Lesson 1 Meaning and including an account of the rise and fall military conflicts, political milestones,

Relevance Primary and of nations, as well as of other great and social movements.
changes which have affected the
Secondary Sources Distinction These professionals work in universities
political and social condition of the
of Primary and Secondary human race." (John Jacob Anderson) and other educational settings, as well
Sources as for the various public, private and
non-profit organizations.
Importance of History
All art, be it writing, painting, film, dance,
whatever, is a manipulation of time and a) History Helps Us Understand People Historians collect and evaluate
space. It's an interpretation and a and Societies and information from many primary sources
recreation of the facts, using various to answer questions about historical
b) History Helps Us Understand events, a process known as the
artifacts that point us in the direction of Change and How the Society We Live
our personal truths. historical method.
in Came to Be
-Author: Elisa Lorello They may analyze written records,
physical artifacts, and other types of
History offers a storehouse of evidence during the course of their
History information about how people and investigations.
societies behave. Understanding the Historians often prepare reports to
History is the analysis of the human operations of people and societies is
experience as defined in the recorded explain the significance of their findings,
difficult, though a number of disciplines connecting the relevance and value of
records left behind by humans. The make the attempt.
past, with all its difficult decisions and new discoveries to modern society.
incidents, witnesses dead and memory Through historical evidences, historians
revealed, is what the rest of the History is inescapable as a subject of are able to write history. They are
population uses as the timeless serious study follows closely on the first. responsible for the analysis,
foundation on which explorers and The past causes the present, and so the interpretation, and organization of the
archaeologists serve. future. facts.

Historians devote their careers to However, a historian is still a person

"History is a narration of the events studying notable past events, such as influenced by his environment,
which have happened among mankind, education, and other circumstances
that may affect the interpretations or Traditional historians believed that The invading Japanese controlled the
thee methodology being used. historical events should be backed up Philippine media, which portrayed
with written imperial forces as helpful liberators. In
This subjectivity poses an issue on the reality, the Japanese were committing
validity of claims toward historical facts. documents. Thus, an event that lacks brutal war crimes like the Bataan Death
This is why historians employ a existing documents cannot be proven March. This front page claims that
methodology to ensure that the as a historical fact. Japanese Occupation will bring peace
historian's biases do not blind his and tranquility to the Philippines. (U.S.
judgment. Considering only the written documents
as evidence for historical facts is Air Force photo)
Rigor is required for the researchers restricting and discriminating against
and historians. Reliable historical the social classes that may be able to
evidences should be used to validate record their own experience. Summary:
claims.
Because of the loophole, historians a) History is the analysis of the human
With the issue of validity related to the then started considering other forms of experience as defined in the recorded
inevitable| biases of the historian, historical sources, such as artifacts, records left behind by humans.
several methodologies are applied to architecture, songs, epics, passing of
ensure as much objectivity as possible. memories and stories by word of mouth. b) History is a narration of the events
which have happened among mankind,
To validate claims of historical events Primary sources include documents or including an account of the rise and fall
and to balance the inevitable biases in artifacts created by a witness to or of
interpretation, historians largely rely on participant in an event. They can be
historical sources. firsthand testimony or evidence created nations, as well as of other great
during the time period that you are changes which have affected the
Historiography studying. political and social condition of the
human race.
The imaginative reconstruction of the Primary sources may include diaries,
past from th data derived by that letters, interviews, oral histories, c) History offers a storehouse of
process ( the writing of history) (study of photographs, newspaper articles, information about how people and
past event) government documents, poems, societies behave.
It deals with the study of history itself novels, plays, and music. The collection d) Historians devote their careers to
and analysis of primary sources is studying notable past events, such as
central to historical research.
military conflicts, political milestones, Lesson 2: External and Internal
and Criticism; Repositories of In positive criticism the historian and
social movements. Primary Sources; Different exegete assess the literal meaning of
Kinds of Primary Sources The the text and the real meaning of
e) Historians collect and evaluate statements. Literal meanings are the
information from many primary sources Filipinos
immediate meanings of a document
to answer questions about historical and often fool the immature reader.
events, Positive criticism simply attempts to
"The advent of Google+ and the
a process known as the historical emergence of the personalized web ascertain what the text means by
method. Primary sources include means this is more true than ever. analyzing its statements within a
documents or artifacts created by a Brands, and their advertising partners, context, i.e., literary, historical,
witness to or must wake up to this challenge and geographical, etc.;

participant in an event. define themselves

f) Primary sources include documents with clarity. consistency and External criticism, which is also known
or artifacts created by a witness to or authenticity. Otherwise they just might as lower criticism, is a tool used by
participant in an event. find themselves shouting in a ghost historians and exegetes to determine
town." the validity of a document, particularly a
g Secondary sources analyze a document with some sort of historical
scholarly question and often use - Simon Mainwaring
significance. It is the first of two stages
primary sources as evidence. of inquiry for it is followed by internal
criticism. It| ventures towards inquiry
Internal criticism aka positive criticism, regarding (a) authorship; (6) originality
is the attempt of the researcher to and accuracy of copy; and (c) if errors
restore the meaning of the text. This is are found it helps assess the nature of
the phase of hermeneutics in which the errors found, i.e., if they are scribal
researcher engages with the meaning errors or other kinds of errors.
of the text rather than the external
elements of the document. Here, more In determining authorship, the tool of
than before, domain specific knowledge external criticism helps the researcher
of context is essential. and exegete to assess the author's
name, affiliation, i.e., religious group, restoration of original reading records of the of Government and other
political party ethnicity, etc. variant reading, and conjectural Primary sources pertaining to the
emendation. history and development of the country.
In this phase the researcher attempts to
• Another helpful tool is
determine authorship by (a) using The National Library of the Philippines
paleography, which can be very
internal evidence about the author; is the official national library of the
insightful in studying old
Philippines. The complex is located in
(b)using supplementary data from other documents with excellent
Ermita on a portion of Rizal Park facing
material related to the descriptions in forgeries.
T. M. Kalaw Avenue, neighboring
the text such as history, geography, • Paleography helps assess the
culturally significant buildings such as
etc.; (c)assessing the tone of document, quality of ink in the document
the Museum of Philippine Political
(d) identifying patterns or streams that and places such within a
History and the National Historical
help establish connection to original particular time frame
Commission.
author when dealing with anonymous
writings: (e) identifying clues of
authorship: (f) assessing the presence
of second or third party speech writers,
ghostwriters, and plagiarists. Philippine Repositories of Historical
The National Museum, a Trust of the
In determining the evidence of date the Records Government, is an educational,
researcher also looks at the language scientific and cultural institution that
• National Archives of the acquires, documents, exhibits, and
used, the sequence and relationship of Philippines
events, the spirit and temper in the preserves, study appreciation of works
• National Library of the of art, specimens, and cultural and
writing. Philippines historical artifacts fosters scholarly and
• There is also an attempt to • National Museum of the public representative of our unique to
detect spurious documents by Philippines the cultural heritage of the Filipino
assessing if the document is a • National Historical Commission people and the natural history of the
forgery, if a result of plagiarism, of the Philippines Philippines.
and assess erroneous identities.
The National Archives of the Philippines The National Historical Commission of
• The other element of is an agency of the Republic of the the Philippines is a government agency
investigation is questions of Philippines mandated to collect, store, of the Philippines. Its mission is "the
original form such as origin of preserve and make available archival promotion of Philippine history and
corruption, i.e., collation,
cultural heritage through conservation, ephemera, artifacts, e.g. clothing, sapiens who existed about 250,000
sites management and heraldry works." costumes, furniture, research data, e.g. years ago.
research, dissemination, conservation, public opinion polls
sites management and heraldry works." They did not have any knowledge of
agriculture, and lived by hunting and
Primary sources include documents or fishing. It was precisely in search of
artifacts created by a witness to or Many historians and scientists believe food that they came to the Philippines
participant in an event. may include that the first inhabitants of the Philippine by way of the land bridges that
diaries, letters, interviews, oral islands emerged during the Pleistocene connected the Philippines and
histories, photographs, newspaper period. Indonesia. Owing perhaps to their
articles, government documents, There are two theories on where the migratoryy nature, eventually left the
poems, novels, plays, and music. inhabitants (first Filipinos) came from Philippines for destinations they
namely: Beyer's "Migration Theory" and unknown.
Examples of Primary Sources
Jocanos Evolution Theory" Noted social The second group of migrants was
archives and manuscript material, scientist Henry Otley Beyer believes composed of dark- skinned pygmies
photographs, audio recordings, video that Filipinos descended from different calledAetas' or "Negritoes Negrito
recordings, films, journals, letters and groups that came from Southeast Asia woman | Aeta woman about 30,000
diaries, speeches, Scrapbooks, in successive waves of migration. Each years ago, they crossed the land
published books, newspapers and group had a distinct culture, with its own bridged from Malaya, Borneo, and
magazine clippings published at the customs and traditions. While Jocano Australia until they reached Palawan,
time, government publications, oral believes that Asians, fincluding Filipinos Mindoro and Mindanao. They were
histories, records of organizations, are the result of a lengthy process of pygmies who went around practically
autobiographies and memoirs, printed evolution and migration. naked and were good at hunting, fishing
and food gathering. They used spears
and small flint stones weapons.
Migration Theory
The Aetas were already in the
The first migrants were what Beyer Philippines when the land bridges
caked the "Duwnnen" (or "cavemen" disappeared due to the thinning of the
because they lived in caves.). The ice glaciers and the subsequent
Dawnmen resembled Java Man, increase in seawater level. This natural
Peking Man, and other Asian Home events "forced" them to remain in the
country and become its first permanent Renowned Filipino anthropologist stone. Although further research is still
inhabitants. Felipe Landa Jocano disputes Beyer's being done on his life and culture,
belief that Filipinos descended from evidence shows that he was already
Because of the disappearance of the Negritoes and Malays who migrated to capable of using his brain in order to
land bridges, the third wave of migrants the Philippines thousands of years ago. survive and keep himself safe.
was necessarily skilled in seafaring. According to Jocano, it is difficult to
These were the Indonesians, who came prove that Negritoes were the first Instead of the Migration Theory, Jocano
to the islands in boats. They were more inhabitants of this country. The only advances the Evolution Theory, as a
advanced than the Aetas in that: they thing that can positively concluded from better explanation of how our country
had tools made out of stone and steel, fossil evidence, he says is that the first was first inhabited by human beings,
which enabled them to build sturdier men who came to the Philippines also Jocano believes that the first people of
houses: they engaged in farming and went to New Guinea, Java, Borneo, and Southeast Asia were products of a long
mining, and used materials made of Australia. process of evolution and migration. His
brass; they wore clothing and other research indicates that they shared
body ornaments. In 1962, a skullcap and a portion of a more or less the same culture, beliefs,
jaw-presumed to be a human origin- practices an even similar tools and
Last to migrate to the Philippines, were found in the Tabon Caves of implements.
according to Beyer, were Malays. They Palawan by archaeologist Robert Fox
were believed to have come from Java, and Manuel Santiago, who both worked These people eventually went their
Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay for the National Museum. Carbon dating separate ways; some migrated to the
Peninsula more than 2,000 years ago. placed their age at 21,000 to 22,000 Philippines, the others to New Guinea,
Like the Indonesians, they also traveled years. Java and Borneo. Proof, Jocano says,
in boats. can be found in the fossils discovered in
This proves, Jocano argues, that man different parts of Southeast Asia, as
The Malays were brown-skinned and of came earlier to the Philippines than to well as the recorded migrations of other
medium height, with straight black hair the Malay Peninsula; therefore, the first peoples from the Asian mainland when
and flat noses. Their technology was inhabitants of our islands could not history began to unfold.
said to be more advanced than that of have come from the region.
their predecessors. They engaged in Summary:
pottery, weaving, jewelry making and The "Tabon Man" is said to resemble
metal smelting, and introduced the Java Man and Peking Man. He a) Internal criticism aka positive
irrigation system in rice planting. gathered fruits, leaves and plants for his criticism, is the attempt of the
food. He hunted with weapons made of researcher to restore the meaning of
the text.
b) External criticism, which is also Lesson 3 Content and He served the captain, Magellan, log-
known as lower criticism, is a tool used Contextualization Analysis of keeper and amanuensis an artistic
by historians assistant.
Selected Primary Sources
and exegetes to determine the validity ldentification of Historical As After the death of Magellan, he went
of a document, particularly a document Importance and Facts back to Italy to continue writing
with some sort of historical significance. Encounter with the West Analysis of Antonio Pigafetta's First
c) Philippine Repositories of Historical "The keys to brand success are self- Voyage Around the World
Records definition, transparency, authenticity The chronicles document Magellan's
a) National Archives of the Philippines and accountability." - Simon arrival in the Visayas, his interaction
Mainwaring with the locals and his death, and the
b) National Library of the Philippines subsequent departure of his fleet. That
A primary source provides direct or
c) National Museum of the Philippines firsthand evidence about an event, said, no primary source should be
object, person, or work of art. It also exempt from scrutiny.
d) National Historical Commission of
the Philippines includes historical and legal documents, Primary sources include documents or
eyewitness accounts, results of artifacts created by a witness to or
d) Primary sources include documents experiments, statistical data, pieces of participant in an event. They can be first
or artifacts created by a witness to or creative writing, audio and video hand testimony or evidence created
participant in an event. recordings, speeches, and art objects. during the time period that you are
e) Migration Theory studying.

f) Jocanos Theory Primary sources may include diaries,

Antonio Pigafetta letters, interviews, oral histories,
Born: circa 1498 to a Patrician family in photographs, newspaper articles,
Vicenza, Italy government documents, poems,
novels, plays, and music. The collection
He learned that King Charles I was and analysis of primary sources is
sponsoring an expedition to reach the central to historical research.
East Indies by sailing west, and will be
commanded by Ferdinand Magellan. Primary historical sources are important
in understanding the political,
economic, social, and cultural aspects • 203 to 197, in favor of $200 • Cory thanking the Americans for
of Philippine history. million in emergency aid to her helping the Filipinos gain their
fledgling government freedom
First-hand accounts that are either
• She had no trouble persuading
written or in audio-visual or digital form Summary:
that a strategic U.S. ally in the
have provided different perspectives on
Pacific is in capable hands A primary source provides direct or
certain historical events.
• Aquino did her best to persuade firsthand evidence about an event,
There are many historical important President Reagan that if the object, person, or Work of art
text such as: economic wreckage that she
inherited from former President Examining primary sources is important
• Political caricatures of the Ferdinand Marcos, including a to understand the past
American Era $26 billion foreign debt, is to be Different sources are being used like
• Speech of the former President repaired, U.S. aid levels will have government documents, illustrations,
Corazon C. Aquino before the to rise. speeches and letters. All may vary in
US Congress • Treasury Secretary James Baker importance and require utmost
• Documents of the 1898 signed over to the Philippines analytical approaches
Declaration of Philippine $100 million in economic aid and
Independence $50 million in military assistance. Former President Corazon Aquino
• Petition Letter of the Filipino • After her triumph in Washington, made a huge political impact in
against Governor Wood Aquino flew to New York City, Philippine history
The speech of former President where she met with business Lesson 4 First Voyage Around
Corazon C. Aquino before the US leaders in an effort to spur new
investment in the Philippines
the World by Antonio Pigafetta
Congress made a huge impact in the
political and diplomatic events in • The country's foreign debt; "It is better to travel well than to arrive."
Philippine history. Restoration of the government;
The relationship of America and - Buddah
the Philippines Born: circa 1498 to a Patrician family in
Here are some of the notable context • The Struggles Filipinos had to Vicenza, Italy
of her speech: achieve democracy and what it
means to them; The burdens that He learned that King Charles I was
the Philippines have during sponsoring an expedition to reach the
Cory's time
East Indies by sailing west, and will be their early communities and cultures In Pigafetta's account, Magellan's fleet
commanded by Ferdinand Magellan. and the indigenous flora and fauna. reached what he called the LADRONES
ISLANDS, or the "slands of the Thieyes
He served the captain, Magellan, as
log- keeper and amanuensis - an artistic He recounted: "These people have no
assistant. Analysis of Antonio Pigafetta's First arms, but use sticks, which have a fish
Voyage Around the World bone at the end. They are poor, but
After the death of Magellan, he went ingenious, and great thieves, and for
back to ltaly to continue writing The chronicles document Magellan's
arrival in the Visayas, his interaction the sake of that we call these three
Born: circa 1498 to a Patrician family in with the locals and his death, and the islands the Ladrones Islands.
Vicenza, Italy subsequent departure of his fleet. That On March 18, nine men approached
said, no primary source should be and showed joy and eagerness in
He learned that King Charles I was exempt from scrutiny.
sponsoring an expedition to reach the seeing them. Magellan realized that the
East Indies by sailing west and will be The writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez, for men were reasonable and welcomed
commanded by Ferdinand Magellan. example, notes the magical realities in them with food, drinks, and gifts.
Pigafetta's chronicles, such as a Pigafetta detailed with amazement and
He served the captain, Magellan, as description of "hogs with navels on their
log-keeper and amanuensis an artistic fascination the palm tree that bore fruits
haunches, clawless birds whose hens called cochos and wine. He
assistant. laid eggs on the backs of their mates, characterized the people as "very
After the death of Magellan, he went and others still, resembling tongueless familiar and friendly" who willingly
back to ltaly to continue writing pelicans with beaks like spoons. He showed them around the different
wrote of having seen a misbegotten islands and told them the names of
Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian scholar creature with the head and ears of a
and explorer who joined Ferdinand these islands.
mule, a camel's body, the legs of a deer
Magellan in exploring a westward route and the whinny of a horse." He has The Ludrones islands is presently
to the Spice Islands and chronicled the nonetheless documented actual known as the Marianas islands. Ten
first circumnavigation of the world. species such as sharks. days after arriving at the Ladrones
Despite its tendency for superfluous Islands, Pigafetta reported, they
Pigafetta's chronicle is one of the most reached what he called the Isle of
details, his written account of the important primary sources in the study
European encounters with parts of Latin Zamal, now Samar, but Magellan
of precolonial Philippines. decided to land in another uninhabited
America and the East Indies has since
become an important primary source on
island for greater security. where they 1953: The people in Butuan asked the The Katipunan Is Born
could rest for a few days. Philippine Historical Committee to
rehabilitate the monument and Andres Bonifacio was also a member of
On March 25. Pigafetta recounted that construct a place marker on the site. La Liga Filipina, although he soon lost
they saw two balanghalbalangay), a hope in gaining reforms though
long boat ful of people in Summary peaceful means. This feeling was
Mazzava/Mazaus. The leader, whom especially heightened when Jose Rizal
he referred to as the king, became close Antonio Pigafetta worked as chronicler was exiled to Dapitan. Bonifacio
with Magellan as they both exchanged of Ferdinand Magellan's voyage, and became convinced that the only way the
gifts. his account is the single most important Philippines could gain independence
source about the first circumnavigation was through a revolution.
After a few days, Magellan was of the world
introduced to the king's brother, who Bonifacio then founded the
was also a king of another island where, Antonio Pigafetta claims that the first "Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang
as Pigafetta reported, the fleet saw mass in the Philippines was held at a Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan'
mines of gold. place he calls Mazaua on 31 March (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house on
1521. Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto),
Limasawa Island in Tondo Manila.
There are two conflicting claims on the
Francisco Albo, one of the pilots in exact location of Mazaua: (1) the little The Katipunan had colorful beginnings.
Magellan's expedition, kept a logbook island south of Leyte, Limasawa, and As a symbol of the member's loyalty,
where he wrote that they erected a (2) an island called Masao in Northern they performed the solemn rite of
cross on a mountain that overlooked the Mindanao, which is now Butuan City. sanduguan (blood compact), wherein
islands in the west and the southwest. each one signed his name with his own
Jaime de Veyra stated that the first blood..
mass was held in Limasawa and not in Lesson 5 K.K.K
The members agreed to recruit more
Butuan. Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang people using the triangle system of
Masao/Butuan Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan enlistment. Each original member
I believe in the brotherhood of all men, would recruit tow new members who
1872: A monument to commemorate were not related to each other. Each
the site of the first mass in the but I don't believe in Wasting
brotherhood on anyone who doesn't new member would do the same thing,
Philippines was erected in Butuan. and so on down the line. Members were
want to practice it with me. Brotherhood
is a two-way street." -Malcolm X also asked to contribute one Real
(about 25 centavos) each month in other but only the original member who
order to raise funds for the association. took him in), thus building a network of
"triangles." This was to ensure that Kawal (Soldier)
The KKK members agreed on the growth would be discreet, while at the
following objectives: OUTFIT
same time ensure that the new recruits
The political goal was to completely would closely adhere to the principles of Green hood, with a triangle of white
separate the Philippines from Spain the Katipunan. lines. At the threee angles were the
after declaring the country's letters Z. LI. B. Suspended from the
Two-tier sanggunian structure neck was a green ribbon with a medal,
independence.
The triangle method provided for slow with the letter K in the ancient Tagalog
The moral goal was to teach the growth. Around October 1892, it was script inscribed in the middle.
Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, decided that members would be
hygiene, fine morals, and how to quard PASSWORD: Gom-Bur-za
allowed to recruit as many persons as
themselves against religious they could. MONTHLY DUES: Twenty centavos
fanaticism...
Membership May be promoted to Bayani upon
The civic goal was to encourage becoming an officer.
Filipinos to help themselves and to Katipon (member)
defend the poor oppressed.
OUTFIT:
The "Kataastaasang Sanggunian" Bayani
(supreme council) was the highest Black hood, with a triangle of white
ribbons. inside of which were the etters OUTFIT:
governing body of the Katipunan. It was
headed by a supremo, or president. Z. LI. B. Red mask, with white triangle, inside of
Each province had a "Sangguaniang PASSWORD: Anak ng Bayan which was the following
Bayan" (Provincial Council) and each
MONTHLY DUES: One real fuerte (old Red sash with green borders
town had a "Sangquniang Balangay
(Popular Council). money). Or 12.5 centimos, or 20 PASSWORD: Rizal
cuartos
Recruitment Methods MONTHY DUES: Two real fuertes (old
May promoted to kawal upon recruiting money), or 25 centimos, or 40 cuartos
[Hasik] "triangle" method several new members.
Members were to recruit hwo new
adherents (who would not know each
Deodato Arellano -Supremo He also recommended Antonio Luna as Superior, Sor Teresa de Jesus, what
commander of its armed forces, since her brother had revealed. Sor Teresa
Ladislao Diwa-Fiscal Luna had much knowledge and suggested they seek the advice of
Teodora Plata -Secretary expertise in military tactics. Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest of
Tondo.
Valentine Diaz -treasurer Valenzuela returned to Manila on June
26 and relayed Rizal's advice to After hearing Patiño's revelations,
Andres Bonifacio -controller Bonifacio, who admitted that it would Father Mariano Gil accompanied by
Jose Rizal never became involved in indeed be fatal for the Filipinos to fight several Guardias Civiles immediately
the organization and activities of the without enough weapons However, searched the premises of Diario de
Katipunan; but the Katipuneros still there was no stopping the Revolution. Manila and found evidence of the
looked up to him as a leader. In fact, Katipunan's existence. The governor
Bonifacio ordered his men to prepare general was quickly informed. The
Rizal's name was used as a password for battle. He directed them to store
among the society's highest-ranking printing press was padlocked and
enough food and other supplies. Battle hundreds of suspected KKK members
members, who were called bayani. plans were made with the help of Emilio were arrested.
Andres Bonifacio had already known Jacinto. It was suggested that the
Rizal during his La Liga Filipina days, revolutionary headquarters be located Summary
although Rizal did not know Bonifacio near the seas or mountains to provide
for an easy retreat, if necessary. Bonifacio then founded the
personally Nevertheless, Bonifacio so "Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang
respected Rizal's intelligence and talent Rumors about a secret revolutionary Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan"
that in June 1896, he sent Dr. Pio society had long been in circulation, (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house on
Valenzuela to Dapitan to seek Rizal's although no solid evidence could be Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto),
advice on the planned revolution. found to support them. The big break as in Tondo Manila.
far as the Spanish authorities was
concerned, came on August 19, 1896 Recruitment Methods of KKK are
Rizal told Valenzuela that the timing when a KKK member, Patiño was a Triangle Method Two-tier sanggunian
was not right for a revolution. Ihe people worker in the printing press of Diario d structure
were not yet ready and they did not Manila. Honoria was then living with The Leaders of the Katipunan: Deodato
have enough weapons. He suggested nuns in a Mandaluyong orphanage. Arellano -Supremo, Ladislao Diwa -
that the Katipunan obtain the support of Fiscal, Teodora Plata-Secretary,
wealthy and influential Flipinos first, in The information upset Honoria so much
order to gain financial assistance. that she told the orphanage's Mother
Valentine Diaz -treasurer, Andres creating contlict. At the break of the Dewey schemed to convince the
Bonifacio -controller Spanish-American war, the Filipino Spaniards to surrender to America.
leaders saw the war between Spain and
Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria America as an opportunity to free the It was an act of betrayal by America that
about the existence of the Katipunan. Philippines from the claws of the no sooner short-lived the celebration of
Spanish colony: hence, supported the Philippine independence when America
Types of membership in KKK: Katipon, annexed the Spanish colonies to
Kawal, Bayani United States with military forces
including indispensable intelligence. include the Philippines.
Lesson 5 PHILIPPINE The Filipino forces were determined to
INDEPENDENCE America summoned Aguinaldo to return
to the Philippines from exile and with continue their efforts against imperialist
"Between stimulus and response, there confidence towards the pleasant US power leading to a bloody fight against
is a space. In that space is our power to relations the American Army in February 1899
choose our response. In our response when America refused to grant
lies our growth and our freedom." - Aguinaldo anticipated independence Philippines the long-sought
Vicktor Emil Frankl (Austrian from Spain with the help of America. Independence.
neurologist and psychiatrist) Freedom Returning to the Philippines and leading The Philippine-American War erupted
is among the rights that Filipinos did not the Filipino troops to hold the fort of in February 4, 1899 in the struggle of
enjoy during the Spanish rule. It was a Luzon with success except for the Filipinos for freedom conflicting with
struggle for the Philippine revolutionary Intramuros, Aguinaldo declared the the interests of America to become a
leaders to achieve independence from Philippine Independence from the world power by establishing overseas
foreign power. The Filipinos fought Spanish colonial government on June empire to include the Philippines under
countless battles, resulting to bloody 12, 1898 under the First Philippine the US imperial rule.
revolutions since the 19th century under Republic.
the Spanish government. The Filipino The Filipino forces applied
forces were persistent to achieve The Philippine National flag was held conventional, then guerrilla tactics in
independence for the country. up, and swayed proudly before the fighting against the US army as they
joyous cries of the Filipinos by 4:20 in become fully aware, under the
in l890, the Philippine Revolution the afternoon at General Aguinaldo's leadership of General Emilio Aguinaldo,
started, which incriminated Jose Rizal balcony of his mansion in Kawit, Cavite. of the strength of the US military heavily
resulting to his execution on allegations equipped with superior firearms.
of treason and rouse the Katipunan in Albeit, the fact that Spain lost the battle
Cavite to organize in two groups to the Filipino troops, Admiral George
Although, General Aguinaldo was President Quezon along with Osmeña independence by General Emilio
insurgencies, particularly by the Muslim fled to America. Aguinaldo brings to memory the heroes
Moros in the Southern part of the of the revolution and therefore,
Philippines continued. Nonetheless, World WarIl broke out that created Philippine independence is best
America was preparing Philippines for immense damage to Filipinos with commemorated in honor of the Filipino
independence that started with the roughly about one million casualties. revolutionary heroes.
creation of civil government. After the war, Manuel Roxas was
elected President in April 1946 for the Hence, President Macapagal changed
The US President Woodrow Wilson independent Second Republic of the the date of celebration of the Philippine
promised Philippine Independence and Philippines. independence from July 4 to June 12,
started to entrust authority over Filipino which the Filipinos celebrate each year
leaders with the establishment of the In a formal declaration. the American up to this time. Continue to The
Philippine Senate by a captured in flag was lowered in Luneta, Manila and Philippines During Martial Law.
1901. The democratic election. raised the Filipino National flag in tri-
color of red, white, and blue looked up Malolos Congress
The Philippine Commonwealth. with by proud Filipinos.
elected President Manuel L. Quezon, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree on
was instituted in 1935 under the Finally, independence was granted to
the Republic of the Philippines dated July 18, 1898 asking for the election of
Tydings-McDuffie Act that granted delegates to the revolutionary
Philippines its self-government, July 4, 1946. The National anthem of
the Philippines was played next to congress, another decree was
although the legislative power was not promulgated five days later, which
absolute, which still required approval Americas. It was indeed a moment of
liberating glory, for all Filipinos after declared that Aguinaldo would appoint
from the US President. At that time, it representatives of congress because
was a good start towards the eventual pools of blood were shed in many
revolutions. holding elections is not practical at that
Philippine Independence. time.
When the events were gearing towards July 4, however, holds less inspiration
for the Filipinos according to the elected He appointed 50 delegates in all (but
Philippine independence as promised this number fluctuated from time to
by the United States of America, the President of the Republic of the
Philippines in 1961, Diosdado time). In accordance with these two
Japanese invasion and occupation decrees, Aguinaldo assembled the
bolstered in a surprise. Bataan was Macapagal.
Revolutionary Congress at the Brasoain
surrendered to the Japanese but Macapagal believes that the June 12, Church in Malolos, Bulacan on
1896 declaration of the Philippine September 15, 1898.
The atmosphere was festive and the Costa Rica, Brazil, Belgium and France. Apolinario Mabini was elected as a
Pasig Band played the national anthem. After some minor revisions (mainly due prime minister. The other cabinet
After Aquinaldo had read his speech to the objections of Apolinario Mabini, secretaries were: Teodoro Sandico,
congressional elections were held the final draft of the constitution was interior; Baldomero Aguinaldo, war:
among the delegates present. The presented to Aguinaldo. Gen. Mariano Trias, finance &war:
following were among the most Apolinario Mabini, foreign affairs:
important achievements of the Malolos This paved the way to launching the first Gracio Gonzaga for welfare, Aguedo
Congress: Philippine Republic. It established a Velarde, public instruction: Maximo
democratic, republication government Paterno. public works &
1. In September 29, 1898. Tatified. the with three branches the Executive, communication; and Leon María
declaration of Philippine independence Legislative and the Judicial branches. It Guerrero for agriculture, trade
held at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898 called for the separation of church and &commerce.
state.
2. Passage of a law that allowed the The Philippine National Anthem
Philippines to borrow P20 million from The executive powers were to be
banks for government expenses exercise by the president of the republic Aguinaldo commissioned Julian Felipe,
with the help of his cabinet. Judicial a composer from Cavite province was
3. Establishment of the Universidad powers were given to the Supreme asked to write an instrumental march for
Literatura de Eilipinas and other Court and other lower courts to be the proclamation of independence
schools created by law. The Chief justice of the ceremony. The original title was
4. Drafting of the Philippine Constitution Supreme Court was to be elected by the "Marcha Filipina Magdalo'.
legislature with the concurrence of the
5. Declaring war against the United President and his Cabinet. This was later changed to "Marcha
States on June 12, 1899 Nacional Filipina. The lyrics was added
First Philippine Republic in August 1899 based on the poem titled
A committee headed by Felipe "Filipinas by Jose Palma. The original
Calderon and aided by Cayetano The first Philippine Republic was lyrics was written in Spanish, then to
Arellano, the constitution was drafted. inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan on English (when the Flag Law was
for the first time by representatives of January 21, 1899. After being abolished during the American period)
the Filipino people and it is the first proclaimed president, Emilio Aguinaldo then later, was translated to Tagalog,
republican constitution in Asia. took his oath of office. The constitution which underwent another change of title
was read article by article and followed to "Lupang Hinirang", the Philippine
The constitution was inspired by the by a military parade.
constitutions of Mexico, Guatemala, National Anthem.
Summary The first Philippine Republic was Jocano - He advances on evolution
inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan on theory rather than migration.
In 1896, the Philippine Revolution January 21, 1899.
started, which incriminated Jose Rizal Australia - Jocano believes that the first
resulting to his execution on allegations Aguinaldo commissioned Julian Felipe, men who came in the Philippines also
of treason and rouse the Katipunan in a composer from Cavite province was travelled in New Guinea , Java, Borneo
Cavite to organize in two groups asked to write an an instrumental march and ______.
creating conflict. for the proclamation of independence
ceremony. The original title was 1962 - A skullcap was discovered in
Aguinaldo declared the Philippine "Marcha Filipina Magdalo". This was Palawan during the year of?
Independence from the Spanish
colonial government on June 12, 1898 later changed to "Marcha Nacional Fox and M. Santiago - Who discovered
under the First Philippine Republic. Filipina". The lyrics was added in some portion of Tabon Man in
August 1899 based on the poem titled Palawan?
The Philippine National flag was held "Filipinas" by Jose Palma.
up, and swayed proudly before the Malays - These people came from Java,
joyous cries of the Filipinos by 4:20 in June 12, 1896 declaration of the Sumatra, Borneo and Malay Peninsula
the afternoon at General Aguinaldo's Philippine independence by General more than 2,000 years ago.
balcony of his mansion in Kawit, Cavite. Emilio Aguinaldo. Malays - They are known for having
The Philippine-American War erupted The first Philippine Republic was brown-skinned and flat noses.
in February 4, 1899 in the struggle of inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan on Indonesians - They came as the third
the Filipinos for freedom conflicting with January 21, 1899. Aguinaldo wave of migrants in the Philippines.
the interests of America. commissioned Julian Felipe, a Aetas - They came in the Philippines for
composer from Cavite province was about 30, 000 years ago.
Independence was granted to the asked to write an an instrumental march
Republic of the Philippines dated July 4, National Library - It is the official
for the proclamation of independence national library of our country.
1946. ceremony. The original title was
June 12, 1896 declaration of the 'Marcha Filipina Magdalo". This was External - It is also known as lower
Philippine independence by General later changed to "Marcha Nacional criticism.
Emilio Aguinaldo. Filipina". The lyrics was added in
August 1899 based on the poem titled Primary Source - It provides direct and
"Filipinas" by Jose Palma. first-hand evidence.
Antonio Pigafetta - He wrote the First a long boat full of people in True - The civic goal was to encourage
Voyage Around the World. Mazzava/Mazaus. Filipinos to help themselves and to
defend the poor oppressed.
1498 - A. Pigafetta was born in
_______. True - Ladislao Diwa was the fiscal in
True - Katipon usually wears black hood Katipunan.
King Charles I - He sponsored the with a triangle of white ribbons inside of
expedition of Magellan. which were the letters Z, LI,B indicated. False - Teodora Plata was the council
of Katipunan.
Italy - Pigafetta went back to ______ False - The triangle method was used
and continued his writing. to ensure that growth of the
organization would be rampant.
True - General Aguinaldo was captured
True - The password for Kawal in 1901.
False - During 1876, a monument to members is Gom-Bur-Za.
commemorate the site of the first mass False - The Philippine Commonwealth,
in the Philippines was erected in True - Valenzuela returned to Manila on with elected President Manuel L.
Butuan. June 26 and relayed Rizal’s advice to Quezon, was instituted in 1953 under
Bonifacio, who admitted that it would the Tydings-McDuffie Act.
True - Francisco Albo, kept a logbook indeed be fatal for the Filipinos to fight
where he wrote that they erected a without enough weapons. True - After the war, Manuel Roxas was
cross on a mountain that overlooked the elected President in April 1946.
islands in the west and the southwest. False - After hearing Patiño’s
revelations, Father Mariano Gil- False - Independence was granted to
False - In 1593, the people in Butuan declined to assist the Guardias Civiles the Republic of the Philippines dated
asked the Philippine Historical in searching the premises of Diario de September 4, 1946.
Committee to rehabilitate the Manila and found evidence of the
monument and construct a place True - The Philippine-American War
Katipunan’s existence. erupted in February 4, 1899.
marker on the site.
True - Valentine Diaz was the treasurer True - Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree
True - Jaime de Veyra stated that the of Katipunan.
first mass was held in Limasawa and on July 18, 1898 asking for the election
not in Butuan. True - In every province, each town had of delegates to the revolutionary
a “Sangguniang Balangay”. congress.
True - On March 25, Pigafetta
recounted that they saw two balanghai,
True - Aguinaldo assembled the
Revolutionary Congress at the Brasoain
Church in Malolos, Bulacan on
September 15, 1898.
False - The first Philippine Republic was
inaugurated in Kawit, Cavite on January
21, 1899.
True - The Chief justice of the Supreme
Court was to be elected by the
legislature with the concurrence of the
President and his Cabinet.
True - Aguinaldo commissioned Julian
Felipe, a composer from Cavite
province was asked to write an
instrumental march for the proclamation
of independence ceremony.