History

• Egypt saw the first use of a cadastral system and of cadastral

surveying
• surveying was used to set out the boundaries of individual plots
of arable land
• Cadastral surveying was needed to recover the beacons and
boundaries of these individual plots after they had been inundated
during the annual flooding of the Nile
• Properties were surveyed and that ownership was recorded in a
public register.

12/18/2019 1
History…
• First land surveyor came to the Cape in 1657
• The survey of a piece of land on the banks of the Leaseback River, in
order to transfer this land to a released servant of the Dutch East
India Company
• early cadastral surveys were however graphical
• graphical surveys were to persist for two centuries, until 1857, when
the use of theodolites and the recording of numerical data on
diagrams were made compulsory.

12/18/2019 2
Historical Development of Cadastral In Nepal
Before 1300
•Lichchhabi era-Panchali are responsible for keeping record of territory boundary of the local
community `

1300-1980
•Granted to the public servants as an annual remuneration.
•who measure & make sketch of cultivation land is called “Chhetrakar” and who measure & make
sketch of the house is called “Tachhakar” –Jayasthiti Malla
•unit of measurement of land was defined as hale, pate, kute, kodale, -Ram Shaha Dangol survey -
special caste to conduct cadastral survey in 1930
•Sarpat Napi- started by Bir Samsher in 1952, unit is ropani/ ana in valley, muri / pathi in hill &
bigaha/ katha in terai
•Nepalese Army returned from first world war started compass survey, established compase school,
renamed later as Nepal Govt. Survey Goshwara
• 1952 1st chain Chain survey was conducted

12/18/2019 3
Historical Development of Cadastral In Nepal
1980-2019
•First plane table survey in Bhaktapur (1980) by military personnel
•Survey circle Established
•Establishment of Survey Department (2014), under Ministry of Finance

After 2019
•Land survey and measurement act 2019
•Land Reform Program 2021
•Land Survey Rules 2032 and then 2058
•Rules , regulations, procedures, working manuals, technical circulars etc formulated
•Local control points, island maps,
•Control points, national network
•GPS controlled points
•Numerical cadastral mapping in Kirtipur
•Establishment of DoLIA in 2057
•Digital Cadastral surveying in Banepa 2062/63
•Extended to Dhulikhel 2068/69
•Proposed to extend in other parts of the country of country 2069/70
12/18/2019 4
Cadastral Surveying in Nepal
• Cadastral Surveying in Nepal is generally carried under Survey
Department by District Survey Offices
• The main functions of Survey Offices
–Cadastral Surveying
–Documentation
–Maintenance
–Land survey related services
–Technical services related to land administration

12/18/2019 5
12/18/2019 6
What is land?
• Basis on which all human activities take place
• Land to the lawyers, means the earth and everything attached to the earth, which
includes vegetation and other man-made-features.
• The registration act 1908 of India, on the other hand, includes land in the definition o
immovable property. Here, the word “Land” covers building, hereditary allowances,
rights of way, benefits to arise out of it etc. but not standing timber, growing crops or
grasses.

12/18/2019 7
 What is land?
• The National Land code of Malaysia (Act 56 of 1965) is more comprehensive and also
includes vegetation in its definition as:
✔ the surface of the earth and substances forming the surface
✔ The earth below the surface and all substances therein ,
✔ All vegetation and other natural products, whether or not requiring the periodical
application of labour to their production and whether on or below the surface
✔ All the thing attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything attached to the
earth whether on or below the surface and
✔ Land covered by water

12/18/2019 8
What is land?
It suggest different things to different peoples, depending upon their interests at
the moment.
•Economist- resource to achieve economic production and development
•Lawyer - volume of space from center of earth to the infinity of sky with variety of
rights for determining many objects
•Geographer- land scape, the product of geographical and geomorphologic
process
•Other – simply the space for human activity as reflected in the many forms of
land use
12/18/2019 9
 What is land?

• Land survey act 2019 BS defines land as

"land" means all categories of land, including those with buildings,
gardens, trees, factories, lakes, ponds etc.;

12/18/2019 10
Surveying and Cadastral surveying
• Surveying is the art and science of determining the relative position on,
above and below the surface of the earth with the help of angular, linear
and elevation measurement.

• Cadastral Surveying is that branch of surveying which is concerned with

the survey and demarcation of land for the purpose of defining parcels of
land for land registry.
Parcel: A piece of land bounded on four sides by other parcel

12/18/2019 11
Cadastral Survey
• Cadastral survey is a survey of the boundaries of land parcels. The primary objective of cadastral
survey is to determine concerned with the location of the land parcel and its extent. The extent
of its boundaries and surface area is to indicate its separate identity both graphically on a map or
record and physically on the ground. A secondary objective is to provide information for a
multipurpose cadastre to satisfy the overall information requirements of land
administration. [Dale 1976]

• Land administration: It is the process of determining, recording and disseminating of

information on Land ownership, value and use of land when implementing land
management policy (UN/ECE,1996).

12/18/2019 12
Cadastral Survey
• The cadastral survey is the first step in any form of land management.
Cadastral surveys are necessary for the administration and wise use
of land. It is an essential ingredient in the development of any region
and a necessity in the transfer of title to land and in the
establishment of land ownership. [Kissam 1978]

12/18/2019 13
Cadastral Surveying
• According to FIG:
Cadastral surveying is the definition, identification, demarcation,
measuring and mapping of new or changed legal parcel boundaries. It
usually includes the process of re-establishing lost boundaries and
sometimes resolving disputes over boundaries or other interests in real
property.

12/18/2019 14
Cadastre…
• A cadastre, using a cadastral survey or cadastral map, is a
comprehensive register of the real property of a country.

• A cadastre commonly includes details of the Ownership, the tenure,

the precise location, the dimensions and area, the use, and the value of
individual parcels of land.

12/18/2019 15
Cadastral Survey
• Cadastral survey should create
–accurate,
–accessible,
–interoperable,
–timely,
–secure,
–complete
• information about land and property in an affordable and efficient
way

12/18/2019 16
Cadastre…
• Types of cadastre
1. Fiscal
2. Legal
3. Multipurpose

12/18/2019 17
Cadastre…

12/18/2019 18
Cadastre…
• Fiscal Cadastre: A cadastre, which is mainly established for the
purpose of revenue and tax collection

• Legal Cadastre: A cadastre which is established to guarantee the

public right and restriction over the land parcel. It explains the legal
status of the land.

12/18/2019 19
Cadastre…
• Multipurpose Cadastre: A cadastre which is established not only to
show fiscal and legal status of the land, but also shows other geo data
like topographic and land use data. It can be used for different
infrastructure development, planning and construction activities, also
known as Land Information System (LIS).

12/18/2019 20
Fiscal Cadastre…
• Often the first „land administration‟ set up, especially when need for
broad tax base
• Need index map
• Approximate shape/size of parcels needed
• Fiscal cadastre is primarily interested in use, and therefore use
parcels
• needs to be up-to-date once a year

12/18/2019 21
Fiscal Cadastre…
• Fiscal cadastre - property valuation and land taxation.
Functions of fiscal cadastre (from Dale and McLaughlin, 1988):
• information base for property taxation
• distribution of funds from public programs
• monitoring and supporting land markets
• information for growth management and land use planning

12/18/2019 22
Legal Cadastre…
• Usually grew out of fiscal cadastres
• Supports the property description and identification of land
registration
• run by different or same institute state or licensed surveyors
• Can also exist next to fiscal cadastre
• Main role to keep index map and unique parcel identifiers
• Quality of map and boundary surveys needed might be higher than
fiscal cadastre

12/18/2019 23
Legal Cadastre
• Legal cadastre - parcel-based description of interests or rights in real
property; typically supported by titles or deeds, and registry.
Functions of a legal cadastre:
• define property rights (often in conjunction with formal and case law)
• describe the extent (spatial, sometimes temporal) of property rights
• support land transfer
• provide evidence of ownership (e.g., using land as collateral)
• program administration (e.g., enforcement of laws, targeting of incentives)
• public land management

12/18/2019 24
Multipurpose Cadastre…
• term started in the late 1970s
• indicating that a lot of very useful, if not vital information, is parcel
related; esp. socio-economic and socio-political phenomena („societal
constructs‟)
• fiscal and legal cadastres were the base, but especially all kinds of
land use data is added

12/18/2019 25
Multipurpose Cadastre…

12/18/2019 26
Multipurpose Cadastre…

12/18/2019 27
2D Cadastre
Cadastre (2D) is a methodically arranged public inventory of data
concerning properties with in a certain country or district, based
on a survey of their boundaries. Such properties are systemically
identified by means of some separate designation. The outline of
the property and parcel identifier are normally shown on large
scale maps which together with registers, may show for each
separate property the nature , size, value and legal rights
(especially ownership) associated with the parcel. It gives and
answer to the question where and how much.
12/18/2019 28
3D Cadastre
• 3D Cadastre records and gives insights into rights and restrictions not
(only) on parcel but on 3D property units. A 3D property unit is that
(bounded) amount of space to which a person is entitled by means of
real rights. A 3D (property) situated refers to situations in which
different property units (with possibly different types of use) are
located on top of each other or constructed in even more complex
structures i.e. interlocking one another ( Stoter J E 2004)

12/18/2019 29
Cadastre system
• Analogue/ Graphical cadastre
Boundaries may be described without numerical information by
showing them graphically on a plan.
• Digital / Numerical / Coordinate cadastre
Numerical collection of data

12/18/2019 30
Graphical system
• Traditional method
• Mostly human effort
• Hard copy maps and registers separately prepared
• Records analyzed, stored, maintained, disseminated manually
• Example: cadastral survey by PT method

12/18/2019 31
Digital Cadastre system
• Traditionally, cadastral survey is being carried out graphically, with
the help of plane table
• Because of the various problems, it is being gradually replaced by
digital cadastral survey
• In this method, the cadastral mapping is carried out by modern highly
accurate instruments and the mapping, recording and archiving
process is done in computer
• Further, the transaction and maintenance procedure is also carried
on computer

12/18/2019 32
Digital Cadastre System…
• Digital cadastre is that system in which the co-ordinate of every
corner of parcel is recorded and it is managed by computer.
• It is also said to be digital cadastre when data are captured and
processing of these data in digital environments.

12/18/2019 33
Digital Cadastre System
• Digitizing from existing data
• Field survey ( Total station, GPS )
• Photogrammetry
• Hybrid

12/18/2019 34
Advantages of digital cadastre system
• Reliability
• Portability
• Efficient Storage
• Fast retrieving
• Data Analysis
• Seamless (but not completely in existing system of Nepal)
• Scale less ness
• Fast
• Durable
• Maintenance and updating
• Multipurpose

12/18/2019 35
12/18/2019 36
Cadastral Map
• A cadastral map is a map which provides detailed information about real property within
a specific area. A simple example of a cadastral map might be a map of a village which
shows the boundaries of all of the parcels or lots within the village, although cadastral
maps can show other types of areas as well. These maps are usually maintained by the
government, and they are a matter of public record; anyone who wishes to go to the
office which maintains the records can ask to see them.

• A cadastral map, on the other hand is a map which shows how a locality is divided in units
of ownership .
S R Simpson 1984

12/18/2019 37
Purpose of Cadastral Maps

• Records land ownership, value and use.

• Assists in the valuation and taxation of loan.
• Facilitates the administration and transfer of land ownership.
• Development and planning phase.
• Land Reform.
• Security of tenure.
• Land use planning.
• Loan/mortgage/economic

12/18/2019 38
Cadastre
•“A cadastre is a general, systematic and up to date register containing
information about land parcels including details of their area, value and
ownership” - PF Dale
•Cadastre came from the Greek word Katastikhon meaning a note
book or business record

12/18/2019 39
Cadastre…
• normally a parcel based, and up-to-date land information system
containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and
responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric description of land
parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests,
the ownership or control of those interests, and often the value of
the parcel and its improvements. It may be established for fiscal
purposes (e.g. valuation and equitable taxation), legal purposes
(conveyancing), to assist in the management of land and land use
(e.g. for planning and other administrative purposes), and enables
sustainable development and environmental protection
(fig definition)

12/18/2019 40
Cadastre…
• It has two parts
1. Map
2. Written record (Register)

12/18/2019 41
Cadastre…

12/18/2019 42
Cadastre…

12/18/2019 43