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Scope of internet of things: A survey

Article in Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research · July 2017

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Review Article
1 SCOPE OF INTERNET OF THINGS: A SURVEY 1
2 2
3 3
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5 UMAMAHESWARI E, AJAY DM, UMANG SINDAL 5
6 6
AQ1 Department of ???, School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University, Chennai Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: ??? AQ2
7 7
AQ3
8 Received: ???, Revised and Accepted: ??? 8
9 9
ABSTRACT
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The advent of internet of things (IoT) has influenced and revolutionized the information systems and computing technologies. A computing concept
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where physical objects used in daily life, will identify themselves by getting connected to the internet is called IoT. Physical objects embedded with
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electronic, software, radio-frequency identification, sensors, actuators and smart objects converge with the internet to accumulate and share data
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in IoT. IoT is expected to bring in drastic changes and solutions to most of the daily problems in the real world. This paper explains in detail the key
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concepts of IoT, the applications of IoT, the challenges in establishing IoT. This work also explains in detail the future scope of IoT in different fields.
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17 Keywords: Computer architecture, Wireless sensor networks, Radio-frequency identification, Security, Radio-frequency identification tags, Internet 17
18 of Things, Radio-frequency identification technology. 18
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21 21
22 22
23 INTRODUCTION 23
24 Internet of things (IoT) has become a very prominent in today’s era of 24
25 research. According to Gartner, by 2020 about 20.8 billion connected 25
26 things will be in use the worldwide [1]. Basic components of IoT are 26
27 a variety of things - such as radio-frequency identification, near field 27
28 communication, sensors, actuators, and mobile phones. These things are 28
29 connected with the daily things possessing distinct address to interact 29
30 with each other. The different addresses are assigned to all things, to 30
31 facilitate verification and effective communication. IoT transforms 31
32 traditional objects into smarter objects by giving them the ability to 32
33 see, hear, think, perform tasks, and share data. This transformation of 33
34 34
things is done by manipulating its underlying technologies. Underlying
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technologies include embedded devices, pervasive computing, sensor
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networks, communication technologies, protocols, and applications.
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The entire structure of IoT is shown in Fig. 1.
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Every day activities will become more and more easy and comfortable
40 Fig. 1: Internet of things [2] 40
using IoT. IoT has brought in huge improvements in the domestic
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sphere, agriculture, smart cities, smart cars, smart homes, etc. In the
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business sector, IoT has brought in notable advancements in production
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and service industry. Quality assessment monitoring and improvement
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have been a major booster to these industries because of IoT. IoT will
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bring in new opportunities in the information and communication
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technologies sector. The universal adaption of IoT involves concerns
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and issues to be answered. Major issues include standardization,
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scalability, reliability, privacy, and security. This work will explain in
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detail the concepts, applications, and challenges in IoT.
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Section 2 will explain in detail the applications of IoT. Section 3 will
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explain in detail the challenges in IoT, Section 4 will state the future
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directions of IoT.
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Fig. 2: Popular applications of internet of things [5]
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APPLICATIONS OF IOT
56 56
57 The advent of IoT has brought in massive changes in almost all fields road navigation, lock and unlock doors with a remote from a distance, 57
58 and research areas. The 10 most popular IoT applications are shown in inquiry on road assistance and many more. The next generation of 58
59 Fig. 2. The following are some of the major fields where IoT is applied: automobiles is predicted to be driverless. 59
60 60
61 Automotive and transportation industry Merging IoT will solve most of the real-time problems in the 61
62 IoT is tremendously accelerating the speed of innovation in the transportation sector. The more IoT is connected to this sector, the safety 62
63 transportation industry. Connected cars are the latest boom in the of transportation increases. IoT in transportation will help everyone 63
64 automotive industry. Automobiles are built with numerous connected reach their destinations on time safely. The data collected from smart 64
65 systems that give the ability for a driver to listen to satellite radio, vehicles will help in efficient traffic management, by finding alternate to 65
66 view and use smart applications, watch streaming videos, check the busy routes on a real-time basis. Roads, where there is vehicle stoppage 66
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Special Issue (April)

1 or accidents, can be avoided by intimating the drivers heading toward Smart cities 1
2 that road. Google presently uses GPS location of mobile phones to More than 50% of world’s population lives in the cities and due to 2
3 show the intensity of traffic in Google Maps. Data collected from smart this the problems the urban population is on the raise day by day. 3
4 vehicles can be used to trace criminal activities using the smart vehicle Problems related to traffic management, sewage management, water 4
5 data for forensic analysis. Infotainment, wire replacement, telemetry, supply management, energy management, waste management, etc., 5
6 predictive maintenance, C2C, and C2I are some of the applications of need to be addressed in an earlier pace. Incorporating IoT will bring 6
7 IoT in these industries [3,4]. in better solutions for all the above stated urban life problems. The 7
8 need to move toward smart cities is increasing, and the government 8
9 Telecommunication industry has taken steps to implement smart cities [9,10]. IoT gives the ability 9
10 Telecom industry benefits large when connected to IoT. New revenue to remotely monitor, manage and control devices. As a result, of 10
11 streams and challenges have emerged by this revolution of connectivity. innovation in IoT and the offerings it comes with the cities are being 11
12 Tailored consumer applications, wide area IoT solutions, services transformed by enhancing infrastructure, creating more efficient and 12
13 monitoring and managing can be made available to the users by cost-effective municipal services, improved public transportation, 13
14 capitalizing on the large infrastructure, and data provided by IoT. reducing traffic congestion, and more safety for citizens [11,12]. The 14
15 The grade of service (GoS), quality of service (QoS), and quality of detailed applications of IoT in smart cities are shown in Fig. 3. 15
16 experience can be enhanced for the users from the telecom industry. IoT 16
17 deployment can address the specific GoS and QoS performance levels Residential e-meters, smart street lights, pipeline leak detection, waste 17
18 required. Presently IoT in telecom industry has been giving importance management, traffic control, surveillance, centralized, and integrated 18
19 to cost savings. End-to-end solutions for customers, prediction of traffic system control. 19
20 generation with the data collected are the major uses of IoT/M2M in 20
21 telecom industry. Wearables 21
22 IoT has brought in immense improvements in the field of wearables and 22
23 Health-care industry has transformed wearables into health, fitness monitoring devices. Smart 23
24 Health care is one of the biggest revolutionized industries by IoT. watches, smart wrist bands, and smart glasses have been introduced 24
25 Remote monitoring, ambulance telemetry, drug tracking, hospital with incorporating IoT, and these wearables act as monitoring devices 25
26 asset tracking, access control, and predictive maintenance are made which help in monitoring blood sugar levels, heartbeat, blood pressure 26
27 available by incorporating IoT in the health-care industry. IoT enables levels, daily fitness activity status, and more. Wearables are used as 27
28 doctors to perform real-time location services by tracking the devices location and activity trackers. The data collected from wearables are 28
29 for treating patients. The arrival of patients can be predicted real-time. analyzed and used for prediction to improve the living of people. 29
30 Medication dispensing devices help in patients not to miss a dose of 30
31 medicine any time, Niox Mino helps in routine measurements of nitric Agriculture 31
32 oxide in patient’s breath, UroSense helps in checking the core body Agriculture industry faces immense problems such as increase in 32
33 temperature of patients, and GPS SmartSole is a shoe-tracking wearable water shortage, limited available land for cultivation, and difficulty 33
34 device for patients who forget things [6]. The hand hygiene, i.e., degree in managing costs. But increasing population needs increasing in 34
35 of cleanliness in a health-care worker can be detected. Budget can agricultural production for adequate consumption. IoT addresses the 35
36 be monitored and with provided the best quality to the patients above problems by increasing quality, quantity, sustainability, and cost- 36
37 with minimal expenditure, chronic disease management, detection, effective agricultural production. IoT helps in remotely monitoring 37
38 and prediction of the outbreak of epidemic diseases, are some of the soil temperature, humidity, light intensity, weed growth, soil moisture, 38
39 applications that can be provided by incorporating IoT into health-care crop growth, livestock activity, livestock feed levels, and logistics 39
40 industry [7]. coordination. IoT provides the ability to remotely control irrigation 40
41 and harvesting devices. The data collected by IoT sensors can be used 41
42 Logistics, manufacturing, and supply chain industry for artificial intelligence-based analytics to easily analyze the weather, 42
43 Logistics and supply chain is one of the industries that have health of crop and to obtain maximum profit and improve the process 43
44 incorporated IoT in large scale. This industry has invested huge capital of decision-making [13,14]. 44
45 on IoT implementation and research. IoT plays a major role in logistics 45
46 and supply chain automation, improved efficiency in maintenance CHALLENGES IN IOT 46
47 of warehouse, improved quality and cost control in transportation of 47
48 goods, automated cranes, conveyors, industrial robots, order wrapping, Sensing a complex environment 48
49 machine labeling, vehicle and order tracking [8]. The primary Sensing and collecting data from physical world are not an easy task. 49
50 application of IoT in logistics into manage warehouses by standardizing Where, how, what data to collect is important to make the process 50
51 the processes, controlling the storage and movement of goods by of data analytics more efficient and accurate. The challenges in data 51
52 imposing best practices with the IoT data. IoT technology is deployed in collection multiples in a complex environment, where there are more 52
53 targeted areas for tracking behavior of customers, improved situational of unwanted data that might be generated. Hence, segregating the 53
54 awareness, and sensor-driven decision analytics. Data collected from 54
55 IoT have been made the basis for control and automation by converting 55
56 the collected data into instructions that feedback through the network 56
57 to actuators that in turn alter processes. Process optimization, 57
58 optimized consumption of resources, and complex autonomous 58
59 systems, reduce asset cost, save fuel costs, ensure temperature stability, 59
60 gain user insight, reduce redundancies, create fleet efficiencies, ensure 60
61 time in movement, and right quality from the manufacturer are some of 61
62 the major contribution of IoT in this industry. 62
63 63
64 The manufacturing industry has been transformed to smart 64
65 manufacturing industry with the incorporation of IoT in this sector. 65
66 Production flow optimization based on the customer consumption 66
67 or customer demand, real-time inventory, asset tracking, employee 67
68 safety, predictive maintenance, and firmware updates are some of the 68
69 advancements in this industry after incorporating IoT. Fig. 3: Internet of things in smart cities [5] 69

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1 unwanted data is a challenging task [15,16]. Innovative ways to sense, Storage issues 1
2 send, analyze, and deliver information from the complex environment Storage of information generated by IoT devices needs huge storage 2
3 to the storage are needed. infrastructure and processing speed. Mostly, the data generated by 3
4 smart devices are needed only for a prescribed less amount of time. 4
5 Connectivity However, the problem arises when situation comes when the data 5
6 The development process of IoT devices is easy in a laboratory but needs to be stored for longer period. Efficient policies are essential 6
7 deploying an IoT application on a global scale, is a difficult task. Internet about what data to be stored for a longer time and what not to store. 7
8 is a heterogeneous connectivity of cell towers, proxy servers, firewalls, 8
9 etc., which disrupt connectivity [17]. Some of the major challenges of FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF IOT 9
10 IoT connectivity: 10
As discussed earlier, the potential of IoT is huge and it has already
11 • Signaling: Reliable bi-directional signaling is very much essential 11
drastically changed the face of many fields with its ability to monitor
12 between connected devices, between devices and server to make 12
continuously. In the future, IoT is capable of getting incorporated into
13 sure the complete stream data are transferred to the servers in 13
many more fields. Research has already started in most of the fields
14 time. 14
on how to incorporate and take advantage of the new technology.
15 • Bandwidth: Bandwidth consumption on a cellular network is 15
The future directions of IoT are expected to take IoT into cloud and
16 expensive, and when hundreds of IoT devices send request/response 16
to incorporate efficient big data analytics. The trio of IoT, cloud, big
17 the bandwidth consumption is huge. A light weight network that has 17
data analytics is set to change the technology world. Issues in IoT as
18 the ability to seamlessly transfer data is essential to transfer data 18
mentioned in Section 3 are going to occupy a big part of the research
19 between devices and servers. 19
related to IoT. Adding cloud and big data will bring on the issues
20 • Presence detection: IoT devices presence detection over a network 20
from those two areas as well. Efficiently tackling all those issues, by
21 provides an exact status of each device every second. This will equip 21
increasing more utilization is going to be the future directions in IoT.
22 us with the ability to monitor and fix any problems that arise with 22
23 in the network. 23
CONCLUSION
24 • Standardization: Standardization is the factor that is greatly affecting 24
25 the growth IoT. IoT will provide cross-platform communication. Too IoT is a budding technology, which is rapidly growing and changing 25
26 many systems and devices in this world run in their own dedicated the landscape of many areas. The main vision behind IoT is to connect 26
27 platform lacking cross-platform communication. To utilize the everything and anything at any time, and this is vision has brought in 27
28 potential of IoT to its fullest, a standardization protocol which lots of research interests from the world. The dynamic nature of IoT has 28
29 enables cross communication in essential. A standardized protocol challenges and concerns to be addressed. This paper explains in detail 29
30 enables easy communication between devices, regardless of the the basics of IoT, applications of IoT in different fields, challenges in IoT 30
31 manufacturer with more security [18,19]. and the future scope of IoT. The motivation for this survey is to bring in 31
32 a better understanding of IoT and help the research community to bring 32
33 Power is critical in more advancements and contributions to the area of IoT. 33
34 The advent of IoT is increasing the energy demands compared to 34
35 the demand created by the internet. Data centers powered by the REFERENCES 35
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