20 → 400; 1 in 20

New concentration = 0.170/20 = 0.0085 = 0.009

2. 30 cm3 of an HCl solution with pH = 1 was diluted with water till the pH changed to
2. What volume of water was added?
 Ans: pH = 1 means HCl concentration is 0.10 moldm-3

pH = 2 means HCl concentration is 0.010 moldm-3

Dilution is 1 in 10

Hence, 270 cm3 water were added to give 300 cm3

3. 50 cm3 of 0.240 moldm-3 of NaOH are diluted to 100 cm3. 10 cm3 of the diluted
solution are further diluted to 60 cm3. Calculate the concentration of the NaOH of the
60 cm3 solution
Ans: 1st dilution 50 cm3 → 100 cm3; 1 in 2

2nd dilution 10 cm3 → 60 cm3; 1 in 6

Total dilution 1 in 12

New concentration = 0.24/12 = 0.020 moldm-3

1. Calculate the percentage carbon in trioxocarbonate (IV) acid and give your answer to
one place of decimal. O = 16.0; C = 12.0; H = 1.0
Ans: H2CO3 = 2 + 12 + 48 = 62

%C = (12/62) *100 = 19.4 %

2. Calculate the percentage oxygen in tetraoxochromate(VI) acid and give your answer
to one place of decimal.
Cr = 52; O = 16.0; H = 1.0

Ans: H2CrO4 = 2 + 52 + 64 = 118

%O = (64/118) *100 = 54.2

3. Calculate the percentage oxygen in trioxosulphate (IV) acid and give your answer to
one place of decimal. S = 32; O = 16.0; H = 1.0
Ans: H2SO3 = 2 + 32 + 48 = 82

%O = (48/82) *100 = 58.5

ROUND 2
1. Equal volumes of nitrogen gas and an unknown gas at the same temperature and
pressure weigh 2.80g and 8.00g respectively. Which of the following is the unknown
gas; NO2, SO2 and SO3?
S = 32.0; O = 16.0; N = 14.0; C = 12

Ans: Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same
amount in moles.

Moles of N2 = 2.80/28 = 0.10

The amount of unknown gas should be 0.10;

NO2 = 8/46 = 0.17 > 0.10

SO2 = 8/64 = 0.13 > 0.10

SO3 = 8/80 = 0.10

Unknown gas is SO3

1. When 200 cm3 of 0.15 moldm-3 dilute HCl solution are added to 300 cm3 of 0.20
moldm-3 NH3 solution, which substance will be in excess and what will be its
concentration after the addition?
Ans: mmoles of HCl = 30; mmoles of NH3 = 60

NH3 will be in excess (by 30mmoles)

Concentration of the NH3 = 30/500 = 0.060 moldm-3

2. Explain how you would prepare 500 cm3 of 0.25 moldm-3 solution of H2SO4 from an
H2SO4 solution that is 16.0 moldm-3
Ans: Dilution 16.0 moldm-3 to 0.25 moldm-3; 1 in 64

Measure 7.8 cm3 of the 16.0 moldm-3 acid and dilute it to 500 cm3 OR Take 10
cm3 and dilute to 640 cm3 and measure 500 cm3 of this.

3. Calculate the concentration of an HCl solution when 20 cm3 of 15.0 moldm-3 HCl
solution are diluted with 45.0 cm3 of water. Give your answer to 2 places of decimal
Ans: Total volume = (20 + 45) cm3 = 65 cm3

Hence, 20 cm3 to 65 cm3; 1 in 3.25

 Hence, new concentration of the HCl = 15.0/3.25

= 4.62 moldm-3

1. An element has two isotopes with mass numbers 42 and 45. The isotopes have natural

abundancies of 75% and 25% respectively. What is the relative atomic mass of the

element

Ans: Relative atomic mass = (75/100)*42 + (25/100)*45 = 31.5 +

11.25

= 42.75

1. The mass spectrometer can only give the relative mass of an atom. What is the

standard by which the real atomic mass unit of an element can be determined?

Ans: Carbon-12 isotope of carbon which has atomic mass unit of exactly 12.0

2. Define a mole of a substance without using Avogadro’s number

Ans: A mole of a substance is the mass of that substance that contains the same

number of atoms as the number of atoms in exactly 12.000 g of carbon-12

isotope of carbon

1. How many litres of pure water should be added to 30 litres of a 40% acid solution to
produce a 30% acid solution
ANSWER: 10 litres
Solution: let x litres of pure water be added
(x+30) 30 % = ( 30) 40%, hence 3(x + 30) = 4(30), and 3x = 30 or x = 10

2. How many litres of pure acid should be added to 20 litres of a 30% acid solution to
produce a 50% acid solution?
ANSWER: 8 litres
Solution: let x litres of pure acid be added
(x + 20(0.3)) = (0.5) (x + 20), x + 6 = ½ x +10, ½ x = 4, x = 8
In a titration of HCl with Na2CO3 using methyl orange as indicator, 18cm3 of
HCL solution of unknown concentration were required to neutralize 25cm3 of
0.09mol dm-3 Na2CO3 solution. Calculate the concentration of the HCL
solution.
SOLUTION:
2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl+ CO2 +H2O
18cm3 M? 25cm3 0.09
25x0.09 1

18xM 2

M=0.25

2. In another titration of HCl vrs. Na2CO3 using Phenolphthalein as indicator,

16cm3 of HCl solution of unknown concentration reacted with 22cm3 of 0.30
Mol dm-3 solution of Na2CO3. Calculate the concentration of the HCl solution
SOLUTION:
With phenolphthalein as indicator
HCl +Na2CO3 NaHCO3+NaCl
16cm3, M? 22cm3, 0.3 mol dm3

22x0.3 = 11x0.3 = 1
16xm 8xm 1
3.3
22x0.3 1
 M= 8
16xM 1  0.4125
1. Calculate the mass of aluminium that will be formed after passing 0.4 F charge

through an electrolytic cell containing molten alumina. Al = 27.0

Ans: Al2O3 + 6F → 2Al + 3/2O2

Hence, 0.4 F ≡ (0.4/6) *2Al = (0.4/3) *27 = 3.6 g

 Preamble: Molybdenum is a transition metal used in toughening steel. It occurs as a

sulphide in its ore molybdenite. When the ore is roasted in air, the oxide MoO3 is

formed as follows:

2MoS2 + 7O2 → 2MoO3 + 4SO2

Mo = 96.0; S = 32.0; O = 16.0

1. Calculate the percentage gain or loss in mass when molybdenum sulphide, MoS2 is

converted into molybdenum oxide MoO3

Ans: MoS2 + [O] → MoO3

96 + 64 96 + 48

160 144

% loss in mass = (16/160) *100 = 10 %

2. If an ore contains only 4 % molybdenum sulphide, calculate the mass of the oxide that

can be obtained from 10kg of the ore

Ans: 4 % of 10 kg ore = 0.04 *10kg of ore or 400 g of ore

MoS2 → MoO3

160 144

Mass of the oxide from 400 g of sulphide

400 g MoS ≡ (400/160) *144 g of MoO3 = 2.5

*144g

Mass of oxide from the ore = 360 g of MoO3

3. Metallic molybdenum can be obtained from the oxide by reduction with carbon at

high temperatures. Write a balanced equation for this step and calculate how much

carbon is needed for 360 g of MoO3. C = 12.0

Ans: 2MoO3 + 3C → 2Mo + 3CO2

1mol MoO3 ≡ 1.5 g atom of C

 144 g MoO3 ≡ 1.5 *12 C

Hence, 360 g MoO3 ≡ (360/144) *18 g C = 45 g of carbon

Preamble for questions 2 and 3

150 cm3 of 0.12 moldm-3 solution of MgSO4 are added to 250 cm3 of 0.088 moldm-3

Na2SO4 solution

1. Calculate the concentration of the SO42- ions in the mixed solution.

Ans: mmole of SO42- from MgSO4 = 150 *0.12 = 18

mmole of SO42- from Na2SO4 = 250 *0.088 = 22

Total mmole = 22 + 18 = 40, this is in 400 cm3

Hence, concentration = (40/400) = 0.10

moldm-3

2. Calculate the concentration of the Mg2+ ions in the mixed solution. Give your answer

to 3 places of decimal.

Ans: For Mg2+ ions, this is only a dilution from 150 cm3 to 400 cm3

Dilution factor = 3 in 8

1. Hence, new Give the balanced equation for the complete combustion of undecane in

excess oxygen and calculate the volume of CO2 that can be collected at STP? Molar

volume of a gas at STP is 22.4 dm3

Ans: C11H24 + 17O2 → 11CO2 + 12H2O

Moles of CO2 = 11

Volume of CO2 = (11*22.4) = 246.4 dm3

concentration = 0.12*3/8 = 0.045 moldm

1. Explain carefully how you would prepare 600 cm3 of 0.10 moldm-3 NaOH solution from
a stock solution of concentration 0.30 moldm-3

ANSWER: Dilution from 0.3 moldm-3 to 0.1 moldm-3 hence dilution factor
is 1 in 3

Hence 200cm3 of the stock solution diluted to 600cm3

2. If 40 cm3 of a 0.60 moldm-3 solution of HCl solution were diluted to 200 cm3 what
would be the new concentration?

ANSWER: 40 cm3 diluted to 200 cm3 hence dilution factor is 1 in 5

New concentration = 0.6/5 = 0.12 moldm-3

3. Explain carefully how you would prepare 210 cm3 of 0.15 moldm-3 NaOH solution
from a stock solution of concentration 0.35 moldm-3

ANSWER: Dilution from 0.35 moldm-3 to 0.15 moldm-3 hence dilution factor
is 3 in 7

Hence 90 cm3 of stock solution diluted to 210 cm3

1. A one litre solution containing Fe3+ ions was treated with excess NaOH solution. If 2.675
g of the iron III hydroxide precipitated what was the concentration of the solution?
[Fe = 56; O = 16; H =1.0]

ANSWER: Fe(OH)3 = 56 +3x17 = 56 + 51 = 107

2.675 g of = 0.025 mole

Hence concentration of Fe3+ ions = 0.025 moldm-3

2. Iron III tetraoxosulphate VI is precipitated by adding excess Na2SO4 solution to a solution

of Fe3+ ions. If the solution contains a total of 0.125 moles of Fe3+ ions what is the mass
of precipitate formed? [Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16]

ANSWER: 2Fe3+ + 3SO42- → Fe2(SO4)3

2 mol Fe → 2x56 + 3(32+64) = 400g

Therefore 0.125 mol of Fe ≡ (0.125/2) x 400g of ppt

= 25g of ppt
3. Excess Na2CO3 solution is added to 500 cm3 of a solution containing Ca2+ ions. If 40g of
CaCO3 are harvested what was the concentration of the calcium ions? [Ca = 40; O=
16 C = 12]

ANSWER: CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 48

= 100g

100g of CaCO3 ≡ 1 mole of Ca2+ ions

Therefore 40 g of CaCO3 ≡ 0.4 mol of Ca2+ ions in 500

cm3

PREAMBLE: MnO4- ion oxidizes Fe2+ in acid solution according to the equation.
MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

1. In a volumetric analysis, if 25.0 cm3 of an acidified Fe2+ solution of unknown

concentration requires 16 cm3 of 0.025 moldm-3 solution of MnO4-, calculate the
concentration of the Fe2+ solution.
ANSWER: MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ +
4H2O
16.0, 0.025 25.0, M
16*0.025/25*M = 1/5
M = 16*5*0.025/25 = 0.080 moldm-3
2. In another volumetric exercise, if 20 cm3 of acidified Fe2+ solution of concentration
0.10 moldm-3 needed 16.0 cm3 of MnO4- solution, what was the concentration of the
MnO4- solution?
ANSWER: MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ +
4H2O
16.0, M 20.0, 0.10
20*0.10/16*M = 5/1
M = 20*0.1/16*5 = 0.025moldm-3
3. In another volumetric exercise, if 20 cm3 of acidified Fe2+ solution of unknown
concentration required 15.0 cm3 of 0.04 moldm-3 MnO4- solution, calculate the
concentration of the Fe2+ solution.
ANSWER: MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ +
4H2O
15.0, 0.04 20.0, M
15*0.04/20*M = 1/5
 M = 5*15*0.04/20 = 0.150 moldm-3
Concentration of Ca2+ ions = 0.8 moldm-3

1. A pesticide sold in a shop is labelled as 0.15 moldm-3 solution. 100cm3 of the pesticide
has to be diluted to 1000cm3 before use. If the formula mass is 82g, what is the
concentration of the solution in ppm before it is applied.
ANSWER: Original concentration in gdm-3 = 12.3 gdm-3
Dilution 100 → 1000 .i.e. 1 in 10
Final concentration = 1.23 gdm-3 = 1230 mgdm-3
Concentration in ppm = 1230
2. A bottle of pesticide sold in a shop is labelled as a 0.2 moldm-3 solution of the active
compound. The molar mass is 45 g and the solution has to be applied at a concentration of
60 ppm. If the volume of the pesticide is 100 cm3, calculate the total volume of the
diluted solution that can be prepared from one bottle.
ANSWER: Concentration of pesticide in gdm-3 = 0.2*45 = 9.0
gdm-3
Final concentration = 60 ppm = 0.06 gdm-3
Therefore dilution factor = 9/0.06 = 150
100 cm3 will give 150*100 = 15000 cm3 or 15 dm3
3. 25.0 cm3 of a stock solution of HCl were diluted to 250 cm3 and the diluted solution was
titrated against a standardized NaOH solution. If 25.0 cm3 of 0.10 moldm-3 NaOH
solution were neutralized by 15.0 cm3 of the diluted HCl solution, calculate the
concentration of the original HCl solution in moldm-3.
ANSWER: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
15 cm3, M 25, 0.1
M*15/25*0.1 = 1/1
M = 25*0.1/15 = 5/3 = 0.167
Dilution was 1 in 10, hence concentration of the original HCl solution = 1.67
moldm-3

1. Give the systematic or IUPAC name for the organic compound benzyl alcohol.
ANSWER: Phenyl methanol (C6H5CH2OH)
2. Give the systematic or IUPAC name for the α–amino acid, glycine.
 ANSWER: (2-)Aminoethanoic acid (H2N–CH2COOH)
1. Calculate the volume of water in dm3 required to fill a pond 40 meters long 20 meters
wide and 4 meters deep.
SOLUTION:
Volume = 40 x 20 x 4 m3

= 3200 m3
But 1m3 = 103 dm3
volume of water= 3200 x103 dm3
Or 3.2 x 106 dm3

2. Calculate the volume of water in dm3 required to fill a swimming pool 50m long 30m
wide and 2m deep.
SOLUTION:
Volume = 50 x 30 x 2 m3

= 3000 m3
But 1m3 = 103 dm3
volume of water = 3000 x103 dm3
Or 3.0 x 106 dm3
1. When 36.0g of magnesium metal are burnt in excess air 54.0g of magnesium II oxide are
formed. What is the percentage yield of this process? [Mg = 24; O = 16]

ANSWER: Mg + ½O2 → MgO

24g 40g

36 (36/24) x 40 = 60

Hence the %yield = (54/60) x 100

= 90

2. When a piece of impure limestone weighing 150g was heated until it decomposed to CaO
only 63g of CaO were obtained. What is the percentage purity of the limestone? [Ca = 40;
O = 16; C = 12]

ANSWER: CaCO3 + heat → CaO

100g → 56g
 In theory 150g → 84g

Hence % purity = (63/84) x 100

= 75

3. H2S gas is bubbled through a 500cm3 solution of Pb2+ ions and 11.95g of PbS are
collected. What is the concentration of the lead ion solution? [Pb = 207; S = 32]

ANSWER: Pb2+ + S2- → PbS

207g 239g

239g of PbS = 1mole

11.95g of PbS = 0.05 mole in 500cm3

Hence concentration of lead ions = 0.1 moldm-

1. Ammonium tetraoxosulphate VI is a common fertilizer. What is the percentage nitrogen
in the compound? [S = 32.0; N = 14.0; O = 16.0; H = 1.0]
ANSWER: (NH4)2SO4 = (14 +4)*2 + 32 + 64 = 132
%N = (28/132) x 100
= 21.2
2. What is the percentage sulphur in ammonium tetraoxosulphate VI? [ S = 32.0; N=
14.0; O = 16.0; H = 1.0].
ANSWER: (NH4)2SO4 = (14 +4)*2 + 32 + 64 = 132
%S = (32/132) x 100
= 24.2
3. Ammonium trioxonitrate V is also a common nitrogenous fertilizer. Calculate its nitrogen
content as a percentage. [N = 14.0; O = 16.0; H = 1.0]
ANSWER: NH4NO3 = 14 + 4 + 14 + 48 = 80
%N = (28/80) x 100
= 35
A steel vessel contains 24g of O2, 55g of CO2, 56g of N2 and 40g of argon at a total
pressure of 120kPa. [Ar = 40; O = 16.0; N = 14.0; C = 12.0]

1. Calculate the mole fraction of argon

ANSWER: 24g of O2 = 24/32 = 0.75 mol; 55g of CO2 = 55/44 = 1.25 mol;
56g of N2 = 56/28 = 2 mol, 40g of argon = 40/40 = 1 mol
Total number of moles= 0.75 +1.25 + 3 = 5
Hence mol fraction of argon = 1/5 = 0.2
1. What is the percentage oxygen in 3-hexanone? [O = 16.0: C = 12.0; H = 1.0]
ANSWER: 3-hexanone = CH3CH2COCH2CH2CH3 = C6H12O
C6H12O = 6 x 12 + 12 +16 = 100
%O = (16/100) x 100 = 16
2. What is the percentage hydrogen in 1-hexanol? You may give your answer to one place
of decimal. [O = 16.0: C = 12.0; H = 1.0]
ANSWER: 1-Hexanol = CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH = C6H13OH
C6H11OH = 6 x 12 + 14 + 16 = 102
%H = (14/102) x 100 = 13.7
3. What is the percentage nitrogen in butyl amine. You may give your answer to one place
of decimal. [N = 14.0; C = 12.0; H = 1.0]

ANSWER: Butyl amine = CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 = C4H11N

C4H11N = 4 x 12 + 11+ 14 = 73

%N = (14/73) x 100 = 19.2

300cm3 of 0.15 moldm-3 HCl solution are thoroughly mixed with 200 cm3 of 0.20 moldm-
3 of NaOH solution.

1. Calculate the of moles of NaCl formed

ANSWER: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Moles of HCl = (300/1000) x 0.15 = 0.045
Moles of NaOH = (200/1000) x 0.20 = 0.040
Therefore moles of NaCl = 0.040
2. Calculate the concentration of HCl in the final solution.
ANSWER: Mole of HCl in solution = 0.045 - 0.040 = 0.005
Total volume 300 + 200 = 500cm3
Hence concentration = 0.010moldm-3
3. Calculate the concentration of the solution with respect to NaCl.
ANSWER: Moles of NaCl = 0.040 in 500 cm3
Hence concentration = 0.080 moldm-3
1. A pharmacist wants to prepare 300mL of 20% alcohol solution. How much of a 30%
and a 15% alcohol solutions should he use to form the required mixture?
ANSWER: 100mL of 30% solution and 200mL of 15% solution.
 SOLUTION: let 30% solution: x mL and 15% solution: y mL

x + y=300 (x = 300-y)

0.3x + 0.15y=300 x 0.2 = 60 (pure alcohol),

0.3(300 - y) + 0.15y = 60, 0.15y = 90-60 = 30, i.e. y = 200, x = 100

2. Calculate the pH of a 0.10 mol dm-3 solution of an organic acid of pKa 5.0
SOLUTION: pH = ½ pKa – ½ log Ca

5.0
= – ½ log 10-1
2

= 2.5 + 0.5

pH = 3.0

3. Calculate the pH of a 0.10 mol dm-3 solution of a weak organic base of pKb 6.0
SOLUTION: pOH = ½ pKb – ½ log Cb

6
= - ½ log 10-1
2

= 3 + 0.5

= 3.5

pH = 14 - pOH

=14 - 3.5

=11.5

: When silver (I) oxide is heated alone at temperatures over 100oC, it decomposes to metallic
silver. The balanced equation is as follows:
2Ag2O → 4Ag + O2
Ag = 108.0, O = 16.0
1. Calculate the mass of silver metal that can be obtained from 23.2 g of the oxide if the
conversion is only 90% efficient. Give your answer to two places of decimal.
ANSWER: Ag2O → 2Ag + ½ O2
(216 + 16) 216
Hence, 23.2 g of Ag2O ≡ 21.6 g of Ag
 Mass of silver to be formed = 21.6 * 0.9 = 19.44
2. Calculate the mass of the silver oxide that needs to be heated in order to obtain 64.8 g of
silver, assuming the process is 100% efficient. Give your answer to one place of decimal.
ANSWER: Ag2O → 2Ag + ½ O2
216 g of Ag ≡ 232 g of the oxide
Therefore, 64.8 of Ag = (64.8/216)*232 = 69.6 g of the oxide
1. Calculate the concentrationof an NaOH solution of unknown concentration if 25cm3 of it
requires 17.0cm3 of 0.15moldm-3 of HCl solution
SOLUTION:

HCl  NaOH 
 NaCl  H 2O
17cm3 0.15 .25.0, M

17  0.15 1
 
25  M 1
17  0.15
M
25
0.51
M
5
M  0.102moldm3

1. Calculate the concentration of H2SO4 solution if 18cm3 of it neutralized 25cm3 of 0.10mol

dm-3 NaOH solution. Give your answer to 3 places of decimals.
SOLUTION:

H2 SO4  23NaOH 3 
 Na2 SO4  2H2O
18cm3 ,M 25cm ,0.10moldm

2. A salt of molar mass 64 forms a dihydrate. What is the percentage water content of
the hydrated salt? [H = 1, O = 16]

SOLUTION:
Salt x (64) forms hydrate x. 2H2O
Mass of the dihydrate = 64 +(2 x 18) = 100
36
% water = 100
 36 o o
 3. A salt of molar mass 64 forms a dihydrate. Calculate the percentage gain in mass
when it forms the dihydrate. Give your answer to one place of decimal.

SOLUTION:
Molar mass of salt =64
Gain in mass when it forms dihydrate = 36
36
100
% gain = 64
 56.3 o o
1. 320 cm3 of a standard solution, 0.10 moldm-3 with respect to H+ ions is required. How can
this be prepared from 0.40 moldm-3 stock solution of H2SO4.

ANSWER: 0.40 moldm-3 H2SO4 ≡ 0.80 moldm-3 H+

Dilution 0.8 moldm-3 → 0.1 moldm-3 ie 1 in 8

Measure 40 cm3 of stock solution and dilute to 320 cm3

2. 600 cm3 of a standard solution, 0.02 moldm-3 with respect to chloride ions is required.
How can this be prepared from 0.15 moldm-3 stock solution of MgCl2?

ANSWER: 0.15 moldm-3 MgCl2 ≡ 0.30 moldm-3 of Cl-

Dilution 0.30 moldm-3 → 0.02 moldm-3 ie 1 in 15

Measure 40 cm3 of stock solution and dilute to 600 cm3

3. 350 cm3 of a standard solution, 0.18 moldm-3 with respect to Na+ ions is required. How
can this be prepared from 0.21 moldm-3 stock solution of Na2SO4.

ANSWER: 0.21 moldm-3 Na2SO4 ≡ 0.42 moldm-3 Na+

Dilution 0.42 moldm-3 → 0.18 moldm-3 ie 3 in 7

Measure 150 cm3 of the stock solution and dilute to 350 cm3.

MnO4- ion reacts with iron II in acidic medium according to the following equation;

MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

In a typical redox titration 25cm3 of Fe2+ solution required 15cm3 of 0.080 moldm-3
solution of KMnO4 in acid medium.

1. What is the concentration of the Fe2+ solution?

ANSWER: MnO4-/Fe2+ = 1/5
(15 x 0.080)/(25 x M) = 1/5 where M is the concentration of Fe2+
 M = 0.24 moldm-3
2. What is the minimum amount in moles of H+ required for complete reaction?
ANSWER: Moles of MnO4- present = (15/1000) x 0.080 = 1.20 x 10-3
Minimum moles of acid required = 8 x 1.2 x 10-3
= 9.6 x 10-3 or 0.0096
3. Suppose the reaction between the MnO4- ion and Fe2+ ion would run more smoothly when
an excess of 50% acid is present. How much 0.5 moldm-3 of H2SO4 must be added to
15cm3 of 0.080 moldm-3 of MnO4- solution? Give your answer in cm3.
ANSWER: Minimum mole of acid required = 9.6 x 10-3
Minimum plus 50% = (9.6 +4.8) x 10-3
= 14.4 x 10-3 moles
But 0.5 moldm-3 H2SO4 ≡ 1.0 moldm-3 H+
Hence volume required = 14.4 cm3
1. In May this year, 2013, it was announced that the level of CO2 in the atmosphere had
crossed a certain threshold in the history of the globe. What is this threshold in ppm?
ANSWER: 400 ppm

2. The level of CO2 in the atmosphere is now about 400 ppm. What is this as a percentage?
ANSWER: 0.04%

1. Calculate the concentration of a KOH solution if 25cm3 of it are completely neutralised

by 15cm3 of 0.20 moldm-3 of HCl solution.
ANSWER: 15*0.2/25*M = 1/1

a. = 0.12moldm-3
2. Calculate the volume of 0.3moldm-3 iron (II) solution required to reduce 21cm3 of 0.06
moldm-3 of acidified KMnO4 solution. MnO4- and Fe2+ react in the ratio 1:5.
ANSWER: V*0.3/21*0.06 = 5/1 V = 5*21*0.06/0.3

i. V = 21cm3
3. Calculate the concentration of an ethanoic acid solution if 18cm3 of it required 24.0cm3 of
0.10moldm-3 of NaOH solution for complete neutralisation. Give your answer to at least
two places of decimal
ANSWER: M*18/4*0.10 = 1/1

M = 24*0.1/18

= 0.13(3) moldm-3
 1. In an organic reaction, 46g of ethanol was oxidised, yielding 48g of ethanoic acid.
What is the percentage yield of this preparation? [Molar Mass; Ethanol = 46;
Ethanoic acid = 60]
ANSWER: 46g of ethanol ≡ 60g of ethanoic acid

Hence %yield = (48/60)*100

= 80

2. 27g of an impure magnesium metal were heated in steam to give 30g of

magnesium oxide. What is the percent purity of the metal [Molar Mass; Mg= 24,
MgO= 40]
Give your answer to one place of decimal.

ANSWER: 40g of MgO ≡ 24g of Mg

30g of MgO ≡ 18g of Mg

Hence %purity = (18/27)*100 = 66.7%

3. When 90g of copper (II) Oxide were reduced to metallic copper, only 64g of
metallic copper was obtained. What was the percentage purity of the oxide?
[Molar Mass; Cu = 64g; O = 16]. Give your answer to one place of decimal.
ANSWER: 64g of Cu ≡ 80g of CuO.

Hence %Purity = (80/90)*100

= 88.9
1. A non–metal X with atomic mass 14 forms an oxide containing 36.4% of oxygen.
What is the empirical formula of the oxide? O = 16
ANSWER: X O
63.6/14 36.4/16
4.54 2.28
2 : 1
Empirical formula X2O
2. A metal M of atomic mass 51 forms an oxide containing 44% oxygen. What is the
empirical formula of the metal? O = 16.0
ANSWER: M O
56/51 44/16
 1.1 2.75
1 : 2.5
2 : 5
Empirical formula = M2O5
3. An element M forms an oxide containing 60% oxygen. If the atomic mass of the
element is 32, what is the empirical formula of the oxide? O = 16
ANSWER: M O
40/32 60/16
1.25 3.75
Empirical formula = MO3
1. A balloon containing 3 moles of oxygen and 5 moles of helium has a
pressure of 160 kPa. How many moles of nitrogen must be pumped into
the balloon so as to increase the total pressure to 200 kPa?
ANSWER: Let the number of moles of nitrogen be x
Partial pressure of nitrogen is 40 kPa.
Therefore, [x/(8+x)] *200 = 40
8+x = 5x;
4x = 8
x = 2 moles
2. A sealed vessel contains 6 moles of oxygen, 8 moles of nitrogen and 10
moles helium. Calculate the mole fraction of the oxygen and give your
answer to 2 places of decimal.
ANSWER: Mole fraction of O2 = 6/(6 + 8 + 10)
= 6/24
= 0.25
3. A sealed flask that contains 6 moles of oxygen, 9 moles of nitrogen and
10 moles helium has a total pressure of 400 kPa. Calculate the partial
pressure of the nitrogen.
ANSWER: PN2 = 9/(6 + 9 + 10)*400
= (9/25)*400
= 144 kPa
1. What is the concentration of a NaOH solution if 25.0cm3 of it require 18.0cm3 of
0.25moldm-3 HCl solution for complete neutralization?
ANSWER: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
 18*0.25/25*M = 1/1
M = 18.0*0.25/25 = 0.18
Conc. of NaOH = 0.18moldm-3
2. Calculate the concentration of HCl solution if 24cm3 of it require 20cm3 of
0.10moldm-3 Na2CO3 for neutralization in a volumetric exercise, using methyl
orange as indicator. Give your answer to 3 places of decimal
ANSWER: 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O +
CO2
20*0.1/24*M = ½
M = 2*20*0.1/24
Conc. of HCl = 0.167moldm-3
3. Iodine reacts with the S2O32- ion in the ratio 1:2.
How many millimoles of S2O32- will be required to reduce all the iodine contained in
25cm3 of 0.1moldm-3 iodine solution?
ANSWER: mmole of iodine = 25*0.1 = 2.5
mmoles of S2O32 = 2*2.5 = 5.0
10cm3 of 0.80moldm-3 solution of NaOH are diluted to 250cm3. Calculate the new
concentration of NaOH
ANSWER: Dilution 10cm3 → 250cm3
1 in 25
New concentration of NaOH = 0.8/25
= 0.032moldm-3
35. 25cm3 of a solution of HCl were diluted to 400cm3 and the concentration of the HCl
of the new solution was found to be 0.04moldm-3. What was the original concentration of
the HCl solution?
ANSWER: Dilution factor 25 → 400
1 in 16
Hence the old concentration = 0.04*16
= 0.64moldm-3
36. 15cm3 of 0.05moldm-3 H2SO4 solution were diluted to 300cm3. Calculate the
concentration of the new solution with respect to H+ ions.

ANSWER: Dilution factor 15 → 300

1 in 20
 New conc. of H2SO4 = 0.0025 moldm-3
New conc. of H+ = 0.005moldm-3
1. How many moles of Cu2+ are present in 50g of copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI)
pentahydrate. Cu = 64.0, S = 32.0, O = 16.0, H = 1.0
ANSWER: CuSO4.5H2O = 64 + 32 + 64 + 90
= 250
50g of salt = 50/250 moles
= 0.2moles
2. A solution of iron (II) is prepared by dissolving 83.4g of iron (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI)
heptahydrate in a litre of dilute H2SO4 solution. What is the concentration with respect to
Fe2+ ions. Fe = 56.0, S = 32.0, O = 16.0, H = 1.0
ANSWER: FeSO4.7H2O = 56 + 32 + 64 + 7*18
= 278
Moles of Fe2+ in 83.4g = 83.4/278
= 0.30
Hence concentration = 0.30moldm-3
3. A 0.15moldm-3 solution of trioxocarbonate (IV) is prepared from sodium trioxocarbonate
(IV) decahydrate. How much of the hydrated salt is needed to prepare 1dm3 of the
solution?
Na = 23.0, O = 16.0, C = 12.0, H = 1.0
ANSWER: Na2CO3.10H2O = 46 + 12 + 48 + 180
= 286
0.15 mole of CO32- ≡ 0.15*286
= 42.90g
i.e 42.90g would be dissolved in 1dm3 of solution
1. Calculate the volume of 0.12moldm-3 HCl solution that will neutralize 25cm3 of 0.15cm3
of ammonia solution. Give your answer to 2 places of decimal.
ANSWER: HCl + NH3 → NH4Cl
0.12*V/0.15*25 = 1/1
V = 31.25cm3
2. What volume of 0.14 moldm-3 of dilute NaOH will neutralize 20cm3 of 0.063 moldm-3
H2SO4 solution
 ANSWER: H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 +
2H2O
0.14*V/0.063*20 = 2/1
V = 18.0 cm3
3. Calculate the concentration of dilute ethanoic acid solution if 25cm3 of it requires
14.5cm3 of 0.15moldm-3 NaOH solution for complete neutralization.
ANSWER: NaOH + AcOH → NaOAc + H2O
14.5*0.15/25*M = 1/1
M = 14.5*0.15/25
= 0.087moldm-3
1. What does the Faraday constant F, represent?
ANSWER: It represents charge on a mole of electrons
2. What is a rate constant, k?
ANSWER: It is the constant in the rate law equation
OR It is the proportionality constant in the relationship between
rate (of reaction) and concentration (of reactants).
OR It is numerically equal to the rate of a reaction when
concentration of each reactant is 1moldm-3.
3. Define the percentage yield of a chemical preparation.
ANSWER: It is the actual or experimentally determined yield expressed as a `
percentage of the theoretical yield.
1. What is the oxidation state of chromium in the Cr2O72- ion
ANSWER: +6
2. What is the oxidation state of sulphur in S4O62- ion
ANSWER: +2½
3. What is the oxidation state of sulphur in the S2O82- ion
ANSWER: +7
PREAMBLE: Acidified K2Cr2O7 solution can oxidize iron from the +2 state to +3 state. The
balanced equation for the reaction is as follows:
Cr2O72- + 6 Fe2+ + 14 H+ → 2 Cr3+ + 6 Fe3+ + 7H2O
1. Calculate the volume of 0.0090 moldm-3 acidified Cr2O72- solution that will react with
25.0 cm3 of 0.030 moldm-3 of Fe2+ solution and give your answer to two places of
decimal.
 ANSWER: Cr2O72- : Fe2+ = 1 : 6
V, 0.009 25, 0.03
V*0.009 / 25.0*0.03 = 1/6
V = 25*0.03 / 6*0.009 = 13.89 cm3
2. Calculate the volume of 0.030 moldm-3 Fe2+ solution that will react completely with
20.0 cm3 of 0.0050 moldm-3acidified solution of Cr2O72- and give your answer to one
place of decimal.
ANSWER: Cr2O72- : Fe2+ = 1 : 6
20, 0.005 V, 0.03
20*0.005 / V*0.03 = 1/6
V = 20*0.005*6 / 0.03 = 20.0 cm3

3. Calculate the concentration of an Fe2+ solution,18.0 cm3of which reacted completely

with 20.0 cm3of 0.0060 moldm-3of acidified Cr2O72-solution.Give your answer to three
places of decimal.
ANSWER: Cr2O72- : Fe2+ = 1 : 6
20, 0.006 18, M
18.0*M / 20*0.006 = 6/1
M = 20*0.006*6 / 18 = 0.040 moldm-3
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg −1 K −1.

1. Calculate the moles of hydrogen gas that will be discharged in the electrolysis of
concentrated NaCl solution using inert electrodes after passing a charge of 0.3 Faraday.
ANSWER: Cathode: 2H+ + 2e → H2
Therefore, 2F ≡ 1 mol H2
Therefore, 0.3 F = (0.3 F/2F)*1 mol H2
Mole of H2 = 0.15 mol
2. Calculate the volume of oxygen discharged at STP at the anode of an electrolytic cell
with inert electrodes containing dilute CuSO4 solution after passing 0.7 Faraday of
charge. Molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4 dm3.
Ans: At anode: H2O - 2e → 2 H+ + ½ O2
Therefore, 2F ≡ 22.4/2 dm3 of O2
Therefore, 0.7F = (0.7F/2F )* (22.4/2) dm3 of O2
Volume of O2 = 0.7 * 5.6 = 3.92 dm3
3. Calculate the mass of copper metal discharged at the cathode of an electrolytic cell with
inert electrodes containing dilute CuSO4 solution after passing 0.6 F of charge .
Cu = 64.0
Ans: Cathode: Cu2+ + 2e → Cu
Therefore, 2F ≡ 64.0 g of Cu
0.6 F = (0.6 F/2 F) * 64 g Cu = 19.2 g Cu
1. In a reaction of copper metal with HNO3 to give Cu(NO3)2, NO and H2O, how many
moles of HNO3 react with 1 mole of Cu metal?
ANSWER: 4 moles.
[Cu + 4 HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO + 2
H2O]
2. When sulphur is oxidized by concentrated H2SO4 to give H2O and SO2 gas what is the
ratio of sulphur to H2SO4 in a balanced equation?
ANSWER: S : H2SO4 ≡ 1 : 2
[S + 2H2SO4 → 3SO2 + 2H2O]
3. When cold water is dropped on solid aluminum sulphide, hydrogen sulphide gas is
formed. How many moles of H2S can be obtained from a mole of aluminum sulphide?
ANSWER: 3 moles of H2S
[Al2S3 + 6 H2O → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 H2S]
1. Define the unified atomic mass unit.
𝟏
ANSWER: the mass of one atom of carbon-12 in its ground state
𝟏𝟐

Do not accept carbon or carbon nucleus.

1. 1 kg of bauxite after processing yields 306 g of alumina. What is the percentage
aluminum in the bauxite assuming in the processing of the bauxite to alumina, no
aluminum is lost? Al = 27.0, O = 16.0.
ANSWER: Alumina = Al2O3 = 54 + 48 = 102
Mass of Al in 306 alumina = (54/102)*306 = 162 g.
%Al in bauxite = (162/1000)*100 = 16.2
2. A gold bearing rock is found to contain 1.05*10-2 percent of gold. How many grams of
gold can be obtained from 10 kg of the rock assuming the processing is 100% efficient?
ANSWER: 100 kg of the rock contains 1.05*10-2 kg ≡ (1.05*10-2*103) g
= 10.5 g of gold
Therefore, 10 kg of rock ≡ 1.05 g of gold
3. Chromium may be obtained by reduction of its oxide Cr2O3 with carbon at high
temperatures. If 304 g of impure oxide yielded only 187.2 g of chromium, what was the
percentage purity of the oxide? Cr = 52, O = 16
ANSWER: Cr2O3 = 104 + 48 = 152
152 g of Cr2O3 ≡ 104 g Cr
Therefore, 304 g of Cr2O3 ≡ (304/152)*104 = 208 g
But only 187.2 g of Cr obtained
Therefore, % purity = (187.2/208)*100 = 90%