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N3 Bunpou

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335 views186 pages

N3 Bunpou

s

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spopsop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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MreLVAZ— MF FIAGRRE TIEN ER N 3 =¥ bones Yee Vv ROT - BSH - PADS # ZU-I-409-9 ©2012 by Tomomatsu Etsuko, Fukushima Sachi, and Nakamura Kaori All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher, Published by 3A Corporation. Trusty Kojimachi Bldg., 2F, 4, Kojimachi 3-Chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan ISBN978-4-88319-610-4 C0081 First published 2012 Printed in Japan bOI A AARAE DENBRIZ, 1984 4R ICMR, AAR EARL Lev AO A ARSRE AENELRET SRACT. LADUE MIM L, BEET ISLET b KBD WABORMBO— Ibo TOES. GURPM A 5 2048 DL LS STAC, BHOSHLL, HAM HORMSBLLTEELK, TOKM, 2010Mic Lv! AGH ¢ LD CARAAAKS BDO ELK, HL VAM TILA BT Cie, RIC CS SAAD DNES, ABC ORRD N38VAVOMMRE LTHEMSNK DTT. ESM C. MONE ZONE BLL ET. Ric FREE CHO OMIERAC, QA SMe AICO SRDOFHELET. HE (BERR, CAPR OME A UIBCROMMEMY TASC LICKOT E D6 SvARWAPEHBLET. BABZONM OHM 2, SR. Atty T, SAAR SSic, N3 ORTH snob PMs NSH e RK. OMB. PRED GRIER BIBT SS EF (CHU. ROBIE L DD, N2USVICDEMNS FHS AIT CL EAM, OAR A ARSE MES ATL, OIRO BLN LD FER. QAM FICHE KG Ic, BUASE - PROMS, B Wicks, ABe URLS SRMEBAT SRO, BVRVC La SKR, Bok DBBELED HORMEL DOLE DET, SOR IDICE DLAI HRB DUT CDPB HSB SDC L MV CHS HD B TE DERG) REBWOET. AGS HATE BUEN 3 ZHI HL LBC, N1, N2032ER\O RE Brbicesck, SLCHMED S, HAMS TIS aay—vay tem KAM LeMOTOET, AWE NRT SICH Y, MW -MALHOMTRTS A AIT AE HL DCHML HASHES ELK. DED BLL EVES, 2012%6A Be EOI REE wHOICE SIA .. To the user of this book ... BENE .. BARLEY Question examples .. ARM... Lon kattnak SABER skills Development x A yeaa Be eek nhs BB XOX Part 1: Grammar in the sentence 1 SL Ms FAIL bye Epil iPS 3. ~ THB THE ~TRS CHIE 4, SECA ~E SS (+B) . 26 ~cBIRUT .. 1, ~EBDR+~kB) (ic) ~ERVE* SER D (ic) 2, ~KE£DT 3. ~kOI wk kot ‘ R ~~ Contents. HX 4, IZ) MIRE (WEG) HEL aren 5, Sot: pen 5 : 2m) 3h lian. ~awsigh 1, +6 BRE ~ CBW ~< Blas ~le wl Ee ~ CB 2. ~ 6 Sveti SOB laetbtela + NEE a ABR BH 3, Sh BKB ae 4, ~KRS ~elaot 1, wicUc «bale aig 2 3. SFO) 4, ~EO5 kD § 5 ~EDS 1, SDH + ~70d (le) HSI RS ~LLDS BOTT o ak w.n - Sey aed #2 (58-6) .. a pas 8S (7B 8B . eae oe » ROOM (1B~SR) .. . ~ (OBS «~The: LEAN LEAST RE ~THBS*~TCHS re 130 ‘Ways of ensuring a consistent speaker standpoint: 4 ~THUS,~THHI and~ TK NS SLB A OUR AT VAM — 4 I~THUB + ~ TOSS ~ TONS! xt a KC ORM (SR GR) ... 7H E+. 2 BR lk: A. Ke oMe (7B BR .. bh specu, Om Ra Conjunetive terms sf PRs En RH ORARO hi— Ensuring a unified tone sae 1 Fae exer 2 COMM (OR - 10®) . 4 Fue Mock Test / 110K 3] Index “#1 23 Answers / 2508 ALE oP ate RBESEWITESAN Hi BWiitdin s obi THBKIILET. Wx t-on ¢, Siti SCE, oflitiiarcs x5. AC O30K LUA EARN axcehidel A Aik Le 1 Ct 0) ak SEED « Bh, (Bt W703) ah anf 409) OZ oicBon-cvec, SER Epa FAS Bs o- “her. Seite 3 A DT, Seeouvls te wae 1 Koh (2 o Ki Woh Hh ciss 3 LK eH he) ee ee eee Ml MOSH 2 OCHIEL < HALT 3 HE) Reuy Ree eee ggyo cee as ae TM MMOS (SLED CHORMMIT SOOM ERE RSME) BALS cot EABOBR coke, WOES wees, Paes wotagene, gy k Boao ICBES (1 di 12) GH Roem (A~ I) (fix 4p 2 Bis SHOCK (1 H~ 108) ears sit HULvBIE LES, met =| MM Riloms tiem», Seon. cms BBe lh xo HRM BIB LOLI f THT 12H): N 3 vcr cH ae & 1 2 Ee oR RIE FHL +. (Chit, EA CER Reto cea, EA tibiti CHS o> we) - 2 feu Se come MT (a~ c offi old ku ox ibis) CECE hake cos 2 oH Geo mae CIES) ABEBRUICBSAN a FAB UVLE BoD Boat AWS): CR His RH Lad. kt, ATOM e DRA VR RY, CHIL ES. + Felco MCR (V9 03 2A) ORCL RL he cox: wie R2% KOLE2 Setiaec srw cweewihe 2H as, (os honbeXotickn uit - Baebes s+ sokzoni hx ontiadpeicn sXe Ree) chon a ( PRO bE LIES) + abo xe itil GER oat fave) son be B23 XBOME 2 ELEDOBSMEICT SK wofite iL as (Lola & fen 0 atik en be opue Ro isle & had VIE) pies epecoity Paned ORIEL, et: BRODER RI E) : ofc tices wi Ronee wa) aE Obit e HIROMI. FO Ii CPA Lelia 6 fifa ote D Et HS, BEM LOC SUT DOOR DEMBS sc Loree xs. Eee Kelis can, enzeno GHrchs £5, ticks ilioweiha wimnitt b REL, iow : ikea itis 218 bi thea Bae Bitm +z etme ih fsa Ben Re +e cute God Bee bry tetris gaee fens +r Gi aed wee Hise +uu Bi tio id jen G1 #108) 6 plies +eseGiaéiniy B® Foot +esutcn Gi mol flor tenon Grisr) Co) aetamuicesn 5 RAK +&5nG 1 fiom THs Hercos +f Git CHS feces +280 diem Waa | BW fiz +551 Gif i Ams-<< | tke + Gi ieom HB -nnis | Sovus di ibe do +e | pee ses +5 6c GE 1H aD Fie -c iB + Gi fom FS tie GB tivo fi) i A id +ic& oc Git 2d Blo Heo + G11 ac Pic +6 Gow Bes Bie Gi iodo zofn | a BibT 235 +eBbn tHe Bi th7l wae ID FH - SiSters + Bata GB 1 ea a) FRE-c6S BHCES titAEV Gi isd Blt -@ HAD +e T dR Gi iemD le - 7 FEbR +0DS G1 isa Bie -c5S Heh cms tia sve Gi is fp) Beso bo +oucic Gi fm Dass: Bac 2106 th dbs, Why 2. oF mis We BE, igo a) ako eo mezoeens Gi beh QB tetot- kot ZR BEL ES. Gl ic ko Bites, ABEBRWICRSHA —Cx_) Twietathes -~bitatt, B18 a WD BE (FE -2/-THS -BH-0/-THS) HEH PHATE OME BL ES. 6, Baskemwiss ati, RBDOUBEOTL I. wuencaey OSM ~H DIET ik te 6. TIS CHB~OIO G- As .orSo0sesrame, SFESDBY BEBE Lie TBS DU DM. - dO SHRAOUT IE DEA, IN 285 I~ CHS 2H Od, TOKO CHIC LIBoes, + TRL BMOREMEO'~K EHNA B.C Lb BHAI, (H) CMH) E t HORT, BEY MLO LFRBOTH ) ELA, ce METH TWSeCER eh ik BD | Bios Lendl Vkthobek:. fotos | Bosom | huibo ita ait @ OF Chios Co BRO A MIIOEN ees 2» 8 ORE ECT. ae ok BE ORE. | ~~ (4) 5285 woe nes ce, Beowacees eas HERSEK | ehhocvsce ees Hewiyok | ~COKE + ~kLEI ~RVAD EL, HAH! TSK 5eRSK ABEREWMCBSDA os Ric ee ees ee ete = £E (1981 F 10H WA) cb So OME RIKS LE LK. REL. BES Fea a Dit COS ERED hatow eins SORE LCOS ae Bidl LTH YET. BOMB TACO BETH D ET. BS L¥ aed, ‘ aS3hel Be wo ¢ nite xzu— Bciis hho RoRRMMOAEaiiForeyey, REL, Vee MES 2c LCR BCL AD. BA CRHT otha, A EF y Pt BmIe ko Coil OMB 29 4 vic Bie cee BME LCC Ee Bim: iducox soHB¥x2ar Boi: 1icox s0s8 Rx 1 ay Bam: 1Micos 5s0s8 Rx 2ae ABERRUICREAN —Call_) To the user of this book Aim of the book This book has two purposes. It will help you to: ) Pass the Japanese Language Proficiency Test for N3, and ain a better overall understanding of Japanese grammar, without just focusing on exams. A © ODOR LB, m 2 Ae @ What grammar questions will be asked in A Ai#E BENS (Japanese Language Proficiency Test for N3)? Wee SLE be The Japanese Language Proficiency Test for N3 is divided into three parts: 3 aff latR (OC + glitz) Lan- Ube BLE Enis Yop guage Knowledge (Vocabulary): 30 minutes; Sail (OCU:) + WEAF Language Knowledge (Grammar) tip Be and Reading: 70 minutes; and Jpiff# Listening Comprehension: 40 minutes. Grammar comes undet Ug RAED Eopn Salat (SCH) + BEAR. There are three kinds of question. ee ue I CM XCH 1 : Selection of the correct grammatical form for a particular sentence, a ees Il CME 2 : Questions on composing sentences correctly, and & I ‘SCiia) XCE: Questions in which you must choose the appropriate word(s) to create a cohesive passage. i How this book is structured This book comprises the following parts. exxrissan F848? (Question examples) Peers ABA (Skills Development) nh 58.198 KO SCE 1 (Part 1: Grammar in the sentence 1) + Grammar forms by semantic function (1-12) + Ensuring correct use of grammar forms (A-J) ke shia Bois Noho (Part 2: Grammar in the sentence 2 (1-4)) Ris aut 3 i XH OOK (Part 3: Grammar in longer text (1-10)) pany #888518 (Mock Test) A detailed explanation follows. Cazessin F}BL@7t (Question examples) First you will look at the different question formats, and gain a general understanding of them. witazenen ABA (Skills development) eee Ek RAD 3188 XOX 1 (Part 1: Grammar in the sentence 1) 12] : You will study grammatical forms expected to feature at N3 level, by semantic function. (In other words, what is the meaning, what are their grammatical properties, and in what situations should they be used?) To the user of this book + Drills every two sections (choose the best answer from among a-c) + Recapitulation questions every four sections (same format as the actual exam). + Here you study the correct use of grammar forms through phrase arrangement. Areas where mistakes are easily made are dealt with using one-point lessons. + Drills in all sections (various formats) _ + Recapitulation questions every five sections (same format as actual exam), #288 XOxXH2 (Part 2: Grammar in the sentence 2) Here you study the skills needed to form sentences (including grammatical forms for inserting another person's words into a sentence, fixed forms for modifying nouns and grammatical forms for fixed structures). + Drills in all sections (same format as actual exam) + Recapitulation question for all four sections (same format as actual exam). 3e8 XOXE (Part 3: Grammar in longer text) You will study methods for forming internally cohesive passages (including terms used to correctly structure sentences from beginning to end, demonstratives, conjunctive expressions and grammatical forms for harmonization of standpoint) + Recapitulation questions every two sections (same format as actual exam). ‘#BIRELER (Mock Test) The questions use the same format as in the actual examination. Because questions are drawn from a wide range of topics from the Skills Development section, they enable a comprehensive judgment of ability. @ Usage notes When forming sentences, it is essential to ensure that grammatical forms agree, and take account of what follows. Conjunctive forms: Part of speech | Conjunetive form Example Verb Bau BU +7 ELAR Par 1-8) Bias HS +E CUS Can 9) as dP +OTV Part 1d, wee Beepys +h Pani) Bee HUUHLE + UV art -9) Be JEN (rat 1-10) EF +258 eatin | Foc +e5ukU en) for +itm0 emir To the user of this book —(_xv_) BA +25D crani-10) REBEL COS +f ar 1-1) iecbS +680 Cai 4 -adjective | [Buy WHS. +551c Pan i-1) PBs--marked material are important in the study of grammatical properties. Term Meaning bus su Be HEH OAL + | These expressions (such as ~7: v2, ~ (kK) 5 LA and ~9¥ 1 72) convey the $k 5° | speaker’s wish or intention to do something. rr = {0} ¥ 21F DX | These expressions (such as ~T ( KAW, ~ EL EF and ~ EAD) are used when the speaker is trying to induce another person to an action. To the user of this book @ Transcription Kanji (Chinese characters) included in the list of Joyo kanji officially approved by the Japanese Cabinet Office in October 1981 are used in this book. However, hiragana are used exceptionally when, in the opinion of the writer, this is preferable. Furigana are provided in all cases for both example sentences and explanations. @ Study time Study times are as shown below. However, teachers could slow down or speed up the pace of study for some sections. Those studying alone should take as much time as they feel comfortable with, Part 1: 50-minute class 2 for one section Part 2: 50-minute class « 1 for one section Part 3: 50-minute class x 2 for one section To the user of this book ASUS BASH EAD SAA AATF ot AS UNS AA QE ENT, TELS? I-AA NA He. tea COIN LOR MEA ASSAED BURN 3 (AAR HM NGM) Bee FLAS HEME AMUN 3h 2N [A OC = dinky Ger IMIR Gee + AIIED) | Crate al 30 Sr) PRB OEE) «ER Ge SIA GRE + IRE | CR ARI 70 3-4) BRE FI) | IRATE 40 548) = 0865), RRO SRB GSE «GRRE hi — ash. aR OWL FEAIE 1 XoSh 1 GRRE oa FINES) LOVE 2 He AT) TN Sak SCE Caer Hn EES ICA) BAH HR ASIDE REST: fT Cm Bea) Se HRA (TAF AA) Bis XoSSk1 hime are 1) RIE oC) SOE LE APEC ~ 12) RSS CA ~ J) Bak Koko maawy a pimk2)1~4B) Fi si SoS ow 3 my scaeAViERN) C1 ~10%8) ieee AE) ‘Fim TPES. RR (MB 2D) TAMSIN I, AGA STEER SR AS A SRR (SKIS) 1 RoE (ws FMI) TARA 12 2 YG a HY HE RAS FNS RAYE TAN Be SDA. a A AE, a —Cik) 2AM EA. TRUSSO bP. 2H RIG ~ c HRMS) HOM. Bt, EAU aT SSR se SRA SJ): AiR SRE — ne RCH aeRO EI. A ae LEELA. GRO EE AER, MI, HES RE 8 5 RT EH Kom Xoxk2(w2ms wr) 948 LANE AMATI SAE AE, Js eG (IES. ATL ERERIT RAO AIRE ULI RAO. BC BAA DA AA GR I SE Bat KHOR (385 seMMIETE) EPRI LRM I. WAR TACT EAE. HARI. ARITA. K-WAWTATER, GOCE AM. 49 2a SSCS Hm ee REA (MIL) ROSAS ALA AGES. RIAA AN a A eT Bit, SEE. RT de UR ae CER IN, DAHL TT ESR 5 LH AAS AHREB SR AMT iat RK we Bill BE Bum +rekenGiwesw Bae BG FUTURE Te COE HB 9) ae dHrY +P TWH AI) wHeL Hikes thoi mew a Thor Ue i ass 9) mit FEA CE 1 B85 1018) oy 5:45 | has +e sei menw by ete FGot +eS5uUcWG1 MOR) eH Bok +e0kG mtr) 5 Haks +eS5mGRiwriom THs Hie ecos +fiic eat B CHS But6s +680 G1 mR2® ayeeia | BU WSv +561 C1 ws Hs- 6 MEE oT CHE CB Ev 5 PHS FEIEVIRMCHET. KOMMICRZOETS KPT IT. 2094 Tonics 1 fs KOE sc Rilo uke oor < » 20SEC Ci adorei: 2B KERKIOTISC EBRD. Bh BMD Sb meus MOCK 2 1 CHL FRLET. naK von COMBO TFA TL XOX? (KOMBAT) wate CH, EL EOKERSOMMONC, 2 j Rhee Fete » SEN: HEED MSE SLETALOORH BHVET, (HRS) DeOMHAHAT. LBSRONRe#2 c. I 95 CST Fie ROBEKVEDE. 1-2-3 405-92 50KKU. CHL co 3 BY DB RD 5% KEEN CHUA LECH B. menen bans BRE DER 5 FAT A St 2b. DELABICBIAY oltte Bac. SoC SKE CH, DT), Heltah Rake fea ho ch (Wee Ce ET. EO KS HL BANE BOREL, HED LMM LAK, LE, enznok AA mea CHA LCERE CAT bhp cEybe Ls Jott, DELULCOLI ABH CokMonOT, Hob aBeAie Lt) Bre BWEROKD LES RbNZOTEVD LMC, BEDE CEELATL te LE, o4aeh Betoces 55, Hocugceeticih LTRS EME TORIC EBUE LK. Sik LOHREROTERER 2 Bec id 4 Bo ea er ci é & Otle L vam catitiisnc BVA HBR 76 ome LED cee 2 Hacins 3 55 4 Bases 8 2 Leu 3 Lkttot 4 EK CESEFIMSCL ED 2 BACs cLKOTT 3 HATSLIKL THES 4 BEICROET CG )— Baer » fc nope Bey AE mum a onan a [p59 C4 1 LOD Y LOL UAMEE BA SVLCT, & DLO HED DART? FRI EA CIOS, Loc wes s Fi wwes, Faia sos t. ty ween 2h bk Rito eat ie Clk, EMO OMVOASKUITS, “HAIL THE SLEOT, 2] OF be. z Hi HA ce SET CT HS, LIELVBA TCT. Bie a Ano Ages staen be SJ ik, ENOMSSEODOLEWSDMBAM CT, URS. Geka (cy be) Gs ZiLOINBOKE LbMY ET. ZLTCBRSIEVIABERU SOIR DEL (KE iO, QMELLBATY. See Zit, HOWE L Oz dy EBA, BRB eS siliics. oor aoik BLS, HLH FORE RO THB, 2MIELOBATCT. tang SB] cs, EFFI, LXOWRaA I OZEITH, SLT COCR DELI BDMITOS CELT 30005 EW Ca aT. wun 2s Beier, 185, 0089 TOYA SOMME, KOE FAC LIC CHC S SHADE, Beouyy AE guns + LORD Lib) OIE L TI Use ee eae eg dbELOMKOBIE ADOMEROC ETT, x HB oee RECT. BAW toe ewe DART OREE IE Fr 9 BSE BECV-—SAOBEL TOS LE, VSAM [| Rocke. x Rotwor, as SS} be EDDA ky 2 88 te CORRE ec OIC, | Les \* He x LiktioTt S xt Lomi eaten RD yy KRAUS RAMS tb ated CHS ico TSE BSB HOSE CHL FAL ET. 1 xeoxe—CS_) You are asked to consider the intended meaning of the text and select the correct corresponding grammatical form. DEOLN( —dICANDOUHMBAUSOR, 1-2-3-4MB—K BOWEL. Example 1 KES OWCER( —) xeoncs, 1 eUt 2 icHL @ Kiot 4 kot Example 2 BOK, shaaie.s REACHED (MBER oto Lo 1 #tk&S 2 wees 3 eC 4 wei In Example 1, you need to think about the relationship of the term in brackets ( ) with the words ou coming before and after: that is, with + # (staple food) and #£< 5 4.C V4 (is eaten). > (rice) is a staple food and is eaten as such, and so the correct answer is 1 & LC. In Example 2, you are also being asked to complete the sentence structurally using the correct grammatical forms. In conversational-form questions, the key thing to consider is what the other person in the conversation says. Because the #8% AC & Zz» (I cannot bear it) before the ( ) indicates the degree of pain expressed by the wife, the ~( '72 form is the correct one. In addition, because the phrase after ( ) expresses the judgment of the husband after seeing how his wife looked, the correct answer is ~% 6, Hence the correct answer is a combination of ~(% U7 and ~7% 5 : namely, 2 1F ERS. With this type of question, it is important to know the semantic function of the grammatical form and the conjunctive form used with it. You will learn more about these topics in Part 1: Grammar in the s (C6 )— Question examples This question set requires you to arrange phrases, select the correct grammar forms and compose meaningful sentences. You must choose the one of four options that fits the ¥ position. Note that the # will not necessary be the third blank. DEDKO_ we CASMBKUGOS, 1-2-3-4P5—-TA5 UBS, Example 3 copie ik BALD, 1 ESPOT 2 DOOM 3 wokd 4 j€o< Example 4 A OM ORAS E ICL £9 ta BURMA ke FHC LY 1 cms 2 RE 3 Kbut 4 Ds In Example 3, a basic question structure can be formed by using options 1 £9 P9°C and 2 v.07». You ade Ss this framework t the two remaining two options, 3.2% 5 and 4 jor, to create the sentence LOE £5 Po Ty ToS OHERES (Let's consider what would be the best way to go about moving this job forward), so 3 \>-> f 6 occupies the position. Example 4 uses a conversational style. If you focus first on options 4 2» and 3 [2 2>19-C, you can create a sentence around the ~~ I< a1 T+ (from ... lasting to ...) grammatical form. Given that the perrmmanret a2 noun comes before both» and 12 4>(4-C, you can create the sentence ‘KAEH 2S AWEF IC UF-CHE ¢ Si t:3&V.5-PRECT K (The forecast is for it to be cold from Tuesday through Thursday). So 3 (1-T occupies the Ye position. In this kind of sentence, it is also important to know not only the semantic function of the expression as in Part 1: Grammar in the sentence 1, but also + The part of speech that goes with the grammatical form, and + The phrases to be combined. You will learn more about this topic in Part 2: Grammar in the sentence 2. Il Grammar in the sentence 2 (Sentence composition) To ensure cohesiveness or flow in longer passages, the problem is selecting the grammatical forms, etc appropriate for the context. Questions include: + Those in which the student selects words needed to form a grammatically correct sentence, and + Those in which the student selects the words needed to ensure textual cohesion. Example 5 DEONBERAT. LESHONSe 22. DL 5 CEO 12°3-4p5-0250KaU, ae DH LS Li, PEO BR be FA SH ae By EWIPDAT HYERA, Senshi 1: bez], Lele coset. O305eRHOM HAL CEL Cae, HER LORS BML Bang bom Evke 3s Jott, be Lucod i aBRtnconms to Bd ls BH Bony LroRonsocievme be bt. CE), svsnkoebehocy eu ogy Pe Ute Bite . CHERATL 5b, Hocogceetich B LCA CLE TORUELBUE LE, SizbkL OWASSO TERED 5 1 BRes 2 88 3 eis 4 Bc 1 BEeecn xrcobiie 9 2 vavgnc coitiifienc 3 BE basa ee 4 Pn bovetiiie Lt i Bacavs 2 Gacins 3 Bacess 4 Bases 4)1 Las 2 La&L 3 LkAMoT 4 88% (Bll Baecesksicwacls5 2 Hacesrserkoces 3 HASSLGEL COEF 4 BECO ET cuiitieieserariae With [1] in Example 5, you are required to find an answer that matches the end of a sentence. on Because the end of the statement is 9 77 Cd % 5 ¥ +t A, a corresponding subject is needed at the beginning. So the correct answer is 3. geen With[_ 2 __], the key thing is the usage of the topic marker (3. Because the sentence begins with F¢/E Id, yan the subject in[_2 _] should be 44:. And so the correct answer is 1. With [3], the key thing is determining whose perspective is being taken. From the context, it is clear that the focus is on HA. H8 (ty b#) HA B (the teacher gives a hint). The recipient of the hint is 7: L (7%), and so the correct answer is 2. With 14 |, you are required to choose a conjunctive term to connect from the previous sentence. As the sentence pair is contrasting a past situation with the present, the correct answer is 2. Br With [5], both 2 and 3 match the “-!i~ phrase. But because 3 expresses effort on the part of the agent (47 L), and not simply a result, the correct answer is seen to be 3, not 2. In this kind of question, you must have the ability to: + Judge correctly whether the sentence is internally cohesive from beginning to end bk LOW KOBE | Loietoce ct. See ise 5 x ASotietisnecs. + Pick the grammatical form that best suits the context $ou2 toup JHEC) —SAOHELTOZER, V-RADBEL ae | APT Ko | x Rotwot. + And correctly connect sentences and phrases ah cui ee ous EX] COR AMABILE TO RICO, | Lae 7. x Lkttot You will learn more about these topics in Part 3: Grammar in longer text. I Grammar in longer text —(_9_) Me FFAS HUET EAN RUE, AWA AF HATS. DEOLO( —dYIKANSOICMBKVEOH, 1-2-3-4PS5—-T2Z5UKRSU. (5088 1] KS OWCER( Asante 1 eLt 2 iL a kiot 4 kot (i882 | BGK, Bhonsie.s Roeerecenn( — ) WBA RIF aMOW ke 1 £t%S 2 weRS 3 eck 4 weil (eR TERED) STA nc 3 CAD ZAIN RS FDRG) HON Ete Mia IC, Ble, EMMETT LUT. AF 2), ANTE OLR. SSCA, Hae OIF RMT HITE ORR. (HIN OE ACR ee GERAD) IE A BRIOMMATALIE, PULSRROESR I~ IR ELAR. Sh, (ARLE EER FFE OME, BUST SAS JANE. BIORIN LEI GT~eo JNA 2 ERS I. EWE LAAA NE, RELEASE EL. WRT. RPA, HET LBS MPAA 1 | Pu. maRD HEP DR EMU TA), PRE. RAE NF. Da ee HEA EM — TH. EMM 3G 4 1, AEBS P PAL, a, wait AT ER—T PME) DEOMD ke _(CABROKUBOS, 1-2-3- 45-02 5UKEU. (618 3] cote * BRL, 1 EFPOT 2 DOOD 3 boks 4 ik (6 4) AHO RAE ES CL Fae BUANEA EWFPRCT Eos 1 ius 2 | 3 lec 4 bs [BU 3 DUR, AT EF POTIMT2 Woe], CAT LLANE EAR wT eT WRI ES Pot NT NERID. RESTS Woks 14 ileoc late tenn WELCOME £5 Po Tih Cok BOMBA & 5 (AML OER Bela rik FFF 2: 1), HERMIT S Vorb Je [BM HSER. ILM. 4 MS LAITS emU-T], start He SBI a — PATI SESE [~~ eet Co Se Ble) LINES EB J AIP cy “CJA TEA Aa), RLM: [Sell EL MEE tN CHES MB ES PALS & KAHL ARIEL MIKES) |. He MIEAET 3 cm tC I. RAE — AM AG, ARIEL AS FATE | POTN ARBRE CS SHAE, ERA LEAT AS AEA. 5 (OT BRS I AAC SRR, ETE 2 RB IPMN 2 | PRET IEMM HAE Ll aTiEReHeAT) FESR TE EB SEES TERRE SH 5 WR — ik 5 HS SC. ET, A A aE 9A ANF, FATES Pe NE SE cE. AA RL. tap OAC [G15] DRONBERAT. MESKOWRESAT. 1] PS REBEKUEDE, 1-2-3-4P5-OzSUBAU, ae PROBS a 5B ‘Foxit, ROK ECHL COBH PED LS AD, HELE CIO THUR B WEE, DELEBK @ LD), Belin HG HNFETA, HAs B OS 05GR MCHA LTERE CAC, EEO ks cH Bane nud, EYkeL3 JOT, dDELECOLI SERCH Condo KOT, Mowwe Ae Le b Bre OWA Rok LAB RbNZO CAR OMDE ae. ee DHACSEUATL te CE], oe5ehoebetecossbc, Hocogceench LTABCEME TH RUE LBOE LE. suntv olhoh cents 5 ° 1 2 3 Beis 4 Bo 2) 1 canoe 2 wasn caviiiiznc 3 BR bss BR 4 Bix sosttiiz ved 3]1 Bacavs 2 Racine 3 Baresi 4 Bases 4)1 Led 2 SPL 3 Litot 4 €k& (Sli Haceskxichmeclss 2 ones eta 3 HAT SLFKL CORT 4 BEFCEDET C2 )— axe RY. (6485) ) CT) ES TARR ERS ENE RUE To DG -Clk Al, CMR ATE, MOE 3. Bo], ARMM Te | AM. MELCHER Uk IER, OZ, 2 a ee Be [Ae4e |, Ale 1 EMER Sh, EA PBL arte. EB CHT DLs EAE (ey be) 2B BR (Boi F GEAR) LMS, TEA BLAME WEL eS) |, BURIED A2. 4) BEAL AE 5 ATT A) SE IDE HG PARR HS 5 HC BBP AEN AR eA HE HR BA al, FAL 2 WIE WS. So ]sh, a5, STS MPRA 2S. NS FEAR He LI BE CATA, Fault Eee oE. KAM, HRA HTL Fiala AE = AIFF SA AMET LR Bote Lo koB | ASotehoce ct, x Molfebenes | SIE FLARE BM REC) —SLOREL CSL, VSL MBH | Kotak, i Rotwot. | = AVF SAF ZAIN I Bc OH KMRBe ec otic, | Lay — ) sek. | x ee | SACI BDHETE [38 3 ARSE SCHAUER TR 1 xc —C13_) UD DEL ES BO AK #7] = Ain 1M KOSHI UR RERI OSCR (1 | ~35ie-- AMAR 25 bio Ec Ho tae, DL PAAP Vb, MVBEVI BIN RAT CRE, J bicoOhRe LTLERI. WES - BBE / TS /BUH HW FR +55k ww ~oihitiacén ain s hee Re FS.) ~WELT silloiine Bo ik, Do --- (verb) before state/situation ~ changes. The phrase ~ expresses a state or situation, and -.- is a phrase that expresses an intentional action. AeA HE NORA IRM A Me™ ~ He RAE DTN NEARS oo Ty Ra A Rca HEN AM tclo-CL kok. > Ue Lvtlics, Be Bhan s 5 6H 2 IRD ETE. RWW S BIH OTT, WBRBE/TWS/BWH +35K o ~oiKati COLE Bos., ~isbibitiosc ke t ikGoud While ~ (continuous process or action) is happening, -». (a change) also happens. Refers to a change that happens without the volition of the speaker during a certain period. Aer CARAS FOR, TE, ~ eR ATRESIA, ARE RANI AINA RE IE re ae oe Ons meee L-cv sill, FESRBUFL ESCO, @bx Lasietre IE y pe eed CHEV TL EID, 2 @br Lak-cdolific, gicMatre ( SAEATL ROK. WHO - MRBR/THS/BN% +m: mic ow iil. ib CABLE, Fok dB stoke eRe ahh, viii ce eB %, While or during ~ (continuous state), --is going on at the same time. Both ~ and --- express @ continuous action ite ~ladihbbhies c or state. FORCES APIO) — FEB, hI SINR, We IN. C6) — RAR HIB VOTE ae wae 23 gorse rvlificn ss WO RBa cg cele, FB MCB. ~ talib cb eR ar ak co PABA CL ET, ‘While or during ~ (continuous state), --- happens (an action or change occurs), ~ expresses a continuous action or state. --- expresses a momentary action or change. PRCA ERI He, BRI ARTA IRAS, RICA a RAE 3) ~TPS CRUE + ~ TPS CHIME OPA Vac TH, CESORATES LOTTE. EB 5-2, Bvtino-c, SEMEL CS CHROLMI DED Dw SNE Ao 4 eens OHNE che cane eMEL Tau iE, OWA Cab CesT: HCL vt a eB, WHITH +5 eRe - PS tRNIE wr Non ORdEa BS.) Eke 1 + Oe RO, ‘cannot happen or be done either. Used in negating or negative statements. Ha UntiVunless ~ happens or is done, ton te~ Zi, FIRS 4| ~ezae- ~e ZS +H Opry hist 2 Aoi = ct, RRO CT. Lape OWET, cxboko#aei-cvsecaekhictenk, QRLAKLCORFLE FF PHBE ORE CA Citta rt, O7—¥BCH BOREL CANEL OK BDO TER. WR BBB /TUS/KH +e7SR- ETS (+H) ww ‘~oltthiz (©) Mths @) tee), roi, eseswhimic ko clk case ECAC ELAN RE OWES. Just before ~ happens (D, while ~ is happening ® or just after ~ happened @ and @®. Depending-on the verb that follows, the end-particle varies, as follows: ELAT Or EC AN. e Bem Ce ~ HE AE Nt OR (CD) - ~ iE LEME AT (QD) - ~ AVON EM IE MDD)”. AE ADP, AA ACT A LT, TAT HMM AAMM MN, MLO Se-LCAT.ECANI, ie ~be —Ci7) (1 | ~ ea UIE ~ Edy (le) + ~EBU HE ~E BY (le) ~ | Oty A-ORBOB MD K LEB OMELBY Hot, WDEO - MRBL/H/THS/TWS +EBDE- EBD (Ie) ) +€808- £8 (iz) ww NSU, See ote, Be same as, in conformity with ~, do or be -- in the same way as ~. POR WN eH He 2) ~lckoT: - whe ko Tt > AE gecndiices ZTEObS. POSE ict Bd LAE. QQ tickot-ekotl ww NHR IE pyB CoRR EeRok(s EREE- 8, VAVAREAD I b60—-VOMEE IX, Means to change state or behavior depending on something, or according to something. Expresses variety, and is commonly we o RKO TED used with & # £## and XZ, The term ~IC k> Tis pinpoints one outcome from a range of possible outcomes. BAH. RAHA ABA AMY MIT SEL EK «AS SB). [Eo Th eT HLA — A 3] ~eVIE- @c OMIT ABR 2 te Oe OI KO Has fe Bo Obixde LOMGEDU SLO, BeAL MER Coy LMG. @lOF—LURAOROICRS HOTS. WE - Meer tric C8) — RAR HIB KOEI Rees oe a] eae @ N08, hihi e593 Ble cL eBicmorot atch, Heo Wor ticle, ~+-cisikle Ro Kika, Whenever ~ happens, --. always happens too. Used when the speaker wishes to emphasize the repeated nature of an action, but liable or ties ote eves, Nite ~ 0 lS E7E ete 81 ABA DIOHOAVRBO LO, BAe (ove, KF PSL OMIRTNZ I eK Be, RAP MICLSE. FH ALC 6 iO masthie ¢ £58 OQvseasice cine, DLibboo tos, Ke Eh hot ohkvls Lona ei chee oebBmon, Remains nels ae Ure. > L< fitttc. 4-G-2 Ook To the extent that ~ asin®,~P2Bb5 Cov for H~ I EAR Michi MEE (FH -%) +12e Wak WG (FR -72) +< Sue Sue - < Su. buy “le ERY wie, baw HICH THI LAK EEOC ECS. in which ~ is an example (emphasizing extent) of what could have, but did not actually, happen. Often used 8 5/JE in the sense “was so [adjective], that I even thought ~~” # H0~—FE", ALP MER— AMEA LEN, ARCA OLI. AUEAIBT ~ a> bb DK BV ~PEBS FELINE, MO. 2) ~< BU dR) SS BU ERE MIRE ERY OV-SAC EME E HAIR Om, @bxe LieRBE ES ce be MLW bikie e Hocus, @QbS, BLEMEDT 2 bSS, FAREEVPHO OEY, @ 2% WS LbPOKL EERBI HORS Ld (kN, WA +<5u-- fl +e- FETE © BU SRL ASAE S& Ass ith.) Fee wee cH Eas ea chis. = isthe most (of al) Used to express a subjective judgment by the speaker, not to sate an objective ft RDB AR EMNS, MRAM EME BB NOK) 3) ~< 565. ~SbUa5-- Ens yee DBM A CHM ZS Coons, ayes Fiyeu, Oattbevre vo ier s CbuR6, CORR CORY. 30 ddr CRS (BOe6, BML Ries ww, QPL SRDIMS hy —FEBERTS( SeS, Solhtine sepEdED, WHRBH + aa ORAL ISAK DAH, BRC LOI EDESEVIBU may OATAa, com, Hkictlzn-covkactis BBENT. EVILDMRENKAEK WHR sro bivsee +enscy © NHK oh. ~k0, Doe Mb RAYE) ene eB IC5. Means “rather than,” or “would say itis more like." Used to indicate that a certain way of putting something is more appropriate. BOR RUES, RULE", IT er REE [5| ~ppyic~ Lee yes von be bp Lai O7 ) —OFE MIS A RIE ASS ota DIC, BROT LA BAEZ, @Bioilitits Ai2, Kithar Bird bic, RCBRSC LALA, OY SAC BBLBA TH FOCUS MDD, VOSLOE Fo TP3. on Bone: im OFHOEAROOOOKICSSRE ich 3 de te. bic, BLE AKT Liev, WO BM taH GHH-%) trode ww Revs cenman, Malice, enchivilltn~ 20552853, (DB) WEL Coe Bis suso~e Lee, SNL HLHO-~-e44, © On the one hand ~, but at the same time -- © @ and ®, or “in return for." Also means refrain from an action that usually you would or should undertake, and do something different but equivalent instead @. 2 —HR~, BAH, ~A ALA (OOS), Mew Mw a~, MRK ABATE, MMT 52 Be SH" (®D). 4@ ~eissBot —C25_) CEE C RADI BEI BE. 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