INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE OF TECHNOLOGY

DHURABILA, DHAMKURIA, CHANDRAKONA TOWN

PASCHIM MEDINIPUR, WEST BENGAL
PIN - 721201

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

M.TECH
LAB MANUAL
SUBJECT: CONTROL & POWER ELECTRONICS LAB
SUBCODE: EEMD-192
SEM: 1ST
YEAR: 1ST
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1. STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR, MOSFET AND IGBT

AIM: To plot the V-I characteristics of SCR, MOSFET and IGBT.
APPARATUS:
S.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE
1 SCR, MOSFET & IGBT characteristic kit module
2 CRO with probes 20MHz
3 Multi Meter
4 Ammeter (0-1A, MC)
5 RPS , Dual Channel 0-30 V

THEORY:
SCR:
The full form of SCR is “Silicon Controlled Rectifier”. It is a three terminal semi
conducting device. The three terminals are anode (A), cathode (K) and gate (G). SCR is used as
static switches in relay control, motor control, phase control, heater control, battery chargers,
inverter, and regulated power supplies. SCR characteristic is drawn between anode to cathode
voltage (VAK) vs. anode current (IA) for different values of gate current (IG).

MOSFET:
MOSFET is a three terminal semi conducting device. Its conductivity can be controlled
by gate signal. The three terminals are gate (G), source (S) and drain (D). It can be operated as an
amplifier or as a switch. Static output characteristic curve is drawn between drain current (I D)
and drain to source voltage (VDS) for the given value of gate to source voltage (V GS). Transfer
characteristic is drawn between drain current (ID) vs. gate to source voltage (VGS).

IGBT:
IGBT is a three terminal semi-conductor device. The device is turned ON by applying
positive voltage greater than threshold between gate and emitter. The three terminals are base
(B) or gate (G), collector (C) & emitter (E). It can be operated as an amplifier or as a switch.
Static output characteristic curve is drawn between collector current (IC) and collector to emitter
voltage (VCE) for a given value of base/gate to emitter voltage (VGE).

PROCEDURE:
For plotting SCR characteristic curves:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 1.1 (a).
2. Set R1 and R2 to mid positions and V1 and V2 to minimum.
3. Set a finite gate current (IG1) by varying R1 and V1.
4. Slowly vary V2 (or R2) and note down VAK and IA.
5. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 for second gate current (IG2)
6. Reverse the anode voltage polarity to find the reverse characteristics.
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CONNECTION DIAGRAM

G
K

(a)

(b)

(c)
Fig.1.1. Connection diagram to plot V-I characteristics of (a) SCR, (b) MOSFET and (c) IGBT
For finding holding current of SCR:
1. Ensure SCR is at ON state
2. Remove the gate voltage and start reducing VAK ; simultaneously verify the state of
SCR. If SCR is turned off, note the current (IA) just before it comes to zero.
For finding latching current of SCR:
1. Ensure that the SCR is in the state of conduction.
2. Start reducing anode voltage (VAK) slowly; simultaneously check the state of
SCR by switching off gate supply. If SCR switches off just by removing gate
terminal, and switches on by connecting gate supply, then the corresponding
anode current (IA) is the latching current for the SCR.

For plotting MOSFET static (Drain) characteristic curves:

1. Connect the circuit as given in Fig. 1.1 (b).
2. Set a finite gate source voltage (VGS1) by varying R1 and V1.
3. By varying V2 (or R2), note down VDS and ID.
4. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 for second gate source voltage (VGS2)

For plotting IGBT static (Collector) characteristic curves:

1. Connect the circuit as given in Fig. 1.1 (c).
2. Set a finite gate source voltage (VGE1) by varying R1 and V1.
3. By varying V2 (or R2), note down VCE and IC.
4. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 for second gate source voltage (VGE2)

MODEL GRAPHS

Characteristics of SCR

MT2

G
MT1

(a)
 D

(b)

G
E

(c)
Fig.1.2. V-I characteristics of (a) SCR (b) MOSFET (c) IGBT

TABULAR FORM:

Observations of SCR

IG1 IG1
VAK IA VAK IA
 Observations of MOSFET

VGS1 VGS2
VDS ID VDS ID

Observations of IGBT

VGE1 VGE2
VCE IC VCE VCE

RESULTS:

Viva questions:
1. What is semi controlled device?
2. What is fully controlled device?
3. What is uncontrolled device?
4. What are the devices used for high frequency applications?
5. What are the different methods of turning on an SCR?
6. Why is dv/dt technique not used in SCR?
7. What are applications of SCR, MOSFET and IGBT?
8. Which parameter defines the transfer characteristics in MOSFET and IGBT?
9. Write the procedure to plot the transfer characteristics of MOSFET and IGBT
using the experimental setup?
10. What are the merits and demerits of SCR, MOSFET and IGBT?
11. What is rating of SCR, MOSFET and IGBT?
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2. STUDY OF GATE FIRING CIRCUITS

AIM: To observe the output voltage waveforms of half controlled rectifier using
resistance (R),resistance-capacitance (RC) and UJT gate firing Circuits of SCR.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE

1 R, RC & UJT firing circuit module
2 CRO with probes 20MHz
3 Resistive load 500Ω, 1KΩ
4 MultiMeter
5 Ammeter (0-1A, MC)
6 RPS , Dual Channel 0-30 V
7 Transformer 230/0-30V

THEORY:

In power electronic applications SCR is used as switching device to control power flow from
source to load. SCR is a semi controlled device and has three modes of operation forward
blocking, forward conduction and reverse blocking mode. In order to bring SCR to ON state, a
minimum gate current (latching current) is required. This experiment shows simple method of
obtaining gate current for triggering the SCR using R, RC and UJT to control SCR.
R-Triggering:
It includes few fixed resistor, variable resistor, diode, SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier), Load
resistor. The circuit diagram of R-triggering is given in Fig. 2.1 (a). This figure shows a very
simple variable resistance half-wave circuit. It provides phase retard from essential zero (SCR
full “on”) to 90 electrical degrees of the anode voltage wave (SCR half “on”). Diode D1 blocks
reverse gate voltage on the negative half-cycle of anode supply voltage.
RC-Triggering:
It includes variable resistor, two diodes, SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier), Capacitor, Load
resistor. The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 2.1 (b). On the positive half-cycle of SCR anode
voltage the capacitor charges to the trigger point of the SCR in a time determined by the RC time
constant and the rising anode voltage. The top plate of the capacitor charges to the peak of the
negative voltage cycle through diode D2 on the negative half-cycle, resetting it for the next
charging cycle.
UJT Triggering
A unijunction transistor (UJT) is an electronic semiconductor device that has only one junction.
The UJT has three terminals: an emitter (E) and two bases (B1 and B2). The base is formed by
lightly doped n-type bar of silicon. The emitter is of p-type and it is heavily doped. Initially the
capacitor charges through R whose voltage is applied to the emitter of UJT. When the capacitor
voltage reaches peak point voltage of UJT. The UJT will switch to on condition. Now the
capacitor discharges through the output resistance. Thus the pulse is generated in the circuit.

RC firing circuit and UJT firing circuit controls firing angle of SCR from 0-180 deg.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(a)

(b)

(c)
Fig. 2.1 Connection diagram of (a) R (b) RC and (c) UJT-firing circuit
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PROCEDURE:

R-Triggering
1. All connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 2.1. (a).
2. Keep all resistances in max position.
3. Connect the Oscilloscope across the load.
4. Turn on power supply.
5. Vary the firing angle and observe the output voltage and gating pulse
waveforms on the CRO.
6. Draw the corresponding waveforms.

RC-Triggering
1. All connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 2.1. (b).
2. Keep all resistances in max position.
3. Connect the Oscilloscope across the load.
4. Turn on power supply to the module.
0 0
5. Vary the firing angle (0 - 180 ) and observe the waveforms on the CRO
6. Draw the corresponding waveforms.

UJT-Triggering
1. All connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 2.1. (c).
2. Keep all resistances in max position.
3. Connect the Oscilloscope across the load.
4. Turn on power supply to the module.
0 0
5. Vary the firing angle (0 - 180 ) and observe the waveforms on the CRO
6. Draw the corresponding waveforms.
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MODEL GRAPHS:
R-Triggering

RC Triggering

UJT Triggering

Output voltage waveform:

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 2.2.Output voltage waveforms of (a) R (α=90) (b) RC (α>90) and (c) UJT (α>90) triggering.

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TABULAR FORM:
R-Firing Circuit:
S. No. α , Firing Angle Theoretical V Practical V IL in A

RC-Firing Circuit:
S. No. α , Firing Angle Theoretical V Practical V IL in A

UJT-Firing Circuit Load:

S. No. α, Firing Angle Theoretical V Practical V IL in A

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RESULT:

Viva questions:
1. Differentiate R, RC and UJT firing schemes?
2. State relative advantages& disadvantages of R, RC& UJT firing schemes?
3. Explain the operation of R, RC and UJT firing schemes?
4. Draw few other firing circuits for SCR triggering?
5. Collect hardware components list for implementing R, RC& UJT firing circuits?

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3. SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTER

WITH R & RL LOADS

AIM: To plot and observe the output waveform of single phase half controlled bridge
rectifierwith R and RL Loads.

APPARATUS:
S.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE
1 Half Controlled Converter Module
2 CRO with probes 20MHz
3 Resistive load 500Ω, 1KΩ
4 Inductive load 100mH
5 RPS , Dual Channel 0-30 V
6 Transformer 230/0-30V

THEORY:

Rectification is a process of converting an alternating current or voltage into a direct current or

voltage. Rectifier circuits are classified into three classes:
1. Uncontrolled
2. Fully Controlled
3. Half Controlled.

A half/semi controlled converter is given in Fig.3.1. It has two thyristors and two diodes.
Thyristors need to be triggered by firing circuits; diodes conduct depends on the polarity of the
input supply. Due to presence of diodes, freewheeling operation takes place without allowing the
bridge output voltage to become negative. In a semi-controlled rectifier, control is affected only
for positive output voltage, and no control is possible when its output voltage tends to become
negative. When source, Vin is positive, SCR T1 can be triggered at a firing angle called  and
then current flows out of the source through SCR T 1 first, then through the load and returns via
diode D1. SCR T1 and diode D1 conduct during α<ωt<π. When π<ωt< 2π, Vin is negative and
SCR T2 is normally triggered at ωt = π + . During π<ωt< (π + ) , diode D2 tends to get
forward-biased and it starts conducting along with SCR T 1 and hence the bridge output voltage
is clamped at zero. During (π  <ωt< 2π, the devices in conduction are SCR T 2 and diode D2.
SCR T2 and diode D1 would conduct during 0 <ωt<.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3.1 Single phase half controlled rectifier with (a) R-load and (b) RL load

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PROCEDURE:

With R-load:
1. Connect the circuit with R-load as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the main supply.
3. Vary the firing angle, observe the load voltage waveform on CRO and
note down the firing angle and sketch the output voltage.

With RL-load:
1. Connect the circuit with R-L load as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the main supply.
3. Vary the firing angle, observe the load voltage waveform on CRO and note
down the firing angle and sketch the output voltage.

TABULAR FORM:
R-Load:
S. No. α, Firing Angle Theoretical V Practical V IL in A

RL-Load:
S. No. α, Firing Angle Theoretical V Practical V IL in A

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MODEL GRAPH:

(a) (b)
Fig. 3.2 Waveforms of semiconverter with (a) R-load and (b) RL load.

RESULT:

Viva questions:
1. Differentiate RMS and DC value of output voltage?
2. What is rectifier?
3. What is semi controlled rectifier?
4. Draw the waveforms of semiconverter with RL-load operated under
discontinuous mode.
5. What is the function of zero crossing detector (ZCD) circuit?
6. Realize ZCD circuit using OP-AMP?

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4. SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE

RECTIFIER WITH R & RL LOADS

AIM: To obtain controlled output waveforms of a single phase fully controlled bridge
rectifierwith R and RL Loads.

APPARATUS:
S.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE
1 Single Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier module
2 CRO with probes 20MHz
3 Resistive load 500Ω, 1KΩ
4 Inductive load 100mH
5 Multi Meter
6 Ammeter (0-1A, MC)
7 RPS , Dual Channel 0-30 V
8 Transformer 230/0-30V

THEORY:

The full controlled rectifier has four thyristors; two thyristors, one from top and the other from
bottom will conduct at any point of time. During positive half cycles of input voltage,
thyristors T1 and T3 are triggered at ωt=α; similarly, T2 and T4 are triggered at t =  .
Unlike semiconverters, the output voltage contain negative portion too; thus average output
voltage can be either positive or negative which depends on firing angle show in below figure.
Hence, full converter can be employed for motoring as well as for regenerative braking
applications.
Fullconverter

Semiconverter
V
0(av)

0  
2

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CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS:

(a)

(b)
Fig. 4.1. Power circuit of full converter with (a) R load and (b) R-L load.

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PROCEDURE:

WITH R-LOAD:
1. Connect the circuit with R-load as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the firing circuit to the semiconductor devices appropriately.
2. Check the pulses from the firing circuit and switch on the power supply.
3. Vary the firing angle; observe the output and SCR waveforms on CRO
and plot observed waveforms on graph.
4. Tabulate output voltage and output current and compare theoretical
and practical values.

WITH RL-LOAD:
1. Connect the circuit with R-L load as per the circuit diagram.
2. Repeat the steps 1 to 4 for R-L load.

TABULAR FORM:
R-Load:
S. No. α, Firing Angle Theoretical V Practical V IL in A

RL-Load:
S. No. α, Firing Angle Theoretical V Practical V IL in A

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MODEL GRAPH:

(a) (b)
Fig. 4.2 Output and SCR voltage wave forms of full bridge converter for (a) R and (b) RL loads.

RESULTS:

Viva questions:
1. Explain the operation of full bridge converter operation in discontinuous
and continuous mode?
2. Compare half controlled converter and full controlled rectifier?
3. Derive the relations for load current (assuming R-L load) and output voltage
equations for (a) half controlled and (b) full controlled rectifiers.
4. Collect the components list to fabricate half and full controlled rectifiers.

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5. SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS WITH R & R-L

LOADS
AIM: To plot and observe various voltage & current wave forms AC Voltage Controller with R
& R-L loads.
APPARATUS:
S.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE
1 AC voltage controller module
2 CRO with probes 20MHz
3 Resistive load 500Ω, 1KΩ
4 Inductive load 100mH
5 Multi Meter
6 Ammeter (0-1A, MC)
7 RPS , Dual Channel 0-30 V
8 Transformer 230/0-30V

THEORY:
AC voltage controllers are thyristor-based devices, which convert fixed alternating voltage
directly to variable alternating voltage without change in the frequency. In AC voltage
controllers, two SCR’s are connected in anti parallel. Applications of AC voltage controllers are
domestic and industrial heating, transformer tap changing, lightening controls, speed control of
single phase and three phase AC drives.
R-load
AC voltage controller or phase angle controller for R load is given in Fig. 5.1 (a). During
positive half cycle, T1 is triggered at α, making vo same as vs. At ωt=π, both vo and io go to zero
and T1 is turned OFF. Similarly, T 2 is fired at π+α and is naturally commutated at 2π. The
output r.m.s. voltage which is a function of input voltage and firing angle can be derived from
the output voltage wave shape and is given below:
1
Vm  sin 2 2
    
V
0rms

2 2 
R-L load
If the load is in inductive in nature, the load current has both transient and steady state
components.
i  m R  V
sin(V)e 
m
sin()
L (t  ) 
Where, 2 2

1  L 
 is the load power factor angle and is given by tan  

 R

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 is the angle at which i0 (t) falls to zero.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(a)

(b)
Fig. 5.1 Circuit diagram of AC voltage controller with (a) R and (b) R-L load.

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PROCEDURE:

With R load:
1. All connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 5.1 (a)
2. Keep all resistances in max position.
3. Connect the oscilloscope across the load.
4. Turn on power supply to the module.
5. Vary the firing angle and observe the output and SCR waveforms on the CRO
6. Draw the corresponding waveforms for different values of firing angle.
7. Measure the load current and voltage and compare with the theoretical values.

With R-L load:

1. Repeat above procedure for R-L load.

TABULAR FORM:
R-Load:
S. No. α, Firing Angle Theoretical V Practical V IL in A

RL-Load:
S. No. α, Firing Angle Theoretical V Practical V IL in A

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MODEL GRAPH:

(a) (b)
Fig. 5.2 Output and SCR voltage wave forms of ac-ac converter for (a) R and (b) RL loads

RESULTS:

Viva questions:
1. Explain the procedure to evaluate extinction angle, β for the given R-L load for ac-ac
converter?
2. List out various applications of AC voltage controllers?

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6. CYCLO CONVERTER
AIM: To obtain the output waveforms of a single-phase cyclo-converter.

APPARATUS:
.
S.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE
1 Single phase Cycloconverter module
2 CRO with probes 20MHz
3 Resistive load 500Ω, 1KΩ
4 Inductive load 100mH
5 Multi Meter
6 Ammeter (0-1A, MC)
7 Transformer 230/0-30V

THEORY:
A device that converts input power at one frequency to the output power at another frequency
with one stage is known as cyclo-converter; basically there are two types:
1. Step- down
2. Step up cyclo-converter
In step down cyclo-converter, the output frequency f0 is lower than the supply frequency fs. i.e.
fo<fs. In step up fo>fs. A cyclo-converter is controlled through the timing of its firing pulse so
that it produces an alternating output voltage at lowest frequency. The majority of cyclo-
converters are naturally commutated and the maximum output frequency is limited to a value
that is only a fraction of the source frequency (fs/2).
The applications of cyclo-converters are given below:
1. Speed control of high-power ac drives
2. Induction heating
3. Static VAR. generation
4. For converting variable speed alternator voltage convert into constant frequency
output voltage for use as power supply in aircraft or shipboards.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(a)

(b)
Fig. 6.1 Cycloconverter circuit with (a) R laod and (b) R-L load.

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PROCEDURE:
1. All connections are made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 6.1.
2. Check all firing circuit triggering outputs and its relative phase sequence.
3. Switch on the power supply to the kit and release firing pulses to the corresponding
SCR switches.
4. If the output is zero after all proper connections, switch OFF the MCB, switch OFF
the AC supply to the isolation transformer and just inter change the AC input
connections in the power circuit. This is to make the firing circuit and power circuit
to synchronize.
5. Change the frequency division only when the trigger output pulse switch at
off position
6. Observe and plot output voltages across load at different frequencies.
7. Repeat for R-L load

TABULAR FORM:
R load

S.No. fs/2 fs/3 fs/4

Firing Output Output Firing Output Output Firing Output Output
angle, voltage, current, angle, voltage, current, angle, voltage, current,
α Vo Io α Vo Io α Vo Io

R-L load

S.No. fs/2 fs/3 fs/4

Firing Output Output Firing Output Output Firing Output Output
angle, voltage, current, angle, voltage, current, angle, voltage, current,
α Vo Io α Vo Io α Vo Io

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MODEL GRAPH:

(a)

(b)
RESULTS: Fig. Cycloconverter waveforms for (a) R and (b) R-L loads

Viva Questions:
1. Explain operation of cyclo-converter?
2. Derive the output voltage equation for cyclo-converter?
3. Differentiate cyclo-converter and ac-ac converter?

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7. SINGLE PHASE DUAL CONVERTER

AIM: To study the dual converter with R & L load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

01 Single phase dual converter.(power - 01
circuit& firing circuit.)
02 Patch chords & Probes - Adequate
03 CRO - 01
04 Isolation transformer(With tappings) - 01
05 R load 0-200 ohm / 5A 01
06 L load(center tapped) 300-0-300mH/5A 01

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NON- CIRCULATING CURRENT MODE:

CIRCULATING CURRENT MODE:

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PROCEDURE:

NON- CIRCULATING CURRENT MODE:

1. Make all connections as per the non circulatory circuit diagram.

2. Connect R-load across load terminals.
3. Connect the input AC supply to the power circuit through
an Isolating Transformer(take input voltage 30V)
4. Select the NCC mode in firing circuit.
5. Give the firing pulses and keep P-converter in ON position and also put on
the MCB switch.
6. By varying the firing angle observe related out put waveforms in
the CRO.Tabulate all the readings.
7. Repeat all above procedure for RL-load.

CIRCULATING CURRENT MODE:

1. Make all connections as per the circulatory circuit diagram.

2. Connect R-load across load terminals.
3. Connect the input AC supply to the power circuit through
an Isolating Transformer(take input voltage 30V)
4. Select the CC mode in firing circuit.
5. Give the firing pulses and keep P-converter in ON position and also put on
the MCB switch.
6. By varying the firing angle observe related out put waveforms in
the CRO.Tabulate all the readings.
7. Repeat all above procedure for RL-load.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No. Input Voltage Firing Output voltage (V0) Output Current (I0)
(V in) angle in Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
Degrees

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MODULE CALCULATIONS:

V0 = (2√2V / ∏) * (Cos)

I0 = (2√2V / ∏Z) *

(Cos)

 = Firing Angle

V = RMS Value across transformer output

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT: The single phase dual converter with R & RL load is studied.

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8. SINGLE PHASE DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH R LOAD

AND CAPACITANCE FILTER.

AIM: To observe and plot the various waveforms of full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with
Rload and using a capacitor filter.

APPARATUS:
S.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE
1 Single phase step down transformer 6-0-6
2 PN diode IN4007 – 2 No.
3 Resistors 1k,10k,100k
4 Capacitors 47µf,10µf, 100µf
5 Bread board I No.

Theory:
The circuit diagram of diode bridge rectifier circuit is given in Fig. 8.1. During the positive half
cycle of the input voltage, the load current flows from the positive input terminal to the negative
through D1, RL and D4. During this time, the positive input terminal is applied to the cathode of
D2 and D3, so it is reversed biased. These two diodes are forward biased during negative half
cycle; D1 and D4 are reverse biased. And finally both half cycles are rectified and the output is
unidirectional voltage. In order to convert unidirectional to ripple free/reduced ripple DC voltage
filters are used. The size of the filter depends on load current, line frequency, ripple factor. In
other words, the ripple content depends on the load current and capacitor values. Hence, in this
experiment ripple contents are measured for different load resistor and filter capacitor values.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 8.1 Diode bridge rectifier

PROCEDURE:
Without filter:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit given in Fig. 8.1 without capacitor.
2. Connect CRO across the load
3. Switch the CRO in DC mode and observe the waveform. Note down the shift.
2V V 2
m
4. Calculate VDC = , VRMS and the ripple factor (RF) =


RMS 
 1
V
  DC 

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5. Find the voltage regulation by measuring the output voltage with load
and without load.
With filter:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit given in Fig. 8.1
2. Connect CRO across the load
3. Switch the CRO in DC mode and observe the waveform. Note down the shift.
 T  V mT
4. Calculate VDC =Vm1
 ,V and peak to peak ripple voltage V
RMS R(PP) =

 2RC RC
5. Find the voltage regulation by measuring the output voltage with load
and without load.
6. Draw the instantaneous output voltage using
V0=Vme-t/RC (During capacitor
discharging) V0=|Vmsin(ωt)| (During capacitor
charging)
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULAR FORM:
Circuit R C VDC VRMS VR(PP) RF
Without
-
filter

With filter

RESULTS:

Viva Questions:

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1. Derive the voltage and current expressions of the capacitor?

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2. Explain the procedure to derive r.m.s. voltage, DC voltage and ripple factor
of full bridge rectifier with C filter?

9. THREE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH,

RL LOAD

AIM: To study a three phase fully controlled full wave bridge rectifier for RL load

APPARATUS: 430V input 200V output star connected isolation transformer,

controlledrectifier module,, firing unit, rheostat 230 Ohm//2 A, connecting wire etc.

THEORY:
In fully controlled bridge rectifier, six SCR’s are connected as control switches. The advantage
of fully controlled bridge rectifier is the capability of wide voltage. The firing angle is measured
0
with respect to crossing points of phase voltages. For example, in order to set firing angle X ,
0 0
after zero crossing point of phase R, give a delay of time (= ((30 +X )/360)*T). This converter
can be used for motoring and regenerative braking applications. For 90 degrees, if the motor
back emf is reversed either using contactors or field current reversing, it is possible to make the
average output voltage of the converter negative (regenerative braking).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 9.1 Three phase fully controlled bridge converter with RL load

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram given above with R load.
2. Connect CRO across the load
3. Gate cathode terminals of the three arms of the bridges are connected to
the respective points on the firing unit.
4. Keep the firing angle knob at its minimum position. Switch on three phase
supply, power unit as well as firing unit.
5. Vary firing angle gradually and observe the change in output voltage on CRO
and tabulate the r.m.s. value against the firing angles.
6. Plot the output voltage waveforms for different firing angles.
7. Bring the firing angle knob to minimum and switch of the circuits.
8. Repeat the experiment for RL load.
NOTE:
1. Do not conduct the experiment without three phase isolation transformer. If you try to
conduct experiment without isolation transformer the instrument may be damaged due to
short circuit exists between single phase & three phase supply while making
measurement using CRO.
2. Do not attempt to observe load voltage and input voltage simultaneously, if does so
input voltage terminal directly connected to load terminals due to the non isolation of
both channels of the CRO. Conduct experiment for lesser AC voltages using resistive
load.
3. It is advised to use power scope for the isolation purposes.

TABULAR FORM:

S. No. R Load RL Load

Firing angle Output voltage Firing angle Output voltage

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MODEL GRAPH:

0
Fig. 9.2 Output voltage of Three phase bridge rectifier with R load (α=90 )

(a)

(b)
0
Fig. 9.2 Output voltage of Three phase bridge rectifier with RL load (a) α=75 Discontinuous
0
mode (b) α=75 continuous mode

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RESULT:

Viva Questions:
1. Derive the average output voltage expression for R and RL loads?
2. Compare three phase full controlled bridge converter with semi-controlled converter?
3. Through vector diagram and show that in three phase supply, line voltage
0
leads phase voltage by 30 ?

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10. STUDY OF FORCED COMMUTATION CIRCUITS

AIM: To observe the operation of different commutation circuits.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE

1 Forced Commutation study Module
2 Rheostat 50Ω/1A,360Ω/1.2A
3 Loading Inductor
4 CRO 100mH
5 Connecting Wires

Theory:
SCR is semi-controlled devices, if the input is DC supply, the commutation circuits are
mandatory to turn OFF the thyristor. There are three methods of switching the device off or
commutating the thyristor.
i) The anode current can be reduced below the holding current value.
ii) By reversing the anode voltage the conducting thyristor is commutated.
iii) In low current Gate Turn-Off (GTO) thyristor the holding current value is increased by
supplying the gate with negative current.
Commutation circuits are classified into
(a) Class-A commutation
(b) Class-B commutation
(c) Class-C commutation
(d) Class-D commutation
(e) Class-E commutation
Last three circuits has extra controlled device to commutate the SCR when it is turned ONN.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)
Fig. 10.1 Commutation circuits: (a) class-A, (b) class-B, (c) class-C, (d) class-D and (e) class-E

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PROCEDURE:

Class-A:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 10. 1 (a).
2. Connect trigger output to gate and cathode of SCR.
3. Switch ON the supply to power circuit and observe the voltage waveforms across
load, thyristor and capacitor by varying the frequency potentiometer.
4. Repeat the above procedure for different values of R, L & C.
5. Plot the output waveforms.
Class-B:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 10. 1 (b).
2. Repeat step 2-step 5 as given in Class-A.
Class-C:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 10. 1 (c).
2. Connect T1 and T2 gate pulse from the firing circuit to gate and cathode of thyristors T1 and
T2 and observe the waveforms across R1 and R2.
3. Draw the output wave forms on the graph sheet.
Class-D:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 10.1 (d).
2. Connect T1 and T2 gate pulse from firing circuit to corresponding SCR in power circuit.
3. Initially keep trigger circuit at OFF position and charge the capacitor. This can be
observed by connecting CRO to the capacitor.
4. Now trigger circuit is kept ON position and note down the voltage waveform at different
duty cycles.
5. Sketch the output wave forms.

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 10. 1 (a).
2. Connect trigger output to gate and cathode of SCR.
3. Switch ON the supply to power circuit and observe the voltage waveforms across
load, thyristor and capacitor by varying the frequency potentiometer.
4. Plot the output waveforms.

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MODEL GRAPHS:

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)
Fig. 10.2 voltage and current waveforms of (a) class-A, (b) class-B, (c) class-C, (d) class-D and
(e) class-E commutation circuits

RESULTS:

Viva Questions
1. Explain the operation each commutation circuit using waveforms?

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11. SINGLE PHASE SERIES INVERTER

AIM:To study the operation of Single Phase Series Inverter and to obtain variable AC from
DCinput.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE
1 Single Phase Series Inverter module
2 CRO with probes 20MHz
3 Resistive load 500Ω, 1KΩ
4 Inductive load 100mH
5 Multi Meter
6 Ammeter (0-1A, MC)
7 RPS , Dual Channel 0-30 V
8 Transformer 230/0-30V

THEORY:
This circuit which converts DC power into AC power is called inverter. If the thyristors
commutation circuit of the inverter is in series with the load, then the inverter is called series
inverter. In this circuit, it is possible to turn-on-thyristor T1 before the current through thyristor
T2 has become zero and vice-versa. Moreover, the modified series inverter given in below figure
can be operated beyond the resonance frequency (fr) of the circuit. The inverter’s resonance
frequency depends on the values of L, R and C in the circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Modified Series Inverter

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PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the power supply to the firing circuit check that Trigger pulses by varying
the frequency.
2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Now connect trigger outputs from the firing circuits to gate and cathode of SCRs T1 and T2.
4. Connect DC input from a 30v/2A regulated power supply and switch on the input DC supply.
5. Now apply trigger pulses to SCRs and observe voltage waveform across the load.
6. Measure Vrms and frequency of output voltage waveform.

TABULAR FORM:
S. No. Amplitude (Volts) TON (mS) TOFF (mS)

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the dead zone of an inverter?
2. Up to what maximum voltage will the capacitor charge during circuit operation?
3. What is the amount of power delivered by capacitor?
4. What is the purpose of coupled inductors in half bridge resonant inverters?
5. Types of resonant pulse inverters?

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12. SINGLE PHASE PARALLEL INVERTER

AIM: To study and obtain the AC output voltage waveform of single-phase parallel inverter
withR & RL loads.

APPARATUS:
S.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE
1 Single Phase Parallel Inverter module
2 CRO with probes 20MHz
3 Resistive load 500Ω, 1KΩ
4 Inductive load 100mH
5 Multi Meter
6 Ammeter (0-1A, MC)
7 RPS , Dual Channel 0-30 V
8 Transformer 230/0-30V

THEORY:
Power electronic converter that converts dc power into ac power at desired output voltage and
frequency is called an inverter. When T1 is turned on capacitor is charged to twice the supplyvoltage
as shown in figure. When T2 is turned on capacitor starts discharging, applies reverse voltage
across T2 and turns off T2. And it charges capacitor to reverse polarity and to twice thesupply
voltage. This voltage is used to turn off T1 when T2 is fired.

(a)

(b)
Parallel inverter with (a) R and (b) R-L loads

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the DC supply across DC input terminals and turn ON.
2. The trigger circuit now by providing the trigger pulses.
3. Observe & draw the different waveforms.
4. Repeat the same procedure with RL loads.

MODEL GRAPHS:
R-load:
ig1
t
ig2
t
vc
2VS

t
-2VS

vT1
2VS

t
-2VS
vo
VS
t
-VS

RESULT:

Viva questions:
1. Explain the operation of parallel inverter?
2. Differentiate switch mode inverter and line frequency inverter?
3. What are operating frequencies of switch mode inverter and line frequency
inverter?

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13. SINGLE PHASE BRIDGE INVERTER

AIM: To obtain the output waveforms of single phase bridge inverter.

APPARATUS:
S.NO. COMPONENTS RANGE
1 Single Phase Bridge Inverter Module
2 CRO with probes 20MHz
3 Resistive load 500Ω, 1KΩ
4 Inductive load 100mH
5 Multi Meter
6 Ammeter (0-1A, MC)
7 RPS , Dual Channel 0-30 V
8 Transformer 230/0-30V
THEORY:
Rectifier fed voltage source inverter is given in Fig. 7.1. First AC supply is converter to
DC through rectifier and filter circuit and is connected to the inverter input. The inverter has four
IGBT’s; each leg has two IGBT’s. For a full bridge inverter, when IGBT1 and IGBT4 conducts,
the load voltage is VDC and when IGBT2 and IGBT3 conduct, the load voltage is –V DC.
Frequency of the output voltage can be controlled by varying the periodic time.
During the inverter operation, it should be ensured that two IGBT’s in the same leg such
do not conduct simultaneously as this would lead to a direct short circuit of the source.
The voltage source inverter topologies are the most widely used because they naturally
behave as voltage sources as required by many industrial applications, such as adjustable speed
drives (ASDs), which are the most popular application of inverters. Static power converters,
specifically inverters, are constructed from power switches and the ac output waveforms are
therefore made up of discrete values. This leads to the generation of waveforms that feature fast
transitions rather than smooth ones.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 7.1 Single phase bridge inverter

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PROCEDURE:
1. All connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the required load and connect CRO across the load.
3. Check all the connections before switching on the equipment.
4. Keep the DC voltage at minimum value.
5. Switch on the firing circuit followed by MCB.
6. Set the frequency and modulation index at suitable value
7. Adjust the DC voltage at 30V and observe the output waveforms.
8. Record the frequency of the inverter circuit and vary modulation index.
9. Reduce the DC voltage to the minimum value and press stop key.
10. Slowly reduce DC voltage to zero, switch off all the switches.
TABULAR FORM:
S. No. Modulation Index Load Voltage(V) Time in seconds Frequency
in % f=1/T

MODEL GRAPH:

Fig. 7.2 Inverter output voltage

RESULT: